In a project involving USB devices with a custom protocol, I can successfully enumerate the connected USB devices and work with the desired one:
io_iterator_t iter = 0;
// Get the IO registry which has the system information for connected hardware
io_registry_entry_t entry = IORegistryGetRootEntry(kIOMasterPortDefault);
if (entry == 0)
throw usb_error("internal error (failed to get IO registry root entry)", 0);
// Get an iterator for the USB plane
kern_return_t kret = IORegistryEntryCreateIterator(entry, kIOUSBPlane, kIORegistryIterateRecursively, &iter);
if (kret != KERN_SUCCESS || iter == 0)
throw usb_error("internal error (failed to create device iterator)", 0);
// Walk the iterator
io_service_t service = 0;
while ((service = IOIteratorNext(iter)) != 0) {
IOUSBDeviceInterface** dev = iokit_helper::get_interface<IOUSBDeviceInterface>(service, kIOUSBDeviceUserClientTypeID, kIOUSBDeviceInterfaceID);
IOObjectRelease(service);
if (dev == nullptr)
continue;
... do something with dev ...
(*dev)->Release(dev);
}
IOObjectRelease(iter);
Since the code will eventually be run as a JNI library within a Java VM, I don't want to keep references to IOUSBDeviceInterface for a long period as it will be difficult to ensure with the JVM and its garbage collection that they are released in time. And for most of these USB devices, only metadata (PID, VID, serial etc.) is relevant. They are not opened for communication. So I'd rather release IOUSBDeviceInterface immediately and reopen them when they are actually used.
Is there a way to get a device path or other identifier of the USB device and then directly create a IOUSBDeviceInterface without enumerating all USB devices in the IO registry?
Or if the IO registry must be used always: What's the best identifier of the USB device so the iterator only returns this single USB device?
Given a entry/service from IOIteratorNext, IORegistryEntryGetPath does the trick:
io_string_t path;
int res = IORegistryEntryGetPath(service, kIOServicePlane, path);
It returns a path like:
IOService:/AppleARMPE/arm-io/AppleT600xIO/usb-drd0#2280000/AppleT6000USBXHCI#00000000/usb-drd0-port-hs#00100000/A39F3CD99B172BC#00100000
Using this path, the USB device can be retrieved from the IO registry:
io_service_t service = IORegistryEntryFromPath(kIOMasterPortDefault, path);
if (service == MACH_PORT_NULL)
...error handling...
IOUSBDeviceInterface** dev = iokit_helper::get_interface<IOUSBDeviceInterface>(service, kIOUSBDeviceUserClientTypeID, kIOUSBDeviceInterfaceID);
if (dev == nullptr)
...error handling...;
IOReturn ret = (*dev)->USBDeviceOpen(dev);
Our program has a piece of code that calculates the list of computers on our local network. It uses the Windows Networking API (WNetOpenEnum/WNetEnumResource) to unwind the network. For many years, the resulting list was identical to the one that can be seen in Windows Explorer under the "Network" entry. However, recently we have noticed that the same code returns an empty list. During debugging I found that WNetOpenEnum returns error 1231 (ERROR_NETWORK_UNREACHABLE) when it is called for the "Microsoft Windows Network" under the root node.
I have to mention, though I'm pretty sure it has nothing to do with the matter, that the network unwinding is done multithreaded, to avoid possible delays in the main GUI thread. Each time a node of type RESOURCEUSAGE_CONTAINER is encountered, a new worker thread is launched. The thread function calls the following procedure:
DWORD WINAPI EnumNetwork(NETRESOURCE_M* lpNR)
{
const int BUF_SIZE = 16384; // 16K is a good size.
HANDLE hEnum;
DWORD Result;
// Call the WNetOpenEnum function to begin the enumeration.
Result = ::WNetOpenEnum(RESOURCE_GLOBALNET, // all network
RESOURCETYPE_ANY, // all resource types
0, // enumerate all
(LPNETRESOURCE)lpNR,// parent resource
&hEnum); // enumeration handle
if (Result != NO_ERROR) // -> for "Microsoft Windows Network" Result = 1231
return Result;
std::vector<std::wstring> SrvList;
// Allocate buffer for enumeration.
LPNETRESOURCE lpEnumNR = (LPNETRESOURCE)new char[BUF_SIZE];
if (lpEnumNR == 0)
Result = ERROR_OUTOFMEMORY;
else
{
while (1)
{
::ZeroMemory(lpEnumNR, BUF_SIZE); // Initialize the buffer.
DWORD NumEntries = -1; // Enumerate all entries.
DWORD BufSize = BUF_SIZE;
// Call WNetEnumResource to continue the enumeration.
Result = ::WNetEnumResource(hEnum, // enumeration handle
&NumEntries,// number of entries to enumerate
lpEnumNR, // array of resources to return
&BufSize); // buffer size
if (Result == NO_ERROR)
{
// If the call succeeds, loop through the array.
for (unsigned i = 0; i < NumEntries; ++i)
{
if (lpEnumNR[i].dwDisplayType == RESOURCEDISPLAYTYPE_SERVER)
{
// Collect servers.
