Does OCaml have the ability to pass by reference?

Does OCaml have the ability to pass by reference? - c++

In C++ a program can pass a reference, not value to a function.
void incrementInt(int &x)
{
++x;
}
Does OCaml offer this same functionality?

No, there is no strict equivalent.
There are refs, which are like pointers to new-allocated memory, and there are records, arrays, objects and values of other compound data types, that are passed "by object reference", which again means they act like pointer to new-allocated memory.
However there's no equivalent to a pointer to a variable or a C++ reference.

There would be no distinguishable difference between pass-by-value and pass-by-reference in OCaml, because it's impossible to assign to a variable in OCaml. For example, your ++x is impossible in OCaml.
The difference between pass-by-value and pass-by-reference is in what happens when a parameter is assigned to inside the called function -- in pass-by-value, it has no effect on the passed variable (if a variable was passed); in pass-by-reference, it has the same effect as assignment to the passed variable in the calling scope. In OCaml, you cannot assign to a variable, so this distinction does not exist. If OCaml were "pass-by-reference", it would work the exact same way as if it were "pass-by-value".
You can pass around references to mutable data structures, and use this to share state between functions, but this has nothing to do with pass-by-reference, as you can do this in pass-by-value-only languages like C and Java.

In OCaml, parameters are passed by value. A value by itself can be mutable, or immutable. The former can be modified by a callee, and it will be seen by the caller. Immutable value, obviously, can't be modified. The mutability of a value is defined by its type. Most of the value types in OCaml are immutable. The notable exceptions are arrays and strings (in the newer version of OCaml stings became immutable, but let's skip this topic). For example, values of type int are immutable. This is quite natural -- if you have the number 5 it is always the number 5, you can't mutate it. However, you can put this number into a mutable cell and pass this cell to a function. So that the function, can change the contents of the cell. Note, we are not changing the number itself, we are just putting another number into the same cell, e.g.,
type cell = {
mutable value : int;
}
let incr x =
x.value <- x.value + 1
The incr function takes a value from a cell, creates a new value by incrementing it, and then puts the new value into the cell.
We can parametrize type cell, so that it can contain a value of any type, e.g.,
type 'a cell = {
mutable value : 'a;
}
In fact, the ref type actually looks the same (modulo name). It is defined in the standard library as follows;
type 'a ref = {
mutable contents : 'a;
}
The notion of passing by a reference was created by languages that leaked their own abstractions and made it necessary to a programmer to understand how parameters are passed to a function. In OCaml, you can forget this as a nightmare. Every parameter in OCaml takes only one machine word and is passed via a register, or via the stack if there are too many parameters. From a C programmer perspective, every value is a scalar or a pointer. Integers and unary constructors (variants) are passed as scalars, where compound data types, are always passed by a pointer.

The closest, could be:
let x=ref 3;;
let incrementInt x =
x := !x+1;;
incrementInt x;;
# !x;;
- : int = 4
As said sepp2k, it is not the same.

Related

Problem with changing values of vector, which contain class objects [duplicate]

What is the difference between
a parameter passed by reference
a parameter passed by value?
Could you give me some examples, please?

First and foremost, the "pass by value vs. pass by reference" distinction as defined in the CS theory is now obsolete because the technique originally defined as "pass by reference" has since fallen out of favor and is seldom used now.1
Newer languages2 tend to use a different (but similar) pair of techniques to achieve the same effects (see below) which is the primary source of confusion.
A secondary source of confusion is the fact that in "pass by reference", "reference" has a narrower meaning than the general term "reference" (because the phrase predates it).
Now, the authentic definition is:
When a parameter is passed by reference, the caller and the callee use the same variable for the parameter. If the callee modifies the parameter variable, the effect is visible to the caller's variable.
When a parameter is passed by value, the caller and callee have two independent variables with the same value. If the callee modifies the parameter variable, the effect is not visible to the caller.
Things to note in this definition are:
"Variable" here means the caller's (local or global) variable itself -- i.e. if I pass a local variable by reference and assign to it, I'll change the caller's variable itself, not e.g. whatever it is pointing to if it's a pointer.
This is now considered bad practice (as an implicit dependency). As such, virtually all newer languages are exclusively, or almost exclusively pass-by-value. Pass-by-reference is now chiefly used in the form of "output/inout arguments" in languages where a function cannot return more than one value.
The meaning of "reference" in "pass by reference". The difference with the general "reference" term is that this "reference" is temporary and implicit. What the callee basically gets is a "variable" that is somehow "the same" as the original one. How specifically this effect is achieved is irrelevant (e.g. the language may also expose some implementation details -- addresses, pointers, dereferencing -- this is all irrelevant; if the net effect is this, it's pass-by-reference).
Now, in modern languages, variables tend to be of "reference types" (another concept invented later than "pass by reference" and inspired by it), i.e. the actual object data is stored separately somewhere (usually, on the heap), and only "references" to it are ever held in variables and passed as parameters.3
Passing such a reference falls under pass-by-value because a variable's value is technically the reference itself, not the referred object. However, the net effect on the program can be the same as either pass-by-value or pass-by-reference:
If a reference is just taken from a caller's variable and passed as an argument, this has the same effect as pass-by-reference: if the referred object is mutated in the callee, the caller will see the change.
However, if a variable holding this reference is reassigned, it will stop pointing to that object, so any further operations on this variable will instead affect whatever it is pointing to now.
To have the same effect as pass-by-value, a copy of the object is made at some point. Options include:
The caller can just make a private copy before the call and give the callee a reference to that instead.
In some languages, some object types are "immutable": any operation on them that seems to alter the value actually creates a completely new object without affecting the original one. So, passing an object of such a type as an argument always has the effect of pass-by-value: a copy for the callee will be made automatically if and when it needs a change, and the caller's object will never be affected.
In functional languages, all objects are immutable.
As you may see, this pair of techniques is almost the same as those in the definition, only with a level of indirection: just replace "variable" with "referenced object".
There's no agreed-upon name for them, which leads to contorted explanations like "call by value where the value is a reference". In 1975, Barbara Liskov suggested the term "call-by-object-sharing" (or sometimes just "call-by-sharing") though it never quite caught on. Moreover, neither of these phrases draws a parallel with the original pair. No wonder the old terms ended up being reused in the absence of anything better, leading to confusion.4
(I would use the terms "new" or "indirect" pass-by-value/pass-by-reference for the new techniques.)
NOTE: For a long time, this answer used to say:
Say I want to share a web page with you. If I tell you the URL, I'm
passing by reference. You can use that URL to see the same web page I
can see. If that page is changed, we both see the changes. If you
delete the URL, all you're doing is destroying your reference to that
page - you're not deleting the actual page itself.
If I print out the page and give you the printout, I'm passing by
value. Your page is a disconnected copy of the original. You won't see
any subsequent changes, and any changes that you make (e.g. scribbling
on your printout) will not show up on the original page. If you
destroy the printout, you have actually destroyed your copy of the
object - but the original web page remains intact.
This is mostly correct except the narrower meaning of "reference" -- it being both temporary and implicit (it doesn't have to, but being explicit and/or persistent are additional features, not a part of the pass-by-reference semantic, as explained above). A closer analogy would be giving you a copy of a document vs inviting you to work on the original.
1Unless you are programming in Fortran or Visual Basic, it's not the default behavior, and in most languages in modern use, true call-by-reference is not even possible.
2A fair amount of older ones support it, too
3In several modern languages, all types are reference types. This approach was pioneered by the language CLU in 1975 and has since been adopted by many other languages, including Python and Ruby. And many more languages use a hybrid approach, where some types are "value types" and others are "reference types" -- among them are C#, Java, and JavaScript.
4There's nothing bad with recycling a fitting old term per se, but one has to somehow make it clear which meaning is used each time. Not doing that is exactly what keeps causing confusion.

It's a way how to pass arguments to functions. Passing by reference means the called functions' parameter will be the same as the callers' passed argument (not the value, but the identity - the variable itself). Pass by value means the called functions' parameter will be a copy of the callers' passed argument. The value will be the same, but the identity - the variable - is different. Thus changes to a parameter done by the called function in one case changes the argument passed and in the other case just changes the value of the parameter in the called function (which is only a copy). In a quick hurry:
Java only supports pass by value. Always copies arguments, even though when copying a reference to an object, the parameter in the called function will point to the same object and changes to that object will be see in the caller. Since this can be confusing, here is what Jon Skeet has to say about this.
C# supports pass by value and pass by reference (keyword ref used at caller and called function). Jon Skeet also has a nice explanation of this here.
C++ supports pass by value and pass by reference (reference parameter type used at called function). You will find an explanation of this below.
Codes
Since my language is C++, i will use that here
// passes a pointer (called reference in java) to an integer
void call_by_value(int *p) { // :1
p = NULL;
}
// passes an integer
void call_by_value(int p) { // :2
p = 42;
}
// passes an integer by reference
void call_by_reference(int & p) { // :3
p = 42;
}
// this is the java style of passing references. NULL is called "null" there.
void call_by_value_special(int *p) { // :4
*p = 10; // changes what p points to ("what p references" in java)
// only changes the value of the parameter, but *not* of
// the argument passed by the caller. thus it's pass-by-value:
p = NULL;
}
int main() {
int value = 10;
int * pointer = &value;
call_by_value(pointer); // :1
assert(pointer == &value); // pointer was copied
call_by_value(value); // :2
assert(value == 10); // value was copied
call_by_reference(value); // :3
assert(value == 42); // value was passed by reference
call_by_value_special(pointer); // :4
// pointer was copied but what pointer references was changed.
assert(value == 10 && pointer == &value);
}
And an example in Java won't hurt:
class Example {
int value = 0;
// similar to :4 case in the c++ example
static void accept_reference(Example e) { // :1
e.value++; // will change the referenced object
e = null; // will only change the parameter
}
// similar to the :2 case in the c++ example
static void accept_primitive(int v) { // :2
v++; // will only change the parameter
}
public static void main(String... args) {
int value = 0;
Example ref = new Example(); // reference
// note what we pass is the reference, not the object. we can't
// pass objects. The reference is copied (pass-by-value).
accept_reference(ref); // :1
assert ref != null && ref.value == 1;
// the primitive int variable is copied
accept_primitive(value); // :2
assert value == 0;
}
}
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_by_reference#Call_by_value
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_by_reference#Call_by_reference
This guy pretty much nails it:
http://javadude.com/articles/passbyvalue.htm

