I am a beginner with Clojure and I received this error while trying to write code in Clojure:
; Syntax error compiling at (src/com/playground/core.clj:17:1).
; Unable to resolve symbol: Example in this context
Here is my code
(ns com.playground.core
(:gen-class))
;; This program displays Hello World
(defn Example []
;; The below code declares a integer variable
(def x 1)
;; The below code declares a float variable
(def y 1.25)
;; The below code declares a string variable
(def str1 "Hello")
(println x)
(println y)
(println str1))
(Example)
I pulled this directly from tutorialspoint and tried to find other people who had the same error but could not find anybody else.
I guess you didn't evaluate that function. Open REPL for this project, evaluate definition for Example and then evaluate (Example).
As you can already see in comments, this code is very bad and you shouldn't learn from that tutorial. But from a beginner point of view, it may be helpful to see what exactly is wrong:
naming conventions: names of functions should be dash-separated-lowercase-words, so no Example, but example.
already mentioned def inside defn. Def creates a global variable, don't use it inside any other definitions. If you need to create some variables inside function, use let.
integer variable and float variable. Clojure uses long and double and created variables will have exactly these types- you can check it yourself with function type.
repeated println (it'll work, but you can also use clojure.string/join with vector and only one println to get the same result)
Improved code:
(defn example []
(let [x 1
y 1.25
str1 "Hello"]
(println (clojure.string/join
"\n"
[x (type x) y (type y) str1]))))
(example)
=>
1
class java.lang.Long
1.25
class java.lang.Double
Hello
You can't declare a definition inside a function.
You need to declare these symbols (variable in other langs) outside. Something like that.
(ns com.play
ground.core
(:gen-class))
(def x 1)
(def y 1.25)
(def str1 "Hello")
(defn Example []
(println x)
(println y)
(println str1))
(Example)
So, when you do it, you're declaring x y and str1 as global and it's not a good practice.
To keep the context of these symbols only inside the function, you need to use the let approach.
(ns com.playground.core
(:gen-class))
(defn Example []
(let [x 1
y 1.25
str1 "Hello"]
(println x)
(println y)
(println str1)))
(Example)
An extra tip is to avoid using camel-case as a way of declaration naming.
Consider to use kebab-case :)
(ns com.playground.core
(:gen-class))
(defn example-function []
(let [x 1
y 1.25
str1 "Hello"]
(println x)
(println y)
(println str1)))
(example-function)
Related
I was trying to implement xor macro and came up with a problem.
I couldn't use private function in a macro.
Here is the example:
private function
(defn :^private xor-result
[x y]
(if (and x y)
false
(or x y)))
macro
(defmacro xor
([] true)
([x] x)
([x & next]
`(let [first# ~x
second# ~(first next)]
(if (= (count '~next) 1)
(xor-result first# second#)
(xor (xor-result first# second#) ~#(rest next))))))
Here is the Error:
CompilerException java.lang.IllegalStateException: var: #'kezban.core/xor-result is not public
Problem solves when I remove ^:private flag.
Question is: What is the reason of this behaviour?
UPDATE: I can use private function with the following approach.
private function
(defn ^:private xor-result
[x y]
(if (and x y)
false
(or x y)))
new macro
(defmacro xor
([] true)
([x] x)
([x & next]
(let [first x
second `(first '(~#next))
result (xor-result (eval first) (eval second))]
`(if (= (count '~next) 1)
~result
(xor ~result ~#(rest next))))))
If you have a macro in ns1:
(ns ns1)
(defn- my-fun [x] (first x))
(defmacro my-macro [x] (my-fun ~x))
And use it in another namespace:
(ns ns2
(:require [ns1 :refer [my-macro]]))
(my-macro [1 2])
The compiler will call the macro during compilation phase and it will generate code in ns2 namespace and will become:
(ns ns2
(:require [ns1 :refer [my-macro]]))
(ns1/my-fun [1 2])
and this code will be eventually compiled to byte code.
As you can see the compiler will see usage of a ns1's private function in ns2 namespace and will complain about it.
To debug your macros you can use macroexpand to see the result of applying your macro.
You also need to remember that your macros work on your program data: datastructures representing your code (symbols, lists, vectors etc.). For example in your second version of the macro it works symbols as they are, not runtime values bound to them:
(macroexpand '(xor true false))
;; => (if (clojure.core/= (clojure.core/count (quote (false))) 1) true (boot.user/xor true))
(macroexpand '(xor (zero? 1) (zero? 0)))
;; => (if (clojure.core/= (clojure.core/count (quote ((zero? 0)))) 1) false (boot.user/xor false))
As you can see your xor-result function won't be called with the actual runtime values but rather with the data representing your code. xor-result is called in your macro directly during compile time. In the first version of your macro it is used inside of the code generated by the macro and is not called during compilation.
There's a hack you can use if you really do want to access private vars from within a public macro that will be used by other namespaces.