LPCWSTR SrvName = lpEnumNR[i].lpRemoteName;
if (PathHelpers::IsFullPath(SrvName))
SrvList.push_back(SrvName);
}
else if ((lpEnumNR[i].dwUsage & RESOURCEUSAGE_CONTAINER) &&
lpEnumNR[i].lpRemoteName != 0)
{
TCHAR PathBuf[1024] = {0};
if (lpNR && lpNR->Path)
{
_tcscpy(PathBuf, lpNR->Path);
::PathAddBackslash(PathBuf);
}
_tcscat(PathBuf, lpEnumNR[i].lpRemoteName);
if (RegisterServer(PathBuf))
{
// Start new thread for recursive enumeration.
NETRESOURCE_M* lpChildNR = DeepCopyNR(&lpEnumNR[i], PathBuf);
ExploreNetwork(lpChildNR); // -> this starts a worker thread
}
else
{
GetLogger().LogMessage(
_T("Cycles found while unwinding network: %s"), PathBuf);
}
}
}
}
else
{
if (Result == ERROR_NO_MORE_ITEMS)
Result = NO_ERROR;
break;
}
} // end while
delete [] (char*)lpEnumNR;
} // end if
::WNetCloseEnum(hEnum);
if (!SrvList.empty())
NotifyServerAdded(SrvList);
return Result;
}
where NETRESOURCE_M is the structure
struct NETRESOURCE_M
{
NETRESOURCE NR;
LPTSTR Path;
};
Trying to figure out what could have caused such a sudden change in behavior, I found in Google that a few years ago Microsoft disabled the SMB1 protocol, which could affect Network Discovery. However, I can't believe they could have damaged their own API without saying a word in the documentation.
EDIT: At the same time, Windows Explorer has a bunch of computers under its "Network" node. In the network settings, the network type is "Domain", and the network discovery is ON. Services "Function Discovery Provider Host" and "Function Discovery Resources Publication" are running. Windows OS build is 19042.685.
Edit 2: The Sysinternals' "ShareEnum" tool also fails with the error: "No domains or workgroups where found on your network". Because of this, and also because some time ago our company moved all of its computers to a different network, I got the feeling that the problem is in the network configuration. Such as though the network is declared as "Domain", the computers were not enrolled to this domain. I do not understand much in that, but something like this.
I'm trying to get information about services provided by bluetooth devices. Using WSALookupServiceNext I can get list of all services. However, regardless of what bluetooth device I try to discover, the resulting WSAQUERYSET structure (pqs) never contains lpServiceClassId field (while the lpszServiceInstanceName is always present). I want to know UUID of a service to determine to which class of the Table 2: Service Class Profile Identifiers it belongs.
#include<winsock2.h>
int main()
{
WSADATA data;
WSAStartup(MAKEWORD(2, 2), &data);
WSAQUERYSET qs{};
qs.dwSize = sizeof(WSAQUERYSET);
qs.dwNameSpace = NS_BTH;
qs.dwNumberOfCsAddrs = 0;
qs.lpszContext = (LPWSTR)L"12:34:56:78:99:11";
qs.lpServiceClassId = const_cast<LPGUID>(&PublicBrowseGroupServiceClass_UUID);
const DWORD flags = LUP_FLUSHCACHE | LUP_RETURN_ALL;
HANDLE hlookup = nullptr;
WSALookupServiceBegin(&qs, flags, &hlookup);
while (true) {
char buff[4096];
WSAQUERYSET* pqs = (WSAQUERYSET*)buff;
DWORD size = sizeof(buff);
memset(buff, 0, size);
const INT res = WSALookupServiceNext(hlookup, flags, &size, pqs);
if (res != 0 && GetLastError() == WSA_E_NO_MORE) {
break;
}
// it prints "service name=Advanced Audio, service uuid=0x0"
wprintf(L"service name=%s, service uuid=0x%X\n", pqs->lpszServiceInstanceName, pqs->lpServiceClassId->Data1);
}
}
Answering my own question:
In order to get service ID we have to parse SPD structures which are returned from WSALookupServiceNext function call and accessible via WSAQUERYSET.lpBlob member.
For more details see Mike Petrichenko's comment.
Also, there is a very good example how to implement it from Qt framework source code.
As for myself, I decided not to follow this path, because my goal was to write a console utility for pairing Bluetooth devices. I have found that there is a better way to do that using Windows.Devices.Enumeration API. Finally, using this API, I managed to create the BluetoothDevicePairing utility I was working on.
I have a point of sale application that uses Serial Communication ports (RS-232) to communicate with a scale for weighing products. I am now working on being able to support USB devices directly rather than using a Virtual Serial Communication port as they have an annoying tendency to move around.
What we have found is that while Windows 7 seems to automatically create the Virtual Serial Communication port, other versions of Windows such as POS Ready 7 may not. We suspect this is due to a specific .inf file with Windows 7 that is missing from POS Ready 7. Can someone confirm that?