Many answers here (and in particular the most highly upvoted answer) are factually incorrect, since they misunderstand what "call by reference" really means. Here's my attempt to set matters straight.
TL;DR
In simplest terms:
call by value means that you pass values as function arguments
call by reference means that you pass variables as function arguments
In metaphoric terms:
Call by value is where I write down something on a piece of paper and hand it to you. Maybe it's a URL, maybe it's a complete copy of War and Peace. No matter what it is, it's on a piece of paper which I've given to you, and so now it is effectively your piece of paper. You are now free to scribble on that piece of paper, or use that piece of paper to find something somewhere else and fiddle with it, whatever.
Call by reference is when I give you my notebook which has something written down in it. You may scribble in my notebook (maybe I want you to, maybe I don't), and afterwards I keep my notebook, with whatever scribbles you've put there. Also, if what either you or I wrote there is information about how to find something somewhere else, either you or I can go there and fiddle with that information.
What "call by value" and "call by reference" don't mean
Note that both of these concepts are completely independent and orthogonal from the concept of reference types (which in Java is all types that are subtypes of Object, and in C# all class types), or the concept of pointer types like in C (which are semantically equivalent to Java's "reference types", simply with different syntax).
The notion of reference type corresponds to a URL: it is both itself a piece of information, and it is a reference (a pointer, if you will) to other information. You can have many copies of a URL in different places, and they don't change what website they all link to; if the website is updated then every URL copy will still lead to the updated information. Conversely, changing the URL in any one place won't affect any other written copy of the URL.
Note that C++ has a notion of "references" (e.g. int&) that is not like Java and C#'s "reference types", but is like "call by reference". Java and C#'s "reference types", and all types in Python, are like what C and C++ call "pointer types" (e.g. int*).
OK, here's the longer and more formal explanation.
Terminology
To start with, I want to highlight some important bits of terminology, to help clarify my answer and to ensure we're all referring to the same ideas when we are using words. (In practice, I believe the vast majority of confusion about topics such as these stems from using words in ways that to not fully communicate the meaning that was intended.)
To start, here's an example in some C-like language of a function declaration:
void foo(int param) { // line 1
param += 1;
}
And here's an example of calling this function:
void bar() {
int arg = 1; // line 2
foo(arg); // line 3
}
Using this example, I want to define some important bits of terminology:
foo is a function declared on line 1 (Java insists on making all functions methods, but the concept is the same without loss of generality; C and C++ make a distinction between declaration and definition which I won't go into here)
param is a formal parameter to foo, also declared on line 1
arg is a variable, specifically a local variable of the function bar, declared and initialized on line 2
arg is also an argument to a specific invocation of foo on line 3
There are two very important sets of concepts to distinguish here. The first is value versus variable:
A value is the result of evaluating an expression in the language. For example, in the bar function above, after the line int arg = 1;, the expression arg has the value 1.
A variable is a container for values. A variable can be mutable (this is the default in most C-like languages), read-only (e.g. declared using Java's final or C#'s readonly) or deeply immutable (e.g. using C++'s const).
The other important pair of concepts to distinguish is parameter versus argument:
A parameter (also called a formal parameter) is a variable which must be supplied by the caller when calling a function.
An argument is a value that is supplied by the caller of a function to satisfy a specific formal parameter of that function
Call by value
In call by value, the function's formal parameters are variables that are newly created for the function invocation, and which are initialized with the values of their arguments.
This works exactly the same way that any other kinds of variables are initialized with values. For example:
int arg = 1;
int another_variable = arg;
Here arg and another_variable are completely independent variables -- their values can change independently of each other. However, at the point where another_variable is declared, it is initialized to hold the same value that arg holds -- which is 1.
Since they are independent variables, changes to another_variable do not affect arg:
int arg = 1;
int another_variable = arg;
another_variable = 2;
assert arg == 1; // true
assert another_variable == 2; // true
This is exactly the same as the relationship between arg and param in our example above, which I'll repeat here for symmetry:
void foo(int param) {
param += 1;
}
void bar() {
int arg = 1;
foo(arg);
}
It is exactly as if we had written the code this way:
// entering function "bar" here
int arg = 1;
// entering function "foo" here
int param = arg;
param += 1;
// exiting function "foo" here
// exiting function "bar" here
That is, the defining characteristic of what call by value means is that the callee (foo in this case) receives values as arguments, but has its own separate variables for those values from the variables of the caller (bar in this case).
Going back to my metaphor above, if I'm bar and you're foo, when I call you, I hand you a piece of paper with a value written on it. You call that piece of paper param. That value is a copy of the value I have written in my notebook (my local variables), in a variable I call arg.
(As an aside: depending on hardware and operating system, there are various calling conventions about how you call one function from another. The calling convention is like us deciding whether I write the value on a piece of my paper and then hand it to you, or if you have a piece of paper that I write it on, or if I write it on the wall in front of both of us. This is an interesting subject as well, but far beyond the scope of this already long answer.)
Call by reference
In call by reference, the function's formal parameters are simply new names for the same variables that the caller supplies as arguments.
Going back to our example above, it's equivalent to:
// entering function "bar" here
int arg = 1;
// entering function "foo" here
// aha! I note that "param" is just another name for "arg"
arg /* param */ += 1;
// exiting function "foo" here
// exiting function "bar" here
Since param is just another name for arg -- that is, they are the same variable, changes to param are reflected in arg. This is the fundamental way in which call by reference differs from call by value.
Very few languages support call by reference, but C++ can do it like this:
void foo(int& param) {
param += 1;
}
void bar() {
int arg = 1;
foo(arg);
}
In this case, param doesn't just have the same value as arg, it actually is arg (just by a different name) and so bar can observe that arg has been incremented.
Note that this is not how any of Java, JavaScript, C, Objective-C, Python, or nearly any other popular language today works. This means that those languages are not call by reference, they are call by value.
Addendum: call by object sharing
If what you have is call by value, but the actual value is a reference type or pointer type, then the "value" itself isn't very interesting (e.g. in C it's just an integer of a platform-specific size) -- what's interesting is what that value points to.
If what that reference type (that is, pointer) points to is mutable then an interesting effect is possible: you can modify the pointed-to value, and the caller can observe changes to the pointed-to value, even though the caller cannot observe changes to the pointer itself.
To borrow the analogy of the URL again, the fact that I gave you a copy of the URL to a website is not particularly interesting if the thing we both care about is the website, not the URL. The fact that you scribbling over your copy of the URL doesn't affect my copy of the URL isn't a thing we care about (and in fact, in languages like Java and Python the "URL", or reference type value, can't be modified at all, only the thing pointed to by it can).
Barbara Liskov, when she invented the CLU programming language (which had these semantics), realized that the existing terms "call by value" and "call by reference" weren't particularly useful for describing the semantics of this new language. So she invented a new term: call by object sharing.
When discussing languages that are technically call by value, but where common types in use are reference or pointer types (that is: nearly every modern imperative, object-oriented, or multi-paradigm programming language), I find it's a lot less confusing to simply avoid talking about call by value or call by reference. Stick to call by object sharing (or simply call by object) and nobody will be confused. :-)

Before understanding the two terms, you must understand the following. Every object has two things that can make it be distinguished.
Its value.
Its address.
So if you say employee.name = "John", know that there are two things about name. Its value which is "John" and also its location in the memory which is some hexadecimal number maybe like this: 0x7fd5d258dd00.
Depending on the language's architecture or the type (class, struct, etc.) of your object, you would be either transferring "John" or 0x7fd5d258dd00
Passing "John" is known as passing by value.
Passing 0x7fd5d258dd00 is known as passing by reference. Anyone who is pointing to this memory location will have access to the value of "John".
For more on this, I recommend you to read about dereferencing a pointer and also why choose struct (value type) over class (reference type).

Here is an example:
#include <iostream>
void by_val(int arg) { arg += 2; }
void by_ref(int&arg) { arg += 2; }
int main()
{
int x = 0;
by_val(x); std::cout << x << std::endl; // prints 0
by_ref(x); std::cout << x << std::endl; // prints 2
int y = 0;
by_ref(y); std::cout << y << std::endl; // prints 2
by_val(y); std::cout << y << std::endl; // prints 2
}

The simplest way to get this is on an Excel file. Let’s say for example that you have two numbers, 5 and 2 in cells A1 and B1 accordingly, and you want to find their sum in a third cell, let's say A2.
You can do this in two ways.
Either by passing their values to cell A2 by typing = 5 + 2 into this cell. In this case, if the values of the cells A1 or B1 change, the sum in A2 remains the same.
Or by passing the “references” of the cells A1 and B1 to cell A2 by typing = A1 + B1. In this case, if the values of the cells A1 or B1 change, the sum in A2 changes too.

When passing by reference you are basically passing a pointer to the variable. Pass by value you are passing a copy of the variable.
In basic usage this normally means pass by reference, changes to the variable will seen be in the calling method and in pass by value they won’t.

Pass by value sends a copy of the data stored in the variable you specify, and pass by reference sends a direct link to the variable itself.
So if you pass a variable by reference and then change the variable inside the block you passed it into, the original variable will be changed. If you simply pass by value, the original variable will not be able to be changed by the block you passed it into, but you will get a copy of whatever it contained at the time of the call.

Take a look at this photo:
In the first case (pass by reference), when the variable is set or changed inside the function, the external variable also changes.
But in the second case (pass by value), changing the variable inside the function doesn't have any effect on the external variable.
For reading the article, see this link.

Pass by value - The function copies the variable and works with a copy (so it doesn't change anything in the original variable)
Pass by reference - The function uses the original variable. If you change the variable in the other function, it changes in the original variable too.
Example (copy and use/try this yourself and see):
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void funct1(int a) // Pass-by-value
{
a = 6; // Now "a" is 6 only in funct1, but not in main or anywhere else
}
void funct2(int &a) // Pass-by-reference
{
a = 7; // Now "a" is 7 both in funct2, main and everywhere else it'll be used
}
int main()
{
int a = 5;
funct1(a);
cout << endl << "A is currently " << a << endl << endl; // Will output 5
funct2(a);
cout << endl << "A is currently " << a << endl << endl; // Will output 7
return 0;
}
Keep it simple, peeps. Walls of text can be a bad habit.

A major difference between them is that value-type variables store values, so specifying a value-type variable in a method call passes a copy of that variable's value to the method. Reference-type variables store references to objects, so specifying a reference-type variable as an argument passes the method a copy of the actual reference that refers to the object. Even though the reference itself is passed by value, the method can still use the reference it receives to interact with—and possibly modify—the original object. Similarly, when returning information from a method via a return statement, the method returns a copy of the value stored in a value-type variable or a copy of the reference stored in a reference-type variable. When a reference is returned, the calling method can use that reference to interact with the referenced object. So, in effect, objects are always passed by reference.
In c#, to pass a variable by reference so the called method can modify the variable's, C# provides keywords ref and out. Applying the ref keyword to a parameter declaration allows you to pass a variable to a method by reference—the called method will be able to modify the original variable in the caller. The ref keyword is used for variables that already have been initialized in the calling method. Normally, when a method call contains an uninitialized variable as an argument, the compiler generates an error. Preceding a parameter with keyword out creates an output parameter. This indicates to the compiler that the argument will be passed into the called method by reference and that the called method will assign a value to the original variable in the caller. If the method does not assign a value to the output parameter in every possible path of execution, the compiler generates an error. This also prevents the compiler from generating an error message for an uninitialized variable that is passed as an argument to a method. A method can return only one value to its caller via a return statement, but can return many values by specifying multiple output (ref and/or out) parameters.
see c# discussion and examples here link text

Examples:
class Dog
{
public:
barkAt( const std::string& pOtherDog ); // const reference
barkAt( std::string pOtherDog ); // value
};
const & is generally best. You don't incur the construction and destruction penalty. If the reference isn't const your interface is suggesting that it will change the passed in data.

