Coming new to Perl world from Python, and wonder if there is a simple way to limit the translation or replace to just one word in a phrase?
In the example, the 2nd word kind also got changed to lind. Is there a simple way to do the translation without diving into some looping? Thanks.
The first word has been correctly translated to gazelle, but 2nd word has been changed too as you can see.
my $string = 'gazekke is one kind of antelope';
my $count = ($string =~ tr/k/l/);
print "There are $count changes \n";
print $string; # gazelle is one lind of antelope <-- kind becomes lind too!
I don't know of an option for tr to stop translation after the first word.
But you can use a regex with backreferences for this.
use strict;
my $string = 'gazekke is one kind of antelope';
# Match first word in $1 and rest of sentence in $2.
$string =~ m/(\w+)(.*)/;
# Translate all k's to l's in the first word.
(my $translated = $1) =~ tr/k/l/;
# Concatenate the translated first word with the rest
$string = "$translated$2";
print $string;
Outputs: gazelle is one kind of antelope
Pick the first match (a word in this case), precisely what regex does when without /g, and in that word replace all wanted characters, by running code in the replacement side, by /e
$string =~ s{(\w+)}{ $1 =~ s/k/l/gr }e;
In the regex in the replacement side, /r modifier makes it handily return the changed string and doesn't change the original, what also allows a substitution to run on $1 (which can't be modified as is a read-only).
tr is a character class transliterator. For anything else you would use regex.
$string =~ s/gazekke/gazelle/;
You can put a code block as the second half of s/// to do more complicated replacements or transmogrifications.
$string =~ s{([A-Za-z]+)}{ &mangler($1) if $should_be_mangled{$1}; }ge;
Edit:
Here's how you would first locate a phrase and then work on it.
$phrase_regex = qr/(?|(gazekke) is one kind of antelope|(etc))/;
$string =~ s{($phrase_regex)}{
my $match = $1;
my $word = $2;
$match =~ s{$word}{
my $new = $new_word_map{$word};
&additional_mangling($new);
$new;
}e;
$match;
}ge;
Here's the Perl regex documentation.
https://perldoc.perl.org/perlre
Related
Given the following code,
my $string = "foo";
my $regex = s/foo/bar/;
$string =~ $regex;
print $string, "\n";
I would have expected the output to be bar, however it is foo. Why is that the case, and how can I solve that problem?
Note that in my actual case, the regex is more complicated, and I actually want to store several of them in a hash (so I can write something like $string =~ $rules{$key}).
You're looking for substitution, not only the regex part so I guess compiled regex (qr//) is not what you're looking for,
use strict;
use warnings;
my $string = "foo";
my $regex = sub { $_[0] =~ s/foo/bar/ };
$regex->($string);
print $string, "\n";
Your statement
my $regex = s/foo/bar/
is equivalent to
my $regex = $_ =~ s/foo/bar/
s/// returns the number of substitutions made, or it returns false (specifically, the empty string). So $regex is now '' or 1 (it could be more if the /g modifier was in effect) and
$string =~ $regex
is doing 'foo' =~ // or 'foo' =~ /1/ depending on what $_ contained originally.
You can store a regex pattern in a variable but, in your example, the regex is just foo, and there is a lot more going on than just that pattern
The statement s/foo/bar/ is more complex than it seems -- it is a fully-fledged statement that applies a regex pattern to a target string and substitutes a replacement string if the pattern is found. In this case the target string is the default variable $_ and the replacement string is foo. You could think of it as a call to a subroutine
substitute($_, 'foo', 'bar')
and the regex pattern is only the second parameter
What you can do is store a regex pattern. The regex part of that substitution is foo, and you can say
my $pattern = qr/foo/;
s/$pattern/bar/;
But you really should explain the problem that you're trying to solve so that we can help you better
In the assignment, you need to tell Perl not to evaluate the regular expression but just to keep it. This is what qr is for.
But you can't do this with whole substitutions, which is why Сухой27 suggests using a subroutine.
I have a string $text and want to modify it with a regex. The string contains multiple sections like <NAME>John</NAME>.