I have a USB sample application that works intermittently. I am having a problem with the USB level communication with the ReadFile() Windows API function. I am using CreateFile() specifying the USB device path to obtain an I/O handle followed by using WriteFile() and ReadFile() to communicate with the scale. The ReadFile() is not providing data in some cases.
Background Information
The particular scale I am using, Brecknell 67xx bench scale, worked with using Virtual Serial Communication port directly out of the box with the point of sale application. I connected the scale to my Windows 7 PC with a USB cable and Windows automatically installed the drivers to create a Virtual Serial port, COM4 in my case. I then configured the application to talk to the scale through COM4 and everything worked fine.
The protocol for using the scale is to send a two byte command, "W\r" (capital letter W followed by a carriage return character) to the scale and to then read a 16 byte response which contains the current weight as well as status information about scale mechanics such as In Motion.
The sample USB application that I am learning from will work successfully providing a weight. Then it will stop working properly with the behavior of the ReadFile() returning zero bytes read. Once it stops working it will continue failing to provide data from the ReadFile() even if I unplug and replug the USB cable or restart my PC.
A previous version of the learning application was hanging on the ReadFile() and when a Break All was done with Visual Studio, a pause followed by a message indicating a deadlock would be displayed. However since I started using SetCommTimeouts() with a 5000 millisecond timeout value in ReadTotalTimeoutConstant I see a consistent 5 second pause before the ReadFile() returns with zero bytes read.
The strange thing is that if I then use the application which opens the Virtual Serial Communication port, COM4, that application works fine and the scale reports the weight of items.
I can then return to the sample application that uses direct USB rather than the Virtual Serial Communication port and it will work fine reporting weights.
However if I then unplug the USB cable connecting scale with PC, which powers off the scale as well, then plug the USB cable back in, the sample application no longer functions correctly and once again I see the pause with timeout.
Then I try using the original point of sale application that depends on Serial Communication ports using the Virtual Serial port, COM4, and that application weighs items just fine.
And when I then retry my sample application, it also will report item weights.
My Questions.
If a USB device creates a Virtual Serial Communications port when it is plugged in then is it required to only use the Virtual Serial port by specifying the communications port, COM4 in my case, in the CreateFile() call?
How is it possible to have direct USB serial communication by using CreateFile() with the USB device path if the device causes Windows to generate a Virtual Communication port?
Is there some way of specifying that any version of Windows is to automatically create a Virtual Serial Communications port for the device when it is plugged in?
Source Code of the Sample USB Application
The source code from my sample USB Windows Console application using Visual Studio 2005 is as follows with the main being at the bottom and much of this being the class for finding a particular USB device and then allowing ReadFile() and WriteFile():
// usb_test_cons.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application.
//
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <windows.h>
#include <setupapi.h>
#include <initguid.h>
#include <stdio.h>
// This is the GUID for the USB device class.
// It is defined in the include file Usbiodef.h of the Microsoft Windows Driver Kit.
// See also https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/ff545972(v=vs.85).aspx which
// provides basic documentation on this GUID.
DEFINE_GUID(GUID_DEVINTERFACE_USB_DEVICE, 0xA5DCBF10L, 0x6530, 0x11D2, 0x90, 0x1F, 0x00, 0xC0, 0x4F, 0xB9, 0x51, 0xED);
// (A5DCBF10-6530-11D2-901F-00C04FB951ED)
// Following are standard defines to be used with all of the
// devices that are use through the UIE interface.
#define UIE_DEVICE_ERROR (-11) /* error when accessing the device */
#define UIE_DEVICE_NOT_PROVIDE (-12) /* device is not provided */
#define UIE_DEVICE_ERROR_RANGE (-13) /* range error */
#define UIE_DEVICE_ERROR_COM (-14) /* communication error */
#define UIE_DEVICE_TIMEOUT (-15) /* communication error */
#define UIE_DEVICE_SPECIFIC (-20) /* device specific errors start here */
#define UIE_SCALE_ETX 0x03 /* ETX character */
#define UIE_SCALE_IN_MOTION 0x01 /* scale in motion */
#define UIE_SCALE_ZERO 0x02 /* zero weight */
#define UIE_SCALE_UNDER 0x01 /* under capacity */
#define UIE_SCALE_OVER 0x02 /* over capacity */
#define UIE_SCALE_ERROR UIE_DEVICE_ERROR /* error */
#define UIE_SCALE_NOT_PROVIDE UIE_DEVICE_NOT_PROVIDE /* not provide */
#define UIE_SCALE_TIMEOUT UIE_DEVICE_TIMEOUT /* time out when reading from scale */
#define UIE_SCALE_MOTION (UIE_DEVICE_SPECIFIC-1) /* motion */
#define UIE_SCALE_UNDER_CAPACITY (UIE_DEVICE_SPECIFIC-2) /* under capacity */
#define UIE_SCALE_OVER_CAPACITY (UIE_DEVICE_SPECIFIC-3) /* over capacity */
#define UIE_SCALE_DATAFORMAT (UIE_DEVICE_SPECIFIC-4) /* Data read from scale incorrect format in UieScaleAnalysis() */
#define UIE_SCALE_DATAUNITS (UIE_DEVICE_SPECIFIC-5) /* Units read from scale incorrect in UieScaleAnalysis() */
static SHORT UieScaleStatus(char *puchBuffer, DWORD sLength)
{
UCHAR uchByte;
switch (sLength) {
case 16:
// The scale message is a weight message with a status section.