If you don't want to change the value of the original variable after passing it into a function, the function should be constructed with a "pass by value" parameter.
Then the function will have only the value, but not the address of the passed in variable. Without the variable's address, the code inside the function cannot change the variable value as seen from the outside of the function.
But if you want to give the function the ability to change the value of the variable as seen from the outside, you need to use pass by reference. As both the value and the address (reference) are passed in and are available inside the function.

In short, Passed by value is WHAT it is and passed by reference is WHERE it is.
If your value is VAR1 = "Happy Guy!", you will only see "Happy Guy!". If VAR1 changes to "Happy Gal!", you won't know that. If it's passed by reference, and VAR1 changes, you will.

Pass by value means how to pass a value to a function by making use of arguments. In pass by value, we copy the data stored in the variable we specify, and it is slower than pass by reference because the data is copied.
Or we make changes in the copied data. The original data is not affected. And in pass by reference or pass by address, we send a direct link to the variable itself. Or passing a pointer to a variable. It is faster because less time is consumed.

Here is an example that demonstrates the differences between pass by value - pointer value - reference:
void swap_by_value(int a, int b){
int temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
void swap_by_pointer(int *a, int *b){
int temp;
temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
}
void swap_by_reference(int &a, int &b){
int temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
int main(void){
int arg1 = 1, arg2 = 2;
swap_by_value(arg1, arg2);
cout << arg1 << " " << arg2 << endl; //prints 1 2
swap_by_pointer(&arg1, &arg2);
cout << arg1 << " " << arg2 << endl; //prints 2 1
arg1 = 1; //reset values
arg2 = 2;
swap_by_reference(arg1, arg2);
cout << arg1 << " " << arg2 << endl; //prints 2 1
}
The “passing by reference” method has an important limitation. If a parameter is declared as passed by reference (so it is preceded by the & sign) its corresponding actual parameter must be a variable.
An actual parameter referring to “passed by value” formal parameter may be an expression in general, so it is allowed to use not only a variable but also a literal or even a function invocation's result.
The function is not able to place a value in something other than a variable. It cannot assign a new value to a literal or force an expression to change its result.
PS: You can also check Dylan Beattie answer in the current thread that explains it in plain words.

1. Pass By Value / Call By Value
void printvalue(int x)
{
x = x + 1 ;
cout << x ; // 6
}
int x = 5;
printvalue(x);
cout << x; // 5
In call by value, when you pass a value to printvalue(x) i.e. the argument which is 5, it is copied to void printvalue(int x). Now, we have two different values 5 and the copied value 5 and these two values are stored in different memory locations. So if you make any change inside void printvalue(int x) it won't reflect back to the argument.
2. Pass By Reference/ Call By Reference
void printvalue(int &x)
{
x = x + 1 ;
cout << x ; // 6
}
int x = 5;
printvalue(x);
cout << x; // 6
In call by reference, there's only one difference. We use & i.e. the address operator. By doing
void printvalue(int &x) we are referring to the address of x which tells us that it both refers to the same location. Hence, any changes made inside the function will reflect outside.
Now that you're here, you should also know about ...
3. Pass By Pointer/ Call By Address
void printvalue(int* x)
{
*x = *x + 1 ;
cout << *x ; // 6
}
int x = 5;
printvalue(&x);
cout << x; // 6
In pass by address, the pointer int* x holds the address passed to it printvalue(&x). Hence, any changes done inside the function will reflect outside.

The question is "vs".
And nobody has pointed to an important point. In passing with values, additional memory is occupied to store the passed variable values.
While in passing with a reference, no additional memory is occupied for the values (memory efficient in circumstances).

Object Oriented Programming Question: Passing by values vs. passing by reference [duplicate]

What is the difference between
a parameter passed by reference
a parameter passed by value?
Could you give me some examples, please?

It's a way how to pass arguments to functions. Passing by reference means the called functions' parameter will be the same as the callers' passed argument (not the value, but the identity - the variable itself). Pass by value means the called functions' parameter will be a copy of the callers' passed argument. The value will be the same, but the identity - the variable - is different. Thus changes to a parameter done by the called function in one case changes the argument passed and in the other case just changes the value of the parameter in the called function (which is only a copy). In a quick hurry:
Java only supports pass by value. Always copies arguments, even though when copying a reference to an object, the parameter in the called function will point to the same object and changes to that object will be see in the caller. Since this can be confusing, here is what Jon Skeet has to say about this.
C# supports pass by value and pass by reference (keyword ref used at caller and called function). Jon Skeet also has a nice explanation of this here.
C++ supports pass by value and pass by reference (reference parameter type used at called function). You will find an explanation of this below.
Codes
Since my language is C++, i will use that here
// passes a pointer (called reference in java) to an integer
void call_by_value(int *p) { // :1
p = NULL;
}
// passes an integer
void call_by_value(int p) { // :2
p = 42;
}
// passes an integer by reference
void call_by_reference(int & p) { // :3
p = 42;
}
// this is the java style of passing references. NULL is called "null" there.
void call_by_value_special(int *p) { // :4
*p = 10; // changes what p points to ("what p references" in java)
// only changes the value of the parameter, but *not* of
// the argument passed by the caller. thus it's pass-by-value:
p = NULL;
}
int main() {
int value = 10;
int * pointer = &value;
call_by_value(pointer); // :1
assert(pointer == &value); // pointer was copied
call_by_value(value); // :2
assert(value == 10); // value was copied
call_by_reference(value); // :3
assert(value == 42); // value was passed by reference
call_by_value_special(pointer); // :4
// pointer was copied but what pointer references was changed.
assert(value == 10 && pointer == &value);
}
And an example in Java won't hurt:
class Example {
int value = 0;
// similar to :4 case in the c++ example
static void accept_reference(Example e) { // :1
e.value++; // will change the referenced object
e = null; // will only change the parameter
}
// similar to the :2 case in the c++ example
static void accept_primitive(int v) { // :2
v++; // will only change the parameter
}
public static void main(String... args) {
int value = 0;
Example ref = new Example(); // reference
// note what we pass is the reference, not the object. we can't
// pass objects. The reference is copied (pass-by-value).
accept_reference(ref); // :1
assert ref != null && ref.value == 1;
// the primitive int variable is copied
accept_primitive(value); // :2
assert value == 0;
}
}
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_by_reference#Call_by_value
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_by_reference#Call_by_reference
This guy pretty much nails it:
http://javadude.com/articles/passbyvalue.htm

Many answers here (and in particular the most highly upvoted answer) are factually incorrect, since they misunderstand what "call by reference" really means. Here's my attempt to set matters straight.
TL;DR
In simplest terms:
call by value means that you pass values as function arguments
call by reference means that you pass variables as function arguments
In metaphoric terms:
Call by value is where I write down something on a piece of paper and hand it to you. Maybe it's a URL, maybe it's a complete copy of War and Peace. No matter what it is, it's on a piece of paper which I've given to you, and so now it is effectively your piece of paper. You are now free to scribble on that piece of paper, or use that piece of paper to find something somewhere else and fiddle with it, whatever.
Call by reference is when I give you my notebook which has something written down in it. You may scribble in my notebook (maybe I want you to, maybe I don't), and afterwards I keep my notebook, with whatever scribbles you've put there. Also, if what either you or I wrote there is information about how to find something somewhere else, either you or I can go there and fiddle with that information.
What "call by value" and "call by reference" don't mean
Note that both of these concepts are completely independent and orthogonal from the concept of reference types (which in Java is all types that are subtypes of Object, and in C# all class types), or the concept of pointer types like in C (which are semantically equivalent to Java's "reference types", simply with different syntax).
The notion of reference type corresponds to a URL: it is both itself a piece of information, and it is a reference (a pointer, if you will) to other information. You can have many copies of a URL in different places, and they don't change what website they all link to; if the website is updated then every URL copy will still lead to the updated information. Conversely, changing the URL in any one place won't affect any other written copy of the URL.
Note that C++ has a notion of "references" (e.g. int&) that is not like Java and C#'s "reference types", but is like "call by reference". Java and C#'s "reference types", and all types in Python, are like what C and C++ call "pointer types" (e.g. int*).
OK, here's the longer and more formal explanation.
Terminology
To start with, I want to highlight some important bits of terminology, to help clarify my answer and to ensure we're all referring to the same ideas when we are using words. (In practice, I believe the vast majority of confusion about topics such as these stems from using words in ways that to not fully communicate the meaning that was intended.)
To start, here's an example in some C-like language of a function declaration:
void foo(int param) { // line 1
param += 1;
}
And here's an example of calling this function:
void bar() {
int arg = 1; // line 2
foo(arg); // line 3
}
Using this example, I want to define some important bits of terminology:
foo is a function declared on line 1 (Java insists on making all functions methods, but the concept is the same without loss of generality; C and C++ make a distinction between declaration and definition which I won't go into here)
param is a formal parameter to foo, also declared on line 1
arg is a variable, specifically a local variable of the function bar, declared and initialized on line 2
arg is also an argument to a specific invocation of foo on line 3
There are two very important sets of concepts to distinguish here. The first is value versus variable:
A value is the result of evaluating an expression in the language. For example, in the bar function above, after the line int arg = 1;, the expression arg has the value 1.
A variable is a container for values. A variable can be mutable (this is the default in most C-like languages), read-only (e.g. declared using Java's final or C#'s readonly) or deeply immutable (e.g. using C++'s const).
The other important pair of concepts to distinguish is parameter versus argument:
A parameter (also called a formal parameter) is a variable which must be supplied by the caller when calling a function.
An argument is a value that is supplied by the caller of a function to satisfy a specific formal parameter of that function
Call by value
In call by value, the function's formal parameters are variables that are newly created for the function invocation, and which are initialized with the values of their arguments.
This works exactly the same way that any other kinds of variables are initialized with values. For example:
int arg = 1;
int another_variable = arg;
Here arg and another_variable are completely independent variables -- their values can change independently of each other. However, at the point where another_variable is declared, it is initialized to hold the same value that arg holds -- which is 1.
Since they are independent variables, changes to another_variable do not affect arg:
int arg = 1;
int another_variable = arg;
another_variable = 2;
assert arg == 1; // true
assert another_variable == 2; // true
This is exactly the same as the relationship between arg and param in our example above, which I'll repeat here for symmetry:
void foo(int param) {
param += 1;
}
void bar() {
int arg = 1;
foo(arg);
}
It is exactly as if we had written the code this way:
// entering function "bar" here
int arg = 1;
// entering function "foo" here
int param = arg;
param += 1;
// exiting function "foo" here
// exiting function "bar" here
That is, the defining characteristic of what call by value means is that the callee (foo in this case) receives values as arguments, but has its own separate variables for those values from the variables of the caller (bar in this case).
Going back to my metaphor above, if I'm bar and you're foo, when I call you, I hand you a piece of paper with a value written on it. You call that piece of paper param. That value is a copy of the value I have written in my notebook (my local variables), in a variable I call arg.
(As an aside: depending on hardware and operating system, there are various calling conventions about how you call one function from another. The calling convention is like us deciding whether I write the value on a piece of my paper and then hand it to you, or if you have a piece of paper that I write it on, or if I write it on the wall in front of both of us. This is an interesting subject as well, but far beyond the scope of this already long answer.)
Call by reference
In call by reference, the function's formal parameters are simply new names for the same variables that the caller supplies as arguments.
Going back to our example above, it's equivalent to:
// entering function "bar" here
int arg = 1;
// entering function "foo" here
// aha! I note that "param" is just another name for "arg"
arg /* param */ += 1;
// exiting function "foo" here
// exiting function "bar" here
Since param is just another name for arg -- that is, they are the same variable, changes to param are reflected in arg. This is the fundamental way in which call by reference differs from call by value.
Very few languages support call by reference, but C++ can do it like this:
void foo(int& param) {
param += 1;
}
void bar() {
int arg = 1;
foo(arg);
}
In this case, param doesn't just have the same value as arg, it actually is arg (just by a different name) and so bar can observe that arg has been incremented.
Note that this is not how any of Java, JavaScript, C, Objective-C, Python, or nearly any other popular language today works. This means that those languages are not call by reference, they are call by value.
Addendum: call by object sharing
If what you have is call by value, but the actual value is a reference type or pointer type, then the "value" itself isn't very interesting (e.g. in C it's just an integer of a platform-specific size) -- what's interesting is what that value points to.
If what that reference type (that is, pointer) points to is mutable then an interesting effect is possible: you can modify the pointed-to value, and the caller can observe changes to the pointed-to value, even though the caller cannot observe changes to the pointer itself.
To borrow the analogy of the URL again, the fact that I gave you a copy of the URL to a website is not particularly interesting if the thing we both care about is the website, not the URL. The fact that you scribbling over your copy of the URL doesn't affect my copy of the URL isn't a thing we care about (and in fact, in languages like Java and Python the "URL", or reference type value, can't be modified at all, only the thing pointed to by it can).
Barbara Liskov, when she invented the CLU programming language (which had these semantics), realized that the existing terms "call by value" and "call by reference" weren't particularly useful for describing the semantics of this new language. So she invented a new term: call by object sharing.
When discussing languages that are technically call by value, but where common types in use are reference or pointer types (that is: nearly every modern imperative, object-oriented, or multi-paradigm programming language), I find it's a lot less confusing to simply avoid talking about call by value or call by reference. Stick to call by object sharing (or simply call by object) and nobody will be confused. :-)