I want to search for those sections, which I would normally do with something like
$text =~ m/<NAME>(.*?)<\/NAME>/g
but then make sure that there are no leading and trailing blanks and no leading non-word characters, which I would normally ensure with something like
$temp =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//g; # trim leading and trailing whitespaces
$temp = s/^\W*//g; # remove all leading non-word chars
Now my question is: How do I actually make this happen? Is it possible to use a s/// regex instead of the m//?
This is possible in a single substitution, but it's unnecessarily complex. I suggest you do a two-tier substitution using a executable replacement.
my $text = '<NAME> %^John^%
</NAME>';
$text =~ s{ (?<=<NAME>) ([^<>]*) (?=</NAME>) }{
(my $new = $1) =~ s/\A\s+|\s+\z//g;
$new =~ s/\A\W+//;
$new;
}eg;
print $text;
output
<NAME>John^%</NAME>
This is even simpler if you have version 14 or later of Perl 5, and want to use the non-destructive ( /r modifier) substitution mode.
$text =~ s{ (?<=<NAME>) ([^<>]*) (?=</NAME>) }{ $1 =~ s/\A\s+|\s+\z//gr =~ s/\A\W+//r }exg;
If I understand correctly, what you want to do is merely "clean up" the text inside the tag (insofar as it's possible to "parse" XML using regular expressions). This should do the trick:
$text =~ s/(<NAME>)\s*\W*(.*?)\s*(<\/NAME>)/$1$2$3/sgi;
The pattern matching quantifiers of a Perl regular expression are "greedy" (they match the longest possible string). To force the match to be "ungreedy", a ? can be appended to the pattern quantifier (*, +).
Here is an example:
#!/usr/bin/perl
$string="111s11111s";
#-- greedy match
$string =~ /^(.*)s/;
print "$1\n"; # prints 111s11111
#-- ungreedy match
$string =~ /^(.*?)s/;
print "$1\n"; # prints 111
But how one can find the second, third and .. possible string match in Perl? Make a simple example of yours --if need a better one.
Utilize a conditional expression, a code expression, and backtracking control verbs.
my $skips = 1;
$string =~ /^(.*)s(?(?{$skips-- > 0})(*FAIL))/;
The above will use greedy matching, but will cause the largest match to intentionally fail. If you wanted the 3rd largest, you could just set the number of skips to 2.
Demonstrated below:
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
my $string = "111s11111s11111s";
$string =~ /^(.*)s/;
print "Greedy match - $1\n";
$string =~ /^(.*?)s/;
print "Ungreedy match - $1\n";
my $skips = 1;
$string =~ /^(.*)s(?(?{$skips-- > 0})(*FAIL))/;
print "2nd Greedy match - $1\n";
Outputs:
Greedy match - 111s11111s11111
Ungreedy match - 111
2nd Greedy match - 111s11111
When using such advanced features, it is important to have a full understanding of regular expressions to predict the results. This particular case works because the regex is fixed on one end with ^. That means that we know that each subsequent match is also one shorter than the previous. However, if both ends could shift, we could not necessarily predict order.
If that were the case, then you find them all, and then you sort them:
use strict;
use warnings;
my $string = "111s11111s";
my #seqs;
$string =~ /^(.*)s(?{push #seqs, $1})(*FAIL)/;
my #sorted = sort {length $b <=> length $a} #seqs;
use Data::Dump;
dd #sorted;
Outputs:
("111s11111s11111", "111s11111", 111)
Note for Perl versions prior to v5.18
Perl v5.18 introduced a change, /(?{})/ and /(??{})/ have been heavily reworked, that enabled the scope of lexical variables to work properly in code expressions as utilized above. Before then, the above code would result in the following errors, as demonstrated in this subroutine version run under v5.16.2:
Variable "$skips" will not stay shared at (re_eval 1) line 1.
Variable "#seqs" will not stay shared at (re_eval 2) line 1.