// Move the buffer pointer to where the status section should begin.
// A status only message has the same format as the status section of a weight message.
puchBuffer += 10;
case 6:
// The scale message may be a status only message if there is a problem with the scale.
// A status only message is 6 characters with the letter S as the second character.
if (*(puchBuffer + 0) != '\n' ||
*(puchBuffer + 1) != 'S' ||
*(puchBuffer + 4) != '\r' ||
*(puchBuffer + 5) != UIE_SCALE_ETX) {
return (UIE_SCALE_DATAFORMAT); /* exit ... */
}
break;
default:
return (UIE_SCALE_DATAFORMAT); /* exit ... */
break;
}
/* --- check status of low byte --- */
uchByte = *(puchBuffer + 3) - (UCHAR)0x30;
if (uchByte & UIE_SCALE_UNDER) {
return (UIE_SCALE_UNDER_CAPACITY);
} else if (uchByte & UIE_SCALE_OVER) {
return (UIE_SCALE_OVER_CAPACITY);
}
/* --- check status of high byte --- */
uchByte = *(puchBuffer + 2) - (UCHAR)0x30;
if (uchByte & UIE_SCALE_IN_MOTION) {
return (UIE_SCALE_MOTION);
} else if (uchByte & UIE_SCALE_ZERO) {
return (0);
} else {
return (TRUE);
}
}
class UsbSerialDevice
{
public:
UsbSerialDevice();
~UsbSerialDevice();
int CreateEndPoint (wchar_t *wszVendorId);
int CloseEndPoint ();
int ReadStream (void *bString, size_t nBytes);
int WriteStream (void *bString, size_t nBytes);
DWORD m_dwError; // GetLastError() for last action
DWORD m_dwErrorWrite; // GetLastError() for last write
DWORD m_dwErrorRead; // GetLastError() for last read
DWORD m_dwBytesWritten;
DWORD m_dwBytesRead;
private:
HANDLE m_hFile;
DWORD m_dwStatError;
COMMTIMEOUTS m_timeOut;
COMSTAT m_statOut;
};
UsbSerialDevice::UsbSerialDevice() :
m_dwError(0),
m_dwErrorWrite(0),
m_dwErrorRead(0),
m_dwBytesWritten(0),
m_dwBytesRead(0),
m_hFile(NULL)
{
}
UsbSerialDevice::~UsbSerialDevice()
{
CloseHandle (m_hFile);
}
int UsbSerialDevice::WriteStream(void *bString, size_t nBytes)
{
BOOL bWrite = FALSE;
if (m_hFile) {
m_dwError = m_dwErrorWrite = 0;
m_dwBytesWritten = 0;
ClearCommError (m_hFile, &m_dwStatError, &m_statOut);
bWrite = WriteFile (m_hFile, bString, nBytes, &m_dwBytesWritten, NULL);
m_dwError = m_dwErrorWrite = GetLastError();
return 0;
}
return -1;
}
int UsbSerialDevice::ReadStream(void *bString, size_t nBytes)
{
BOOL bRead = FALSE;
if (m_hFile) {
m_dwError = m_dwErrorRead = 0;
m_dwBytesRead = 0;
ClearCommError (m_hFile, &m_dwStatError, &m_statOut);
bRead = ReadFile (m_hFile, bString, nBytes, &m_dwBytesRead, NULL);
m_dwError = m_dwErrorRead = GetLastError();
return 0;
}
return -1;
}
int UsbSerialDevice::CreateEndPoint (wchar_t *wszVendorId)
{
HDEVINFO hDevInfo;
m_dwError = ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE;
// We will try to get device information set for all USB devices that have a
// device interface and are currently present on the system (plugged in).
hDevInfo = SetupDiGetClassDevs(&GUID_DEVINTERFACE_USB_DEVICE, NULL, 0, DIGCF_DEVICEINTERFACE | DIGCF_PRESENT);
if (hDevInfo != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
DWORD dwMemberIdx;
BOOL bContinue = TRUE;
SP_DEVICE_INTERFACE_DATA DevIntfData;
// Prepare to enumerate all device interfaces for the device information
// set that we retrieved with SetupDiGetClassDevs(..)