Before understanding the two terms, you must understand the following. Every object has two things that can make it be distinguished.
Its value.
Its address.
So if you say employee.name = "John", know that there are two things about name. Its value which is "John" and also its location in the memory which is some hexadecimal number maybe like this: 0x7fd5d258dd00.
Depending on the language's architecture or the type (class, struct, etc.) of your object, you would be either transferring "John" or 0x7fd5d258dd00
Passing "John" is known as passing by value.
Passing 0x7fd5d258dd00 is known as passing by reference. Anyone who is pointing to this memory location will have access to the value of "John".
For more on this, I recommend you to read about dereferencing a pointer and also why choose struct (value type) over class (reference type).

Here is an example:
#include <iostream>
void by_val(int arg) { arg += 2; }
void by_ref(int&arg) { arg += 2; }
int main()
{
int x = 0;
by_val(x); std::cout << x << std::endl; // prints 0
by_ref(x); std::cout << x << std::endl; // prints 2
int y = 0;
by_ref(y); std::cout << y << std::endl; // prints 2
by_val(y); std::cout << y << std::endl; // prints 2
}

The simplest way to get this is on an Excel file. Let’s say for example that you have two numbers, 5 and 2 in cells A1 and B1 accordingly, and you want to find their sum in a third cell, let's say A2.
You can do this in two ways.
Either by passing their values to cell A2 by typing = 5 + 2 into this cell. In this case, if the values of the cells A1 or B1 change, the sum in A2 remains the same.
Or by passing the “references” of the cells A1 and B1 to cell A2 by typing = A1 + B1. In this case, if the values of the cells A1 or B1 change, the sum in A2 changes too.

When passing by reference you are basically passing a pointer to the variable. Pass by value you are passing a copy of the variable.
In basic usage this normally means pass by reference, changes to the variable will seen be in the calling method and in pass by value they won’t.

Pass by value sends a copy of the data stored in the variable you specify, and pass by reference sends a direct link to the variable itself.
So if you pass a variable by reference and then change the variable inside the block you passed it into, the original variable will be changed. If you simply pass by value, the original variable will not be able to be changed by the block you passed it into, but you will get a copy of whatever it contained at the time of the call.

Take a look at this photo:
In the first case (pass by reference), when the variable is set or changed inside the function, the external variable also changes.
But in the second case (pass by value), changing the variable inside the function doesn't have any effect on the external variable.
For reading the article, see this link.

Pass by value - The function copies the variable and works with a copy (so it doesn't change anything in the original variable)
Pass by reference - The function uses the original variable. If you change the variable in the other function, it changes in the original variable too.
Example (copy and use/try this yourself and see):
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void funct1(int a) // Pass-by-value
{
a = 6; // Now "a" is 6 only in funct1, but not in main or anywhere else
}
void funct2(int &a) // Pass-by-reference
{
a = 7; // Now "a" is 7 both in funct2, main and everywhere else it'll be used
}
int main()
{
int a = 5;
funct1(a);
cout << endl << "A is currently " << a << endl << endl; // Will output 5
funct2(a);
cout << endl << "A is currently " << a << endl << endl; // Will output 7
return 0;
}
Keep it simple, peeps. Walls of text can be a bad habit.

A major difference between them is that value-type variables store values, so specifying a value-type variable in a method call passes a copy of that variable's value to the method. Reference-type variables store references to objects, so specifying a reference-type variable as an argument passes the method a copy of the actual reference that refers to the object. Even though the reference itself is passed by value, the method can still use the reference it receives to interact with—and possibly modify—the original object. Similarly, when returning information from a method via a return statement, the method returns a copy of the value stored in a value-type variable or a copy of the reference stored in a reference-type variable. When a reference is returned, the calling method can use that reference to interact with the referenced object. So, in effect, objects are always passed by reference.
In c#, to pass a variable by reference so the called method can modify the variable's, C# provides keywords ref and out. Applying the ref keyword to a parameter declaration allows you to pass a variable to a method by reference—the called method will be able to modify the original variable in the caller. The ref keyword is used for variables that already have been initialized in the calling method. Normally, when a method call contains an uninitialized variable as an argument, the compiler generates an error. Preceding a parameter with keyword out creates an output parameter. This indicates to the compiler that the argument will be passed into the called method by reference and that the called method will assign a value to the original variable in the caller. If the method does not assign a value to the output parameter in every possible path of execution, the compiler generates an error. This also prevents the compiler from generating an error message for an uninitialized variable that is passed as an argument to a method. A method can return only one value to its caller via a return statement, but can return many values by specifying multiple output (ref and/or out) parameters.
see c# discussion and examples here link text

Examples:
class Dog
{
public:
barkAt( const std::string& pOtherDog ); // const reference
barkAt( std::string pOtherDog ); // value
};
const & is generally best. You don't incur the construction and destruction penalty. If the reference isn't const your interface is suggesting that it will change the passed in data.

If you don't want to change the value of the original variable after passing it into a function, the function should be constructed with a "pass by value" parameter.
Then the function will have only the value, but not the address of the passed in variable. Without the variable's address, the code inside the function cannot change the variable value as seen from the outside of the function.
But if you want to give the function the ability to change the value of the variable as seen from the outside, you need to use pass by reference. As both the value and the address (reference) are passed in and are available inside the function.

In short, Passed by value is WHAT it is and passed by reference is WHERE it is.
If your value is VAR1 = "Happy Guy!", you will only see "Happy Guy!". If VAR1 changes to "Happy Gal!", you won't know that. If it's passed by reference, and VAR1 changes, you will.

Pass by value means how to pass a value to a function by making use of arguments. In pass by value, we copy the data stored in the variable we specify, and it is slower than pass by reference because the data is copied.
Or we make changes in the copied data. The original data is not affected. And in pass by reference or pass by address, we send a direct link to the variable itself. Or passing a pointer to a variable. It is faster because less time is consumed.

Here is an example that demonstrates the differences between pass by value - pointer value - reference:
void swap_by_value(int a, int b){
int temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
void swap_by_pointer(int *a, int *b){
int temp;
temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
}
void swap_by_reference(int &a, int &b){
int temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
int main(void){
int arg1 = 1, arg2 = 2;
swap_by_value(arg1, arg2);
cout << arg1 << " " << arg2 << endl; //prints 1 2
swap_by_pointer(&arg1, &arg2);
cout << arg1 << " " << arg2 << endl; //prints 2 1
arg1 = 1; //reset values
arg2 = 2;
swap_by_reference(arg1, arg2);
cout << arg1 << " " << arg2 << endl; //prints 2 1
}
The “passing by reference” method has an important limitation. If a parameter is declared as passed by reference (so it is preceded by the & sign) its corresponding actual parameter must be a variable.
An actual parameter referring to “passed by value” formal parameter may be an expression in general, so it is allowed to use not only a variable but also a literal or even a function invocation's result.
The function is not able to place a value in something other than a variable. It cannot assign a new value to a literal or force an expression to change its result.
PS: You can also check Dylan Beattie answer in the current thread that explains it in plain words.