The fix for older implementations of RE code expressions is to declare the variables with our, and for further good coding practices, to localize them when initialized. This is demonstrated in this modified subroutine version run under v5.16.2, or as put below:
local our #seqs;
$string =~ /^(.*)s(?{push #seqs, $1})(*FAIL)/;
Start by getting all possible matches.
my $string = "111s1111s11111s";
local our #matches;
$string =~ /^(.*)s(?{ push #matches, $1 })(?!)/;
This finds
111s1111s11111
111s1111
111
Then, it's just a matter of finding out which one is the second longuest and filtering out the others.
use List::MoreUtils qw( uniq );
my $target_length = ( sort { $b <=> $a } uniq map length, #matches )[1];
#matches = uniq grep { length($_) == $target_length } #matches
if $target_length;
I am trying to simultaneously remove and store (into an array) all matches of some regex in a string.
To return matches from a string into an array, you could use
my #matches = $string=~/$pattern/g;
I would like to use a similar pattern for a substitution regex. Of course, one option is:
my #matches = $string=~/$pattern/g;
$string =~ s/$pattern//g;
But is there really no way to do this without running the regex engine over the full string twice? Something like
my #matches = $string=~s/$pattern//g
Except that this will only return the number of subs, regardless of list context. I would also take, as a consolation prize, a method to use qr// where I could simply modify the quoted regex to to a sub regex, but I don't know if that's possible either (and that wouldn't preclude searching the same string twice).
Perhaps the following will be helpful:
use warnings;
use strict;
my $string = 'I thistle thing am thinking this Thistle a changed thirsty string.';
my $pattern = '\b[Tt]hi\S+\b';
my #matches;
$string =~ s/($pattern)/push #matches, $1; ''/ge;
print "New string: $string; Removed: #matches\n";
Output:
New string: I am a changed string.; Removed: thistle thing thinking this Thistle thirsty
Here is another way to do it without executing Perl code inside the substitution. The trick is that the s///g will return one capture at a time and undef if it does not match, thus quitting the while loop.
use strict;
use warnings;
use Data::Dump;
my $string = "The example Kenosis came up with was way better than mine.";
my #matches;
push #matches, $1 while $string =~ s/(\b\w{4}\b)\s//;
dd #matches, $string;
__END__
(
"came",
"with",
"than",
"The example Kenosis up was way better mine.",
)
How can I find the first substring until I find the first digit?
Example:
my $string = 'AAAA_BBBB_12_13_14' ;
Result expected: 'AAAA_BBBB_'
Judging from the tags you want to use a regular expression. So let's build this up.
We want to match from the beginning of the string so we anchor with a ^ metacharacter at the beginning
We want to match anything but digits so we look at the character classes and find out this is \D
We want 1 or more of these so we use the + quantifier which means 1 or more of the previous part of the pattern.
This gives us the following regular expression:
^\D+
Which we can use in code like so:
my $string = 'AAAA_BBBB_12_13_14';
$string =~ /^\D+/;
my $result = $&;
Most people got half of the answer right, but they missed several key points.
You can only trust the match variables after a successful match. Don't use them unless you know you had a successful match.
The $&, $``, and$'` have well known performance penalties across all regexes in your program.
You need to anchor the match to the beginning of the string. Since Perl now has user-settable default match flags, you want to stay away from the ^ beginning of line anchor. The \A beginning of string anchor won't change what it does even with default flags.
This would work:
my $substring = $string =~ m/\A(\D+)/ ? $1 : undef;
If you really wanted to use something like $&, use Perl 5.10's per-match version instead. The /p switch provides non-global-perfomance-sucking versions:
my $substring = $string =~ m/\A\D+/p ? ${^MATCH} : undef;
If you're worried about what might be in \D, you can specify the character class yourself instead of using the shortcut:
my $substring = $string =~ m/\A[^0-9]+/p ? ${^MATCH} : undef;
I don't particularly like the conditional operator here, so I would probably use the match in list context:
my( $substring ) = $string =~ m/\A([^0-9]+)/;
If there must be a number in the string (so, you don't match an entire string that has no digits, you can throw in a lookahead, which won't be part of the capture:
my( $substring ) = $string =~ m/\A([^0-9]+)(?=[0-9])/;
$str =~ /(\d)/; print $`;
This code print string, which stand before matching
perl -le '$string=q(AAAA_BBBB_12_13_14);$string=~m{(\D+)} and print $1'
AAAA_BBBB_