DevIntfData.cbSize = sizeof(SP_DEVICE_INTERFACE_DATA);
dwMemberIdx = 0;
// Next, we will keep calling this SetupDiEnumDeviceInterfaces(..) until this
// function causes GetLastError() to return ERROR_NO_MORE_ITEMS. With each
// call the dwMemberIdx value needs to be incremented to retrieve the next
// device interface information.
for (BOOL bContinue = TRUE; bContinue; ) {
PSP_DEVICE_INTERFACE_DETAIL_DATA DevIntfDetailData;
SP_DEVINFO_DATA DevData;
DWORD dwSize;
dwMemberIdx++;
SetupDiEnumDeviceInterfaces(hDevInfo, NULL, &GUID_DEVINTERFACE_USB_DEVICE, dwMemberIdx, &DevIntfData);
if (GetLastError() == ERROR_NO_MORE_ITEMS) break;
// As a last step we will need to get some more details for each
// of device interface information we are able to retrieve. This
// device interface detail gives us the information we need to identify
// the device (VID/PID), and decide if it's useful to us. It will also
// provide a DEVINFO_DATA structure which we can use to know the serial
// port name for a virtual com port.
DevData.cbSize = sizeof(DevData);
// Get the required buffer size. Call SetupDiGetDeviceInterfaceDetail with
// a NULL DevIntfDetailData pointer, a DevIntfDetailDataSize
// of zero, and a valid RequiredSize variable. In response to such a call,
// this function returns the required buffer size at dwSize.
SetupDiGetDeviceInterfaceDetail(hDevInfo, &DevIntfData, NULL, 0, &dwSize, NULL);
// Allocate memory for the DeviceInterfaceDetail struct. Don't forget to
// deallocate it later!
DevIntfDetailData = (PSP_DEVICE_INTERFACE_DETAIL_DATA) HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY, dwSize);
DevIntfDetailData->cbSize = sizeof(SP_DEVICE_INTERFACE_DETAIL_DATA);
if (SetupDiGetDeviceInterfaceDetail(hDevInfo, &DevIntfData, DevIntfDetailData, dwSize, &dwSize, &DevData))
{
// Finally we can start checking if we've found a useable device,
// by inspecting the DevIntfDetailData->DevicePath variable.
//
// The DevicePath looks something like this for a Brecknell 67xx Series Serial Scale
// \\?\usb#vid_1a86&pid_7523#6&28eaabda&0&2#{a5dcbf10-6530-11d2-901f-00c04fb951ed}
//
// The VID for a particular vendor will be the same for a particular vendor's equipment.
// The PID is variable for each device of the vendor.
//
// As you can see it contains the VID/PID for the device, so we can check
// for the right VID/PID with string handling routines.
// See https://github.com/Microsoft/Windows-driver-samples/blob/master/usb/usbview/vndrlist.h
if (wcsstr (DevIntfDetailData->DevicePath, wszVendorId)) {
m_dwError = 0;
m_hFile = CreateFile (DevIntfDetailData->DevicePath, GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE, 0, 0, OPEN_EXISTING, 0, 0);
if (m_hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
m_dwError = GetLastError();
} else {
GetCommTimeouts (m_hFile, &m_timeOut);
m_timeOut.ReadIntervalTimeout = 0;
m_timeOut.ReadTotalTimeoutMultiplier = 0;
m_timeOut.ReadTotalTimeoutConstant = 5000;
SetCommTimeouts (m_hFile, &m_timeOut);
m_dwError = GetLastError();
}
bContinue = FALSE; // found the vendor so stop processing after freeing the heap.
}
}
HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, DevIntfDetailData);
}
SetupDiDestroyDeviceInfoList(hDevInfo);
}
return 0;
}
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
UsbSerialDevice myDev;
myDev.CreateEndPoint (L"vid_1a86&pid_7523");
switch (myDev.m_dwError) {
case 0:
// no error so just ignore.
break;
case ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED:
wprintf (_T(" CreateFile() failed. GetLastError() = %d\n ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED: Access is denied.\n Is it already in use?\n"), myDev.m_dwError);
break;
case ERROR_GEN_FAILURE:
wprintf (_T(" CreateFile() failed. GetLastError() = %d\n ERROR_GEN_FAILURE: A device attached to the system is not functioning.\n Is it an HID?\n"), myDev.m_dwError);
break;
case ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE:
wprintf (_T(" CreateFile() failed. GetLastError() = %d\n ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE: The handle is invalid.\n CreateFile() failed?\n"), myDev.m_dwError);
break;
default:
wprintf (_T(" CreateFile() failed. GetLastError() = %d\n"), myDev.m_dwError);
break;
}
if (myDev.m_dwError == 0) {
char reqWeight[] = "W\r";
char resWeight[256] = {0};
myDev.WriteStream (reqWeight, strlen (reqWeight));
wprintf (_T(" Sent request now get response.\n"));
Sleep (50);
myDev.ReadStream (resWeight, 16);
wprintf (_T(" Got response.\n"));
if (resWeight[0] != '\n' || resWeight[9] != '\r') {
wprintf (_T(" Unexpected format of response.\n"));
}
short sRet = UieScaleStatus (resWeight, myDev.m_dwBytesRead);
resWeight[9] = 0; // terminate the weight string so that we can write it out.
wprintf (_T(" ScaleStatus = %d, Response from device - \"%S\"\n"), sRet, resWeight + 1);
}
return 0;
}
Additional Information Developed
Overview of INF Files from Microsoft MSDN https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/hardware/drivers/install/overview-of-inf-files
Stackoverflow Do I need to write my own host side USB driver for a CDC device
Stackoverflow how to get vendor id and product id of a plugged usb device on windows
Is it possible to “transplant” drivers between machines? has a link to a document Debugging USB Device Installation on Windows and this posting Remove Windows Device Class in Registry has a bit more info.