1. Pass By Value / Call By Value
void printvalue(int x)
{
x = x + 1 ;
cout << x ; // 6
}
int x = 5;
printvalue(x);
cout << x; // 5
In call by value, when you pass a value to printvalue(x) i.e. the argument which is 5, it is copied to void printvalue(int x). Now, we have two different values 5 and the copied value 5 and these two values are stored in different memory locations. So if you make any change inside void printvalue(int x) it won't reflect back to the argument.
2. Pass By Reference/ Call By Reference
void printvalue(int &x)
{
x = x + 1 ;
cout << x ; // 6
}
int x = 5;
printvalue(x);
cout << x; // 6
In call by reference, there's only one difference. We use & i.e. the address operator. By doing
void printvalue(int &x) we are referring to the address of x which tells us that it both refers to the same location. Hence, any changes made inside the function will reflect outside.
Now that you're here, you should also know about ...
3. Pass By Pointer/ Call By Address
void printvalue(int* x)
{
*x = *x + 1 ;
cout << *x ; // 6
}
int x = 5;
printvalue(&x);
cout << x; // 6
In pass by address, the pointer int* x holds the address passed to it printvalue(&x). Hence, any changes done inside the function will reflect outside.

The question is "vs".
And nobody has pointed to an important point. In passing with values, additional memory is occupied to store the passed variable values.
While in passing with a reference, no additional memory is occupied for the values (memory efficient in circumstances).

Is it possible to pass a instance of struct and change properties of the struct [duplicate]

What is the difference between
a parameter passed by reference
a parameter passed by value?
Could you give me some examples, please?

It's a way how to pass arguments to functions. Passing by reference means the called functions' parameter will be the same as the callers' passed argument (not the value, but the identity - the variable itself). Pass by value means the called functions' parameter will be a copy of the callers' passed argument. The value will be the same, but the identity - the variable - is different. Thus changes to a parameter done by the called function in one case changes the argument passed and in the other case just changes the value of the parameter in the called function (which is only a copy). In a quick hurry:
Java only supports pass by value. Always copies arguments, even though when copying a reference to an object, the parameter in the called function will point to the same object and changes to that object will be see in the caller. Since this can be confusing, here is what Jon Skeet has to say about this.
C# supports pass by value and pass by reference (keyword ref used at caller and called function). Jon Skeet also has a nice explanation of this here.
C++ supports pass by value and pass by reference (reference parameter type used at called function). You will find an explanation of this below.
Codes
Since my language is C++, i will use that here
// passes a pointer (called reference in java) to an integer
void call_by_value(int *p) { // :1
p = NULL;
}
// passes an integer
void call_by_value(int p) { // :2
p = 42;
}
// passes an integer by reference
void call_by_reference(int & p) { // :3
p = 42;
}
// this is the java style of passing references. NULL is called "null" there.
void call_by_value_special(int *p) { // :4
*p = 10; // changes what p points to ("what p references" in java)
// only changes the value of the parameter, but *not* of
// the argument passed by the caller. thus it's pass-by-value:
p = NULL;
}
int main() {
int value = 10;
int * pointer = &value;
call_by_value(pointer); // :1
assert(pointer == &value); // pointer was copied
call_by_value(value); // :2
assert(value == 10); // value was copied
call_by_reference(value); // :3
assert(value == 42); // value was passed by reference
call_by_value_special(pointer); // :4
// pointer was copied but what pointer references was changed.
assert(value == 10 && pointer == &value);
}
And an example in Java won't hurt:
class Example {
int value = 0;
// similar to :4 case in the c++ example
static void accept_reference(Example e) { // :1
e.value++; // will change the referenced object
e = null; // will only change the parameter
}
// similar to the :2 case in the c++ example
static void accept_primitive(int v) { // :2
v++; // will only change the parameter
}
public static void main(String... args) {
int value = 0;
Example ref = new Example(); // reference
// note what we pass is the reference, not the object. we can't
// pass objects. The reference is copied (pass-by-value).
accept_reference(ref); // :1
assert ref != null && ref.value == 1;
// the primitive int variable is copied
accept_primitive(value); // :2
assert value == 0;
}
}
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_by_reference#Call_by_value
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_by_reference#Call_by_reference
This guy pretty much nails it:
http://javadude.com/articles/passbyvalue.htm

Many answers here (and in particular the most highly upvoted answer) are factually incorrect, since they misunderstand what "call by reference" really means. Here's my attempt to set matters straight.
TL;DR
In simplest terms:
call by value means that you pass values as function arguments
call by reference means that you pass variables as function arguments
In metaphoric terms:
Call by value is where I write down something on a piece of paper and hand it to you. Maybe it's a URL, maybe it's a complete copy of War and Peace. No matter what it is, it's on a piece of paper which I've given to you, and so now it is effectively your piece of paper. You are now free to scribble on that piece of paper, or use that piece of paper to find something somewhere else and fiddle with it, whatever.
Call by reference is when I give you my notebook which has something written down in it. You may scribble in my notebook (maybe I want you to, maybe I don't), and afterwards I keep my notebook, with whatever scribbles you've put there. Also, if what either you or I wrote there is information about how to find something somewhere else, either you or I can go there and fiddle with that information.
What "call by value" and "call by reference" don't mean
Note that both of these concepts are completely independent and orthogonal from the concept of reference types (which in Java is all types that are subtypes of Object, and in C# all class types), or the concept of pointer types like in C (which are semantically equivalent to Java's "reference types", simply with different syntax).
The notion of reference type corresponds to a URL: it is both itself a piece of information, and it is a reference (a pointer, if you will) to other information. You can have many copies of a URL in different places, and they don't change what website they all link to; if the website is updated then every URL copy will still lead to the updated information. Conversely, changing the URL in any one place won't affect any other written copy of the URL.
Note that C++ has a notion of "references" (e.g. int&) that is not like Java and C#'s "reference types", but is like "call by reference". Java and C#'s "reference types", and all types in Python, are like what C and C++ call "pointer types" (e.g. int*).
OK, here's the longer and more formal explanation.
Terminology
To start with, I want to highlight some important bits of terminology, to help clarify my answer and to ensure we're all referring to the same ideas when we are using words. (In practice, I believe the vast majority of confusion about topics such as these stems from using words in ways that to not fully communicate the meaning that was intended.)
To start, here's an example in some C-like language of a function declaration:
void foo(int param) { // line 1
param += 1;
}
And here's an example of calling this function:
void bar() {
int arg = 1; // line 2
foo(arg); // line 3
}
Using this example, I want to define some important bits of terminology:
foo is a function declared on line 1 (Java insists on making all functions methods, but the concept is the same without loss of generality; C and C++ make a distinction between declaration and definition which I won't go into here)
param is a formal parameter to foo, also declared on line 1
arg is a variable, specifically a local variable of the function bar, declared and initialized on line 2
arg is also an argument to a specific invocation of foo on line 3
There are two very important sets of concepts to distinguish here. The first is value versus variable:
A value is the result of evaluating an expression in the language. For example, in the bar function above, after the line int arg = 1;, the expression arg has the value 1.
A variable is a container for values. A variable can be mutable (this is the default in most C-like languages), read-only (e.g. declared using Java's final or C#'s readonly) or deeply immutable (e.g. using C++'s const).
The other important pair of concepts to distinguish is parameter versus argument:
A parameter (also called a formal parameter) is a variable which must be supplied by the caller when calling a function.
An argument is a value that is supplied by the caller of a function to satisfy a specific formal parameter of that function
Call by value
In call by value, the function's formal parameters are variables that are newly created for the function invocation, and which are initialized with the values of their arguments.
This works exactly the same way that any other kinds of variables are initialized with values. For example:
int arg = 1;
int another_variable = arg;
Here arg and another_variable are completely independent variables -- their values can change independently of each other. However, at the point where another_variable is declared, it is initialized to hold the same value that arg holds -- which is 1.
Since they are independent variables, changes to another_variable do not affect arg:
int arg = 1;
int another_variable = arg;
another_variable = 2;
assert arg == 1; // true
assert another_variable == 2; // true
This is exactly the same as the relationship between arg and param in our example above, which I'll repeat here for symmetry:
void foo(int param) {
param += 1;
}
void bar() {
int arg = 1;
foo(arg);
}
It is exactly as if we had written the code this way:
// entering function "bar" here
int arg = 1;
// entering function "foo" here
int param = arg;
param += 1;
// exiting function "foo" here
// exiting function "bar" here
That is, the defining characteristic of what call by value means is that the callee (foo in this case) receives values as arguments, but has its own separate variables for those values from the variables of the caller (bar in this case).
Going back to my metaphor above, if I'm bar and you're foo, when I call you, I hand you a piece of paper with a value written on it. You call that piece of paper param. That value is a copy of the value I have written in my notebook (my local variables), in a variable I call arg.
(As an aside: depending on hardware and operating system, there are various calling conventions about how you call one function from another. The calling convention is like us deciding whether I write the value on a piece of my paper and then hand it to you, or if you have a piece of paper that I write it on, or if I write it on the wall in front of both of us. This is an interesting subject as well, but far beyond the scope of this already long answer.)
Call by reference
In call by reference, the function's formal parameters are simply new names for the same variables that the caller supplies as arguments.
Going back to our example above, it's equivalent to:
// entering function "bar" here
int arg = 1;
// entering function "foo" here
// aha! I note that "param" is just another name for "arg"
arg /* param */ += 1;
// exiting function "foo" here
// exiting function "bar" here
Since param is just another name for arg -- that is, they are the same variable, changes to param are reflected in arg. This is the fundamental way in which call by reference differs from call by value.
Very few languages support call by reference, but C++ can do it like this:
void foo(int& param) {
param += 1;
}
void bar() {
int arg = 1;
foo(arg);
}
In this case, param doesn't just have the same value as arg, it actually is arg (just by a different name) and so bar can observe that arg has been incremented.
Note that this is not how any of Java, JavaScript, C, Objective-C, Python, or nearly any other popular language today works. This means that those languages are not call by reference, they are call by value.
Addendum: call by object sharing
If what you have is call by value, but the actual value is a reference type or pointer type, then the "value" itself isn't very interesting (e.g. in C it's just an integer of a platform-specific size) -- what's interesting is what that value points to.
If what that reference type (that is, pointer) points to is mutable then an interesting effect is possible: you can modify the pointed-to value, and the caller can observe changes to the pointed-to value, even though the caller cannot observe changes to the pointer itself.
To borrow the analogy of the URL again, the fact that I gave you a copy of the URL to a website is not particularly interesting if the thing we both care about is the website, not the URL. The fact that you scribbling over your copy of the URL doesn't affect my copy of the URL isn't a thing we care about (and in fact, in languages like Java and Python the "URL", or reference type value, can't be modified at all, only the thing pointed to by it can).
Barbara Liskov, when she invented the CLU programming language (which had these semantics), realized that the existing terms "call by value" and "call by reference" weren't particularly useful for describing the semantics of this new language. So she invented a new term: call by object sharing.
When discussing languages that are technically call by value, but where common types in use are reference or pointer types (that is: nearly every modern imperative, object-oriented, or multi-paradigm programming language), I find it's a lot less confusing to simply avoid talking about call by value or call by reference. Stick to call by object sharing (or simply call by object) and nobody will be confused. :-)

Before understanding the two terms, you must understand the following. Every object has two things that can make it be distinguished.
Its value.
Its address.
So if you say employee.name = "John", know that there are two things about name. Its value which is "John" and also its location in the memory which is some hexadecimal number maybe like this: 0x7fd5d258dd00.
Depending on the language's architecture or the type (class, struct, etc.) of your object, you would be either transferring "John" or 0x7fd5d258dd00
Passing "John" is known as passing by value.
Passing 0x7fd5d258dd00 is known as passing by reference. Anyone who is pointing to this memory location will have access to the value of "John".
For more on this, I recommend you to read about dereferencing a pointer and also why choose struct (value type) over class (reference type).

Here is an example:
#include <iostream>
void by_val(int arg) { arg += 2; }
void by_ref(int&arg) { arg += 2; }
int main()
{
int x = 0;
by_val(x); std::cout << x << std::endl; // prints 0
by_ref(x); std::cout << x << std::endl; // prints 2
int y = 0;
by_ref(y); std::cout << y << std::endl; // prints 2
by_val(y); std::cout << y << std::endl; // prints 2
}

The simplest way to get this is on an Excel file. Let’s say for example that you have two numbers, 5 and 2 in cells A1 and B1 accordingly, and you want to find their sum in a third cell, let's say A2.
You can do this in two ways.
Either by passing their values to cell A2 by typing = 5 + 2 into this cell. In this case, if the values of the cells A1 or B1 change, the sum in A2 remains the same.
Or by passing the “references” of the cells A1 and B1 to cell A2 by typing = A1 + B1. In this case, if the values of the cells A1 or B1 change, the sum in A2 changes too.

When passing by reference you are basically passing a pointer to the variable. Pass by value you are passing a copy of the variable.
In basic usage this normally means pass by reference, changes to the variable will seen be in the calling method and in pass by value they won’t.

Pass by value sends a copy of the data stored in the variable you specify, and pass by reference sends a direct link to the variable itself.
So if you pass a variable by reference and then change the variable inside the block you passed it into, the original variable will be changed. If you simply pass by value, the original variable will not be able to be changed by the block you passed it into, but you will get a copy of whatever it contained at the time of the call.

Take a look at this photo:
In the first case (pass by reference), when the variable is set or changed inside the function, the external variable also changes.
But in the second case (pass by value), changing the variable inside the function doesn't have any effect on the external variable.
For reading the article, see this link.

Pass by value - The function copies the variable and works with a copy (so it doesn't change anything in the original variable)
Pass by reference - The function uses the original variable. If you change the variable in the other function, it changes in the original variable too.
Example (copy and use/try this yourself and see):
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void funct1(int a) // Pass-by-value
{
a = 6; // Now "a" is 6 only in funct1, but not in main or anywhere else
}
void funct2(int &a) // Pass-by-reference
{
a = 7; // Now "a" is 7 both in funct2, main and everywhere else it'll be used
}
int main()
{
int a = 5;
funct1(a);
cout << endl << "A is currently " << a << endl << endl; // Will output 5
funct2(a);
cout << endl << "A is currently " << a << endl << endl; // Will output 7
return 0;
}
Keep it simple, peeps. Walls of text can be a bad habit.

A major difference between them is that value-type variables store values, so specifying a value-type variable in a method call passes a copy of that variable's value to the method. Reference-type variables store references to objects, so specifying a reference-type variable as an argument passes the method a copy of the actual reference that refers to the object. Even though the reference itself is passed by value, the method can still use the reference it receives to interact with—and possibly modify—the original object. Similarly, when returning information from a method via a return statement, the method returns a copy of the value stored in a value-type variable or a copy of the reference stored in a reference-type variable. When a reference is returned, the calling method can use that reference to interact with the referenced object. So, in effect, objects are always passed by reference.
In c#, to pass a variable by reference so the called method can modify the variable's, C# provides keywords ref and out. Applying the ref keyword to a parameter declaration allows you to pass a variable to a method by reference—the called method will be able to modify the original variable in the caller. The ref keyword is used for variables that already have been initialized in the calling method. Normally, when a method call contains an uninitialized variable as an argument, the compiler generates an error. Preceding a parameter with keyword out creates an output parameter. This indicates to the compiler that the argument will be passed into the called method by reference and that the called method will assign a value to the original variable in the caller. If the method does not assign a value to the output parameter in every possible path of execution, the compiler generates an error. This also prevents the compiler from generating an error message for an uninitialized variable that is passed as an argument to a method. A method can return only one value to its caller via a return statement, but can return many values by specifying multiple output (ref and/or out) parameters.
see c# discussion and examples here link text

Examples:
class Dog
{
public:
barkAt( const std::string& pOtherDog ); // const reference
barkAt( std::string pOtherDog ); // value
};
const & is generally best. You don't incur the construction and destruction penalty. If the reference isn't const your interface is suggesting that it will change the passed in data.

If you don't want to change the value of the original variable after passing it into a function, the function should be constructed with a "pass by value" parameter.
Then the function will have only the value, but not the address of the passed in variable. Without the variable's address, the code inside the function cannot change the variable value as seen from the outside of the function.
But if you want to give the function the ability to change the value of the variable as seen from the outside, you need to use pass by reference. As both the value and the address (reference) are passed in and are available inside the function.

In short, Passed by value is WHAT it is and passed by reference is WHERE it is.
If your value is VAR1 = "Happy Guy!", you will only see "Happy Guy!". If VAR1 changes to "Happy Gal!", you won't know that. If it's passed by reference, and VAR1 changes, you will.

Pass by value means how to pass a value to a function by making use of arguments. In pass by value, we copy the data stored in the variable we specify, and it is slower than pass by reference because the data is copied.
Or we make changes in the copied data. The original data is not affected. And in pass by reference or pass by address, we send a direct link to the variable itself. Or passing a pointer to a variable. It is faster because less time is consumed.

Here is an example that demonstrates the differences between pass by value - pointer value - reference:
void swap_by_value(int a, int b){
int temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
void swap_by_pointer(int *a, int *b){
int temp;
temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
}
void swap_by_reference(int &a, int &b){
int temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
int main(void){
int arg1 = 1, arg2 = 2;
swap_by_value(arg1, arg2);
cout << arg1 << " " << arg2 << endl; //prints 1 2
swap_by_pointer(&arg1, &arg2);
cout << arg1 << " " << arg2 << endl; //prints 2 1
arg1 = 1; //reset values
arg2 = 2;
swap_by_reference(arg1, arg2);
cout << arg1 << " " << arg2 << endl; //prints 2 1
}
The “passing by reference” method has an important limitation. If a parameter is declared as passed by reference (so it is preceded by the & sign) its corresponding actual parameter must be a variable.
An actual parameter referring to “passed by value” formal parameter may be an expression in general, so it is allowed to use not only a variable but also a literal or even a function invocation's result.
The function is not able to place a value in something other than a variable. It cannot assign a new value to a literal or force an expression to change its result.
PS: You can also check Dylan Beattie answer in the current thread that explains it in plain words.

1. Pass By Value / Call By Value
void printvalue(int x)
{
x = x + 1 ;
cout << x ; // 6
}
int x = 5;
printvalue(x);
cout << x; // 5
In call by value, when you pass a value to printvalue(x) i.e. the argument which is 5, it is copied to void printvalue(int x). Now, we have two different values 5 and the copied value 5 and these two values are stored in different memory locations. So if you make any change inside void printvalue(int x) it won't reflect back to the argument.
2. Pass By Reference/ Call By Reference
void printvalue(int &x)
{
x = x + 1 ;
cout << x ; // 6
}
int x = 5;
printvalue(x);
cout << x; // 6
In call by reference, there's only one difference. We use & i.e. the address operator. By doing
void printvalue(int &x) we are referring to the address of x which tells us that it both refers to the same location. Hence, any changes made inside the function will reflect outside.
Now that you're here, you should also know about ...
3. Pass By Pointer/ Call By Address
void printvalue(int* x)
{
*x = *x + 1 ;
cout << *x ; // 6
}
int x = 5;
printvalue(&x);
cout << x; // 6
In pass by address, the pointer int* x holds the address passed to it printvalue(&x). Hence, any changes done inside the function will reflect outside.

The question is "vs".
And nobody has pointed to an important point. In passing with values, additional memory is occupied to store the passed variable values.
While in passing with a reference, no additional memory is occupied for the values (memory efficient in circumstances).

++ operator overload - loop does not terminate without reference [duplicate]

What is the difference between
a parameter passed by reference
a parameter passed by value?
Could you give me some examples, please?

It's a way how to pass arguments to functions. Passing by reference means the called functions' parameter will be the same as the callers' passed argument (not the value, but the identity - the variable itself). Pass by value means the called functions' parameter will be a copy of the callers' passed argument. The value will be the same, but the identity - the variable - is different. Thus changes to a parameter done by the called function in one case changes the argument passed and in the other case just changes the value of the parameter in the called function (which is only a copy). In a quick hurry:
Java only supports pass by value. Always copies arguments, even though when copying a reference to an object, the parameter in the called function will point to the same object and changes to that object will be see in the caller. Since this can be confusing, here is what Jon Skeet has to say about this.
C# supports pass by value and pass by reference (keyword ref used at caller and called function). Jon Skeet also has a nice explanation of this here.
C++ supports pass by value and pass by reference (reference parameter type used at called function). You will find an explanation of this below.
Codes
Since my language is C++, i will use that here
// passes a pointer (called reference in java) to an integer
void call_by_value(int *p) { // :1
p = NULL;
}
// passes an integer
void call_by_value(int p) { // :2
p = 42;
}
// passes an integer by reference
void call_by_reference(int & p) { // :3
p = 42;
}
// this is the java style of passing references. NULL is called "null" there.
void call_by_value_special(int *p) { // :4
*p = 10; // changes what p points to ("what p references" in java)
// only changes the value of the parameter, but *not* of
// the argument passed by the caller. thus it's pass-by-value:
p = NULL;
}
int main() {
int value = 10;
int * pointer = &value;
call_by_value(pointer); // :1
assert(pointer == &value); // pointer was copied
call_by_value(value); // :2
assert(value == 10); // value was copied
call_by_reference(value); // :3
assert(value == 42); // value was passed by reference
call_by_value_special(pointer); // :4
// pointer was copied but what pointer references was changed.
assert(value == 10 && pointer == &value);
}
And an example in Java won't hurt:
class Example {
int value = 0;
// similar to :4 case in the c++ example
static void accept_reference(Example e) { // :1
e.value++; // will change the referenced object
e = null; // will only change the parameter
}
// similar to the :2 case in the c++ example
static void accept_primitive(int v) { // :2
v++; // will only change the parameter
}
public static void main(String... args) {
int value = 0;
Example ref = new Example(); // reference
// note what we pass is the reference, not the object. we can't
// pass objects. The reference is copied (pass-by-value).
accept_reference(ref); // :1
assert ref != null && ref.value == 1;
// the primitive int variable is copied
accept_primitive(value); // :2
assert value == 0;
}
}
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_by_reference#Call_by_value
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_by_reference#Call_by_reference
This guy pretty much nails it:
http://javadude.com/articles/passbyvalue.htm