USB serial driver (Usbser.sys) from Microsoft.
USB device class drivers included in Windows from Microsoft.
The communication of the PC that runs windows (USB host) and the scale (USB device) obeys the USB protocol. If you install libusb for windows you can get similar informations as the PC gets from the USB device, when using lsusb -v. It is possible for a USB device to implement more than one USB class.
If the USB device creates a Virtual COM port it for sure implements the CDC ACM class (Communication Device Class Abstract Control Model) beside this it can also implement other USB classes like Mass Storage class,...
Direct communication with USB device depends also on what device classes it implements and its interfaces and endpoints. If the USB device implements a CDC ACM (Virtual COM) you use the specific RS-232 commands (i.e. https://www.commfront.com/pages/3-easy-steps-to-understand-and-control-your-rs232-devices or send a hexadecimal 'D' to a multimeter to receive the measured value) if it implements the Mass Storage class you normally use bulk transfers
To change the mode of the USB device you use control transfers (see USB in a nutshell)
In this link is how Win determines which driver to load after determining the USB class of the device https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/ff538820%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
(https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/jj649944%28v=vs.85%29.aspx)
i do not know how Brecknell implemented the CDC ACM device class that is the Virtual COM however normally any Win version that supports USB should be able to load a driver for a CDC ACM device class (Virtual COM) so you are correct this seems to be a problem of the .inf driver file or the driver loading mechanism (maybe a problem of the Brecknell CDC ACM implementation but i do not think so)
Then, if Win loads a working driver the normal way is what you did: use CreateFile() with the COM that is assigned to the USB device.
The strange thing is that if I then use the application which opens the Virtual Serial Communication port, COM4, that application works fine and the scale reports the weight of items. <- this is not strange, strange is that some Win versions do not recognize a CDC USB device .
The standard driver for CDC devices seems to be USBser.sys (https://msdn.microsoft.com/de-de/library/windows/hardware/dn707976%28v=vs.85%29.aspx)
If you search 'windows does not recognize CDC device' you get results
If a USB device creates a Virtual Serial Communications port when it is plugged in then is it required to only use the Virtual Serial port by specifying the communications port, COM4 in my case, in the CreateFile() call? Yes, if a USB device implements a virtual COM it is the easiest way to use this COM to communicate with this device
See also http://www.beyondlogic.org/usbnutshell/usb1.shtml USB in a nutshell
standard USB: device descriptor (class) -> interface -> (configuration) -> endpoint
Testing with a modified USB Serial sample application indicates that when a USB device that creates a Virtual Serial Communications port is unplugged the Virtual Serial Port created is torn down and disappears from the port listing in Device Manager app of Control Panel.
When the device, a USB scale in this case, is plugged in and turned on the Virtual Serial Communications port reappears in Device Manager. However when the Virtual Serial Communications port is created, it is created with default serial port settings (baud rate, parity, etc.) and these may not be the same as for your actual device.
In summary it appears that the Virtual Serial Communications port settings apply regardless of whether the port is opened as a COM port or if the USB device path name is used with the CreateFile().
I am still investigating the Virtual Serial Port not automatically being created when using POS Ready 7 and will update this answer once I know more. However preliminary comparison between Windows 7 and POS Ready 7 is showing that a file that specifies usbser.sys, mdmcpq.inf, that is on my Windows 7 PC is not on the POS Ready 7 terminal in the folder C:\Windows\inf.
See The INF File for a write up on the .inf file structure and the various sections. It is a bit old however it seems to cover the basics in a readable manner.
I modified the function CreateEndPoint() in the question to the following along with a change to the class and the constructor to create a set of default communication port settings for my scale.