Many answers here (and in particular the most highly upvoted answer) are factually incorrect, since they misunderstand what "call by reference" really means. Here's my attempt to set matters straight.
TL;DR
In simplest terms:
call by value means that you pass values as function arguments
call by reference means that you pass variables as function arguments
In metaphoric terms:
Call by value is where I write down something on a piece of paper and hand it to you. Maybe it's a URL, maybe it's a complete copy of War and Peace. No matter what it is, it's on a piece of paper which I've given to you, and so now it is effectively your piece of paper. You are now free to scribble on that piece of paper, or use that piece of paper to find something somewhere else and fiddle with it, whatever.
Call by reference is when I give you my notebook which has something written down in it. You may scribble in my notebook (maybe I want you to, maybe I don't), and afterwards I keep my notebook, with whatever scribbles you've put there. Also, if what either you or I wrote there is information about how to find something somewhere else, either you or I can go there and fiddle with that information.
What "call by value" and "call by reference" don't mean
Note that both of these concepts are completely independent and orthogonal from the concept of reference types (which in Java is all types that are subtypes of Object, and in C# all class types), or the concept of pointer types like in C (which are semantically equivalent to Java's "reference types", simply with different syntax).
The notion of reference type corresponds to a URL: it is both itself a piece of information, and it is a reference (a pointer, if you will) to other information. You can have many copies of a URL in different places, and they don't change what website they all link to; if the website is updated then every URL copy will still lead to the updated information. Conversely, changing the URL in any one place won't affect any other written copy of the URL.
Note that C++ has a notion of "references" (e.g. int&) that is not like Java and C#'s "reference types", but is like "call by reference". Java and C#'s "reference types", and all types in Python, are like what C and C++ call "pointer types" (e.g. int*).
OK, here's the longer and more formal explanation.
Terminology
To start with, I want to highlight some important bits of terminology, to help clarify my answer and to ensure we're all referring to the same ideas when we are using words. (In practice, I believe the vast majority of confusion about topics such as these stems from using words in ways that to not fully communicate the meaning that was intended.)
To start, here's an example in some C-like language of a function declaration:
void foo(int param) { // line 1
param += 1;
}
And here's an example of calling this function:
void bar() {
int arg = 1; // line 2
foo(arg); // line 3
}
Using this example, I want to define some important bits of terminology:
foo is a function declared on line 1 (Java insists on making all functions methods, but the concept is the same without loss of generality; C and C++ make a distinction between declaration and definition which I won't go into here)
param is a formal parameter to foo, also declared on line 1
arg is a variable, specifically a local variable of the function bar, declared and initialized on line 2
arg is also an argument to a specific invocation of foo on line 3
There are two very important sets of concepts to distinguish here. The first is value versus variable:
A value is the result of evaluating an expression in the language. For example, in the bar function above, after the line int arg = 1;, the expression arg has the value 1.
A variable is a container for values. A variable can be mutable (this is the default in most C-like languages), read-only (e.g. declared using Java's final or C#'s readonly) or deeply immutable (e.g. using C++'s const).
The other important pair of concepts to distinguish is parameter versus argument:
A parameter (also called a formal parameter) is a variable which must be supplied by the caller when calling a function.
An argument is a value that is supplied by the caller of a function to satisfy a specific formal parameter of that function
Call by value
In call by value, the function's formal parameters are variables that are newly created for the function invocation, and which are initialized with the values of their arguments.
This works exactly the same way that any other kinds of variables are initialized with values. For example:
int arg = 1;
int another_variable = arg;
Here arg and another_variable are completely independent variables -- their values can change independently of each other. However, at the point where another_variable is declared, it is initialized to hold the same value that arg holds -- which is 1.
Since they are independent variables, changes to another_variable do not affect arg:
int arg = 1;
int another_variable = arg;
another_variable = 2;
assert arg == 1; // true
assert another_variable == 2; // true
This is exactly the same as the relationship between arg and param in our example above, which I'll repeat here for symmetry:
void foo(int param) {
param += 1;
}
void bar() {
int arg = 1;
foo(arg);
}
It is exactly as if we had written the code this way:
// entering function "bar" here
int arg = 1;
// entering function "foo" here
int param = arg;
param += 1;
// exiting function "foo" here
// exiting function "bar" here
That is, the defining characteristic of what call by value means is that the callee (foo in this case) receives values as arguments, but has its own separate variables for those values from the variables of the caller (bar in this case).
Going back to my metaphor above, if I'm bar and you're foo, when I call you, I hand you a piece of paper with a value written on it. You call that piece of paper param. That value is a copy of the value I have written in my notebook (my local variables), in a variable I call arg.
(As an aside: depending on hardware and operating system, there are various calling conventions about how you call one function from another. The calling convention is like us deciding whether I write the value on a piece of my paper and then hand it to you, or if you have a piece of paper that I write it on, or if I write it on the wall in front of both of us. This is an interesting subject as well, but far beyond the scope of this already long answer.)
Call by reference
In call by reference, the function's formal parameters are simply new names for the same variables that the caller supplies as arguments.
Going back to our example above, it's equivalent to:
// entering function "bar" here
int arg = 1;
// entering function "foo" here
// aha! I note that "param" is just another name for "arg"
arg /* param */ += 1;
// exiting function "foo" here
// exiting function "bar" here
Since param is just another name for arg -- that is, they are the same variable, changes to param are reflected in arg. This is the fundamental way in which call by reference differs from call by value.
Very few languages support call by reference, but C++ can do it like this:
void foo(int& param) {
param += 1;
}
void bar() {
int arg = 1;
foo(arg);
}
In this case, param doesn't just have the same value as arg, it actually is arg (just by a different name) and so bar can observe that arg has been incremented.
Note that this is not how any of Java, JavaScript, C, Objective-C, Python, or nearly any other popular language today works. This means that those languages are not call by reference, they are call by value.
Addendum: call by object sharing
If what you have is call by value, but the actual value is a reference type or pointer type, then the "value" itself isn't very interesting (e.g. in C it's just an integer of a platform-specific size) -- what's interesting is what that value points to.
If what that reference type (that is, pointer) points to is mutable then an interesting effect is possible: you can modify the pointed-to value, and the caller can observe changes to the pointed-to value, even though the caller cannot observe changes to the pointer itself.
To borrow the analogy of the URL again, the fact that I gave you a copy of the URL to a website is not particularly interesting if the thing we both care about is the website, not the URL. The fact that you scribbling over your copy of the URL doesn't affect my copy of the URL isn't a thing we care about (and in fact, in languages like Java and Python the "URL", or reference type value, can't be modified at all, only the thing pointed to by it can).
Barbara Liskov, when she invented the CLU programming language (which had these semantics), realized that the existing terms "call by value" and "call by reference" weren't particularly useful for describing the semantics of this new language. So she invented a new term: call by object sharing.
When discussing languages that are technically call by value, but where common types in use are reference or pointer types (that is: nearly every modern imperative, object-oriented, or multi-paradigm programming language), I find it's a lot less confusing to simply avoid talking about call by value or call by reference. Stick to call by object sharing (or simply call by object) and nobody will be confused. :-)

Before understanding the two terms, you must understand the following. Every object has two things that can make it be distinguished.
Its value.
Its address.
So if you say employee.name = "John", know that there are two things about name. Its value which is "John" and also its location in the memory which is some hexadecimal number maybe like this: 0x7fd5d258dd00.
Depending on the language's architecture or the type (class, struct, etc.) of your object, you would be either transferring "John" or 0x7fd5d258dd00
Passing "John" is known as passing by value.
Passing 0x7fd5d258dd00 is known as passing by reference. Anyone who is pointing to this memory location will have access to the value of "John".
For more on this, I recommend you to read about dereferencing a pointer and also why choose struct (value type) over class (reference type).

Here is an example:
#include <iostream>
void by_val(int arg) { arg += 2; }
void by_ref(int&arg) { arg += 2; }
int main()
{
int x = 0;
by_val(x); std::cout << x << std::endl; // prints 0
by_ref(x); std::cout << x << std::endl; // prints 2
int y = 0;
by_ref(y); std::cout << y << std::endl; // prints 2
by_val(y); std::cout << y << std::endl; // prints 2
}

The simplest way to get this is on an Excel file. Let’s say for example that you have two numbers, 5 and 2 in cells A1 and B1 accordingly, and you want to find their sum in a third cell, let's say A2.
You can do this in two ways.
Either by passing their values to cell A2 by typing = 5 + 2 into this cell. In this case, if the values of the cells A1 or B1 change, the sum in A2 remains the same.
Or by passing the “references” of the cells A1 and B1 to cell A2 by typing = A1 + B1. In this case, if the values of the cells A1 or B1 change, the sum in A2 changes too.

When passing by reference you are basically passing a pointer to the variable. Pass by value you are passing a copy of the variable.
In basic usage this normally means pass by reference, changes to the variable will seen be in the calling method and in pass by value they won’t.

Pass by value sends a copy of the data stored in the variable you specify, and pass by reference sends a direct link to the variable itself.
So if you pass a variable by reference and then change the variable inside the block you passed it into, the original variable will be changed. If you simply pass by value, the original variable will not be able to be changed by the block you passed it into, but you will get a copy of whatever it contained at the time of the call.

Take a look at this photo:
In the first case (pass by reference), when the variable is set or changed inside the function, the external variable also changes.
But in the second case (pass by value), changing the variable inside the function doesn't have any effect on the external variable.
For reading the article, see this link.

Pass by value - The function copies the variable and works with a copy (so it doesn't change anything in the original variable)
Pass by reference - The function uses the original variable. If you change the variable in the other function, it changes in the original variable too.
Example (copy and use/try this yourself and see):
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void funct1(int a) // Pass-by-value
{
a = 6; // Now "a" is 6 only in funct1, but not in main or anywhere else
}
void funct2(int &a) // Pass-by-reference
{
a = 7; // Now "a" is 7 both in funct2, main and everywhere else it'll be used
}
int main()
{
int a = 5;
funct1(a);
cout << endl << "A is currently " << a << endl << endl; // Will output 5
funct2(a);
cout << endl << "A is currently " << a << endl << endl; // Will output 7
return 0;
}
Keep it simple, peeps. Walls of text can be a bad habit.

A major difference between them is that value-type variables store values, so specifying a value-type variable in a method call passes a copy of that variable's value to the method. Reference-type variables store references to objects, so specifying a reference-type variable as an argument passes the method a copy of the actual reference that refers to the object. Even though the reference itself is passed by value, the method can still use the reference it receives to interact with—and possibly modify—the original object. Similarly, when returning information from a method via a return statement, the method returns a copy of the value stored in a value-type variable or a copy of the reference stored in a reference-type variable. When a reference is returned, the calling method can use that reference to interact with the referenced object. So, in effect, objects are always passed by reference.
In c#, to pass a variable by reference so the called method can modify the variable's, C# provides keywords ref and out. Applying the ref keyword to a parameter declaration allows you to pass a variable to a method by reference—the called method will be able to modify the original variable in the caller. The ref keyword is used for variables that already have been initialized in the calling method. Normally, when a method call contains an uninitialized variable as an argument, the compiler generates an error. Preceding a parameter with keyword out creates an output parameter. This indicates to the compiler that the argument will be passed into the called method by reference and that the called method will assign a value to the original variable in the caller. If the method does not assign a value to the output parameter in every possible path of execution, the compiler generates an error. This also prevents the compiler from generating an error message for an uninitialized variable that is passed as an argument to a method. A method can return only one value to its caller via a return statement, but can return many values by specifying multiple output (ref and/or out) parameters.
see c# discussion and examples here link text

Examples:
class Dog
{
public:
barkAt( const std::string& pOtherDog ); // const reference
barkAt( std::string pOtherDog ); // value
};
const & is generally best. You don't incur the construction and destruction penalty. If the reference isn't const your interface is suggesting that it will change the passed in data.

If you don't want to change the value of the original variable after passing it into a function, the function should be constructed with a "pass by value" parameter.
Then the function will have only the value, but not the address of the passed in variable. Without the variable's address, the code inside the function cannot change the variable value as seen from the outside of the function.
But if you want to give the function the ability to change the value of the variable as seen from the outside, you need to use pass by reference. As both the value and the address (reference) are passed in and are available inside the function.

In short, Passed by value is WHAT it is and passed by reference is WHERE it is.
If your value is VAR1 = "Happy Guy!", you will only see "Happy Guy!". If VAR1 changes to "Happy Gal!", you won't know that. If it's passed by reference, and VAR1 changes, you will.

Pass by value means how to pass a value to a function by making use of arguments. In pass by value, we copy the data stored in the variable we specify, and it is slower than pass by reference because the data is copied.
Or we make changes in the copied data. The original data is not affected. And in pass by reference or pass by address, we send a direct link to the variable itself. Or passing a pointer to a variable. It is faster because less time is consumed.

Here is an example that demonstrates the differences between pass by value - pointer value - reference:
void swap_by_value(int a, int b){
int temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
void swap_by_pointer(int *a, int *b){
int temp;
temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
}
void swap_by_reference(int &a, int &b){
int temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
int main(void){
int arg1 = 1, arg2 = 2;
swap_by_value(arg1, arg2);
cout << arg1 << " " << arg2 << endl; //prints 1 2
swap_by_pointer(&arg1, &arg2);
cout << arg1 << " " << arg2 << endl; //prints 2 1
arg1 = 1; //reset values
arg2 = 2;
swap_by_reference(arg1, arg2);
cout << arg1 << " " << arg2 << endl; //prints 2 1
}
The “passing by reference” method has an important limitation. If a parameter is declared as passed by reference (so it is preceded by the & sign) its corresponding actual parameter must be a variable.
An actual parameter referring to “passed by value” formal parameter may be an expression in general, so it is allowed to use not only a variable but also a literal or even a function invocation's result.
The function is not able to place a value in something other than a variable. It cannot assign a new value to a literal or force an expression to change its result.
PS: You can also check Dylan Beattie answer in the current thread that explains it in plain words.

1. Pass By Value / Call By Value
void printvalue(int x)
{
x = x + 1 ;
cout << x ; // 6
}
int x = 5;
printvalue(x);
cout << x; // 5
In call by value, when you pass a value to printvalue(x) i.e. the argument which is 5, it is copied to void printvalue(int x). Now, we have two different values 5 and the copied value 5 and these two values are stored in different memory locations. So if you make any change inside void printvalue(int x) it won't reflect back to the argument.
2. Pass By Reference/ Call By Reference
void printvalue(int &x)
{
x = x + 1 ;
cout << x ; // 6
}
int x = 5;
printvalue(x);
cout << x; // 6
In call by reference, there's only one difference. We use & i.e. the address operator. By doing
void printvalue(int &x) we are referring to the address of x which tells us that it both refers to the same location. Hence, any changes made inside the function will reflect outside.
Now that you're here, you should also know about ...
3. Pass By Pointer/ Call By Address
void printvalue(int* x)
{
*x = *x + 1 ;
cout << *x ; // 6
}
int x = 5;
printvalue(&x);
cout << x; // 6
In pass by address, the pointer int* x holds the address passed to it printvalue(&x). Hence, any changes done inside the function will reflect outside.

The question is "vs".
And nobody has pointed to an important point. In passing with values, additional memory is occupied to store the passed variable values.
While in passing with a reference, no additional memory is occupied for the values (memory efficient in circumstances).

Pointer vs. Reference

What would be better practice when giving a function the original variable to work with:
unsigned long x = 4;
void func1(unsigned long& val) {
val = 5;
}
func1(x);
or:
void func2(unsigned long* val) {
*val = 5;
}
func2(&x);
IOW: Is there any reason to pick one over another?

My rule of thumb is:
Use pointers if you want to do pointer arithmetic with them (e.g. incrementing the pointer address to step through an array) or if you ever have to pass a NULL-pointer.
Use references otherwise.

I really think you will benefit from establishing the following function calling coding guidelines:
As in all other places, always be const-correct.
Note: This means, among other things, that only out-values (see item 3) and values passed by value (see item 4) can lack the const specifier.
Only pass a value by pointer if the value 0/NULL is a valid input in the current context.
Rationale 1: As a caller, you see that whatever you pass in must be in a usable state.
Rationale 2: As called, you know that whatever comes in is in a usable state. Hence, no NULL-check or error handling needs to be done for that value.
Rationale 3: Rationales 1 and 2 will be compiler enforced. Always catch errors at compile time if you can.
If a function argument is an out-value, then pass it by reference.
Rationale: We don't want to break item 2...
Choose "pass by value" over "pass by const reference" only if the value is a POD (Plain old Datastructure) or small enough (memory-wise) or in other ways cheap enough (time-wise) to copy.
Rationale: Avoid unnecessary copies.
Note: small enough and cheap enough are not absolute measurables.

This ultimately ends up being subjective. The discussion thus far is useful, but I don't think there is a correct or decisive answer to this. A lot will depend on style guidelines and your needs at the time.
While there are some different capabilities (whether or not something can be NULL) with a pointer, the largest practical difference for an output parameter is purely syntax. Google's C++ Style Guide (https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#Reference_Arguments), for example, mandates only pointers for output parameters, and allows only references that are const. The reasoning is one of readability: something with value syntax should not have pointer semantic meaning. I'm not suggesting that this is necessarily right or wrong, but I think the point here is that it's a matter of style, not of correctness.

Pointers
A pointer is a variable that holds a memory address.
A pointer declaration consists of a base type, an *, and the variable name.
A pointer can point to any number of variables in lifetime
A pointer that does not currently point to a valid memory location is given the value null (Which is zero)
BaseType* ptrBaseType;
BaseType objBaseType;
ptrBaseType = &objBaseType;
The & is a unary operator that returns the memory address of its operand.
Dereferencing operator (*) is used to access the value stored in the variable which pointer points to.
int nVar = 7;
int* ptrVar = &nVar;
int nVar2 = *ptrVar;
Reference
A reference (&) is like an alias to an existing variable.
A reference (&) is like a constant pointer that is automatically dereferenced.
It is usually used for function argument lists and function return values.
A reference must be initialized when it is created.
Once a reference is initialized to an object, it cannot be changed to refer to another object.
You cannot have NULL references.
A const reference can refer to a const int. It is done with a temporary variable with value of the const
int i = 3; //integer declaration
int * pi = &i; //pi points to the integer i
int& ri = i; //ri is refers to integer i – creation of reference and initialization

You should pass a pointer if you are going to modify the value of the variable.
Even though technically passing a reference or a pointer are the same, passing a pointer in your use case is more readable as it "advertises" the fact that the value will be changed by the function.

If you have a parameter where you may need to indicate the absence of a value, it's common practice to make the parameter a pointer value and pass in NULL.
A better solution in most cases (from a safety perspective) is to use boost::optional. This allows you to pass in optional values by reference and also as a return value.
// Sample method using optional as input parameter
void PrintOptional(const boost::optional<std::string>& optional_str)
{
if (optional_str)
{
cout << *optional_str << std::endl;
}
else
{
cout << "(no string)" << std::endl;
}
}
// Sample method using optional as return value
boost::optional<int> ReturnOptional(bool return_nothing)
{
if (return_nothing)
{
return boost::optional<int>();
}
return boost::optional<int>(42);
}

Use a reference when you can, use a pointer when you have to.
From C++ FAQ: "When should I use references, and when should I use pointers?"

A reference is an implicit pointer. Basically you can change the value the reference points to but you can't change the reference to point to something else. So my 2 cents is that if you only want to change the value of a parameter pass it as a reference but if you need to change the parameter to point to a different object pass it using a pointer.

Consider C#'s out keyword. The compiler requires the caller of a method to apply the out keyword to any out args, even though it knows already if they are. This is intended to enhance readability. Although with modern IDEs I'm inclined to think that this is a job for syntax (or semantic) highlighting.

Pass by const reference unless there is a reason you wish to change/keep the contents you are passing in.
This will be the most efficient method in most cases.
Make sure you use const on each parameter you do not wish to change, as this not only protects you from doing something stupid in the function, it gives a good indication to other users what the function does to the passed in values. This includes making a pointer const when you only want to change whats pointed to...

Pointers:
Can be assigned nullptr (or NULL).
At the call site, you must use & if your type is not a pointer itself,
making explicitly you are modifying your object.
Pointers can be rebound.
References:
Cannot be null.
Once bound, cannot change.
Callers don't need to explicitly use &. This is considered sometimes
bad because you must go to the implementation of the function to see if
your parameter is modified.

A reference is similar to a pointer, except that you don’t need to use a prefix ∗ to access the value referred to by the reference. Also, a reference cannot be made to refer to a different object after its initialization.
References are particularly useful for specifying function arguments.
for more information see "A Tour of C++" by "Bjarne Stroustrup" (2014) Pages 11-12

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