The class and the constructor now contain a set of defaults for the communication port settings (9600 baud, 7 data bits, one stop bit, even parity for the scale) and look like:
class UsbSerialDevice
{
public:
UsbSerialDevice();
UsbSerialDevice(DWORD BaudRate, BYTE ByteSize = 8, BYTE Parity = NOPARITY, BYTE StopBits = ONESTOPBIT);
~UsbSerialDevice();
int CreateEndPoint (wchar_t *wszVendorId);
int SetCommPortSettings (DWORD BaudRate, BYTE ByteSize = 8, BYTE Parity = NOPARITY, BYTE StopBits = ONESTOPBIT);
int CloseEndPoint ();
int ReadStream (void *bString, size_t nBytes);
int WriteStream (void *bString, size_t nBytes);
int UpdateSettingsProxy (void);
DWORD m_dwError; // GetLastError() for last action
DWORD m_dwErrorWrite; // GetLastError() for last write
DWORD m_dwErrorRead; // GetLastError() for last read
DWORD m_dwErrorCommState;
DWORD m_dwErrorCommTimeouts;
DWORD m_dwBytesWritten;
DWORD m_dwBytesRead;
COMMTIMEOUTS m_timeOut; // last result from GetCommTimeouts(), updated by UpdateSettingsProxy()
COMSTAT m_statOut; // last result from ClearCommError()
DCB m_commSet; // last result from GetCommState(), updated by UpdateSettingsProxy()
private:
HANDLE m_hFile;
DWORD m_dwStatError;
DCB m_commSetDefault; // the defaults used as standard
wchar_t m_portName[24]; // contains portname if defined for device in form \\.\\COMnn
};
UsbSerialDevice::UsbSerialDevice() :
m_dwError(0),
m_dwErrorWrite(0),
m_dwErrorRead(0),
m_dwBytesWritten(0),
m_dwBytesRead(0),
m_hFile(NULL)
{
// initialize our COM port settings and allow people to change with
memset (&m_commSetDefault, 0, sizeof(m_commSetDefault));
m_commSetDefault.DCBlength = sizeof(m_commSetDefault);
m_commSetDefault.BaudRate = CBR_9600;
m_commSetDefault.ByteSize = 7;
m_commSetDefault.Parity = EVENPARITY;
m_commSetDefault.StopBits = ONESTOPBIT;
m_commSet.fDtrControl = DTR_CONTROL_DISABLE;
m_portName[0] = 0;
}
The function CreateEndPoint() is modified so that after doing the CreateFile() to open the USB device using the pathname of the USB Device, it will now also set the communication port parameters.
An additional experimental change to the method was to check if a communications port name was also created and if so to generate the proper COM port specification to be used with CreateFile(). I plan to split out the CreateEndPoint() method into two methods, one to do a look up of the USB device and a second to actually do the open as I continue my investigation.
The format for the COM port specifier for CreateFile() for COM ports greater than COM9 appear to need the \\.\ as a prefix. See HOWTO: Specify Serial Ports Larger than COM9 from Microsoft Support.
The new version of CreateEndPoint() looks like:
int UsbSerialDevice::CreateEndPoint (wchar_t *wszVendorId)
{
HDEVINFO hDevInfo;
m_dwError = ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE;
// We will try to get device information set for all USB devices that have a
// device interface and are currently present on the system (plugged in).
hDevInfo = SetupDiGetClassDevs(&GUID_DEVINTERFACE_USB_DEVICE, NULL, 0, DIGCF_DEVICEINTERFACE | DIGCF_PRESENT);
if (hDevInfo != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
DWORD dwMemberIdx;
BOOL bContinue = TRUE;
SP_DEVICE_INTERFACE_DATA DevIntfData;
// Prepare to enumerate all device interfaces for the device information
// set that we retrieved with SetupDiGetClassDevs(..)
DevIntfData.cbSize = sizeof(SP_DEVICE_INTERFACE_DATA);
dwMemberIdx = 0;
// Next, we will keep calling this SetupDiEnumDeviceInterfaces(..) until this
// function causes GetLastError() to return ERROR_NO_MORE_ITEMS. With each
// call the dwMemberIdx value needs to be incremented to retrieve the next
// device interface information.
for (BOOL bContinue = TRUE; bContinue; ) {
PSP_DEVICE_INTERFACE_DETAIL_DATA DevIntfDetailData;
SP_DEVINFO_DATA DevData;
DWORD dwSize;
dwMemberIdx++;
SetupDiEnumDeviceInterfaces(hDevInfo, NULL, &GUID_DEVINTERFACE_USB_DEVICE, dwMemberIdx, &DevIntfData);
if (GetLastError() == ERROR_NO_MORE_ITEMS) break;
// As a last step we will need to get some more details for each
// of device interface information we are able to retrieve. This
// device interface detail gives us the information we need to identify
// the device (VID/PID), and decide if it's useful to us. It will also
// provide a DEVINFO_DATA structure which we can use to know the serial
// port name for a virtual com port.
DevData.cbSize = sizeof(DevData);
// Get the required buffer size. Call SetupDiGetDeviceInterfaceDetail with
// a NULL DevIntfDetailData pointer, a DevIntfDetailDataSize
// of zero, and a valid RequiredSize variable. In response to such a call,
// this function returns the required buffer size at dwSize.
SetupDiGetDeviceInterfaceDetail(hDevInfo, &DevIntfData, NULL, 0, &dwSize, NULL);
// Allocate memory for the DeviceInterfaceDetail struct. Don't forget to
// deallocate it later!
DevIntfDetailData = (PSP_DEVICE_INTERFACE_DETAIL_DATA) HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY, dwSize);
DevIntfDetailData->cbSize = sizeof(SP_DEVICE_INTERFACE_DETAIL_DATA);
if (SetupDiGetDeviceInterfaceDetail(hDevInfo, &DevIntfData, DevIntfDetailData, dwSize, &dwSize, &DevData))
{
// Finally we can start checking if we've found a useable device,
// by inspecting the DevIntfDetailData->DevicePath variable.
//
// The DevicePath looks something like this for a Brecknell 67xx Series Serial Scale
// \\?\usb#vid_1a86&pid_7523#6&28eaabda&0&2#{a5dcbf10-6530-11d2-901f-00c04fb951ed}
//
// The VID for a particular vendor will be the same for a particular vendor's equipment.
// The PID is variable for each device of the vendor.
//
// As you can see it contains the VID/PID for the device, so we can check
// for the right VID/PID with string handling routines.
// See https://github.com/Microsoft/Windows-driver-samples/blob/master/usb/usbview/vndrlist.h
if (wcsstr (DevIntfDetailData->DevicePath, wszVendorId)) {
HKEY hKey;
m_dwError = 0;
// To find out the serial port for our scale device,
// we'll need to check the registry:
hKey = SetupDiOpenDevRegKey(hDevInfo, &DevData, DICS_FLAG_GLOBAL, 0, DIREG_DEV, KEY_READ);
if (hKey != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
DWORD dwSize = 0, dwType = 0;
wchar_t lpData[16] = {0};
dwType = REG_SZ;
dwSize = sizeof(lpData);
LONG queryStat = RegQueryValueEx(hKey, _T("PortName"), NULL, &dwType, (LPBYTE)&lpData[0], &dwSize);
RegCloseKey(hKey);
if (queryStat == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
wcscpy (m_portName, L"\\\\.\\");
wcsncat (m_portName, lpData, dwSize / sizeof(wchar_t));
}
} else {
m_dwError = GetLastError();
}
m_hFile = CreateFile (DevIntfDetailData->DevicePath, GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE, 0, 0, OPEN_EXISTING, 0, 0);
if (m_hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
m_dwError = GetLastError();
} else {
m_dwError = 0;
GetCommState (m_hFile, &m_commSet);
m_commSet = m_commSetDefault;
SetCommState (m_hFile, &m_commSet);
m_dwErrorCommState = GetLastError();
GetCommState (m_hFile, &m_commSet);
GetCommTimeouts (m_hFile, &m_timeOut);
m_timeOut.ReadIntervalTimeout = 0;
m_timeOut.ReadTotalTimeoutMultiplier = 0;
m_timeOut.ReadTotalTimeoutConstant = 5000;
SetCommTimeouts (m_hFile, &m_timeOut);
GetCommTimeouts (m_hFile, &m_timeOut);
m_dwErrorCommTimeouts = GetLastError();
}
bContinue = FALSE; // found the vendor so stop processing after freeing the heap.
}
}
HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, DevIntfDetailData);
}
SetupDiDestroyDeviceInfoList(hDevInfo);
}
return 0;
}
POS Ready 7 Investigation
Looking back on the Windows 7 PC which seems to work fine with the scale, we looked in the driver details for the Virtual Serial Communications port using Device Manager from the Control Panel. The driver details indicated that the driver being used was CH341S64.SYS provided by www.winchiphead.com and the Property "Inf name" has a value of oem50.inf. I found a forum post http://doityourselfchristmas.com/forums/showthread.php?14690-CH340-USB-RS232-Driver which provides a link to a driver download at http://www.winchiphead.com/download/CH341/CH341SER.ZIP however another version available from http://www.wch.cn/download/CH341SER_ZIP.html may be more up to date.
Putting the downloaded zip file, CH341SER.ZIP from the later on to the POS Ready 7 terminal, I unzipped the contents and ran SETUP.EXE in the folder CH341SER (there were two folders in the zip file and the one called INSTALL seemed for device development) which displayed a dialog and allowed me to install the CH341SER.INF. Once the install completed, when I plugged in the USB scale, the device was recognized and a Virtual Serial Communications port was created and my test application worked.
I did find some documentation however it was all in Chinese. Google Translate provided a readable version of the USB device documentation. It looks like there is additional work to be done for device management when the scale may be unplugged/replugged while in use.
One other strange thing is that the scale is now using a different COM port name, COM5 rather than COM4. Looking in the Advanced Settings it appears that COM4 is "In Use" though not showing in the list of ports. Further experiments indicates that the COM port name used for the scale device depends on which of the two front panel USB ports are plugged into. I had originally plugged into the left one and today, plugged into the right USB port with the result of the Virtual Serial Communications port being created with a new COM port name.
However since we are using the USB path in the CreateFile(), no change was needed in the USB sample test application.
Further testing with POS Ready 7 using three USB to Serial converter cables showed that different vendor's cables had the same vendor id and product code in the USB path. The USB path also changed depending on which USB port a cable was plugged into. In some cases only the last digit in the path name differed. An interesting experiment would be if a USB hub is connected to a USB port and then USB connections are made to the hub what does the path name look like then?
You are confusing two issues, and it's probably not viable for us to tell them apart.
I say this because you link ReadFile problems to the device name. However, ReadFile works on a HANDLE. The function which takes a name and converts it into a HANDLE is called CreateFile. That means ReadFile doesn't even know on what name it's operating.
This misunderstanding also explains a few other behaviors. For instance, when you unplug the device, the HANDLE becomes invalid, and it stays invalid. Replugging the device may restore the name, but not the HANDLE.