When you resolve the value of a var by referring to it in your code, Clojure checks whether the var is public or private and the compiler will complain if you attempt to access a private var. However you can refer explicitly to the var itself (rather than its value) using the #' syntax, and Clojure will allow this kind of reference even to a private var. You should use a fully-qualified name (use the full namespace name) so that you don't require any particular namespace alias to exist.
So, assuming that the function xor-result lives in a namespace called mynamespace.core, you would invoke the function like:
(#'mynamespace.core/xor-result first# second#)
In a function definition:
(defn ^boolean =
;;other arities omitted...
([x y]
(if (nil? x)
(nil? y)
(or (identical? x y)
^boolean (-equiv x y))))
what does the ^boolean part in function definition mean? Does it only extend the metadata and signify the type of return, or does it have any deeper meaning? In other words, does it add any more value than simply making the code more self-described?
It is a type hint. See
https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/clojure-programming/9781449310387/ch09s05.html
http://clojure-doc.org/articles/language/functions.html
or your favorite book. PLEASE NOTE: the compiler does not enforce that the actual type matches the type hint! Example w/o type hint:
(defn go []
"banana" )
(println (go))
;=> banana
(defn ^long go []
"banana" )
(println (go))
;=> Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ClassCastException: java.lang.String cannot be cast to java.lang.Number,
If I write a macro that uses the symb# shortcut to create a gensym which is then bound as a global variable, the exact same symbol gets generated over and over. However, it functions correctly if I call gensym manually. Very simple examples:
(defmacro indirection
[name & body]
`(do (def name# ~#body)
(defn ~name [] name#)))
(indirection foo 3)
(foo) ; ⇒ 3
(indirection goo 5)
(goo) ; ⇒ 5
(foo) ; ⇒ 5
The problem is apparent if you use macroexpand:
(macroexpand '(indirection foo 3))
(do (def name__2863__auto__ 3) (clojure.core/defn foo [] name__2863__auto__))
(macroexpand '(indirection foo 3))
(do (def name__2863__auto__ 3) (clojure.core/defn foo [] name__2863__auto__))
This problem goes away if I call gensym the long way:
(defmacro redirection
[name & body]
(let [rename (gensym)]
`(do (def ~rename ~#body)
(defn ~name [] ~rename))))
(redirection koo 3)
(koo) ; ⇒ 3
(redirection moo 5)
(moo) ; ⇒ 5
(koo) ; ⇒ 3
So, why the difference? What am I missing?
Syntax quoting with ` is actually a reader macro; the form that follows it is transformed by the reader (which translates text to Clojure forms) prior to evaluation. This means that any symbol ending in # within the syntax-quoting is translated to an autogenerated symbol only once, when the text is first read; that autogenerated symbol is then inserted directly into the macro definition, and appears verbatim in the macroexpanion every time that macro is invoked. This can be illustrated easily at the REPL:
user=> `(foo bar#)
(user/foo bar__2288__auto__)
user=> `(foo bar#)
(user/foo bar__2291__auto__)
The typical use case for auto-gen'ed symbols with # is to define local variables inside a quoted let or fn form. There, it does not matter that the same symbol is re-used for multiple macro invocations; it only needs to be unique within each invocation. For instance:
(defmacro indirection
[name body]
`(let [name# ~body]
(defn ~name [] name#)))
In Scheme I can do something like this:
(define (adder)
(define (one) 1)
(define (two) 2)
(+ (one) (two)))
Calling adder results in 3 while calling one will yield an error since one is only visible within the scope of adder.
In Clojure if I do something similar
(defn adder []
(defn one [] 1)
(defn two [] 2)
(+ (one) (two)))
one and two will pollute my namespace since defn uses def internally which creates bindings in the current namespace.
Is there a function/macro which creates named functions in local scope?
The reason for my question is that I got used to the way Scheme works. Naming my local functions that way often makes my code more readable.
Try letfn:
Takes a vector of function specs and a body, and generates a set of
bindings of functions to their names. All of the names are available
in all of the definitions of the functions, as well as the body.
(defn adder []
(letfn [(one [] 1)
(two [] 2)]
(+ (one) (two))))
Additionally to Alex's excellent answer, any fn can be named.
(defn adder []
(let [one (fn [] 1)
two (fn [] (+ (one) (one)))]
(+ (one) (two))))
This is useful if you already have a let block.
If an fn refers to itself, it needs a name of its own
(defn silly []
(let [constant 5
thing (fn thong
([a] (+ a constant))
([] (inc (thong constant))))]
(* (thing) (thing))))
The name the fn is bound to need not be the same as the name it knows itself by.
If you want a function that is visible to the current namespace but not visible by other namespaces - you can use defn-
defn-
macro
Usage: (defn- name & decls)
same as defn, yielding non-public def
from http://clojuredocs.org/clojure_core/clojure.core/defn-
user=> (ns test)
nil
test=> (defn- foo [] "World!")
#'test/foo
test=> (defn bar [] (str "Hello " (foo)))
#'test/bar
test=> (foo)
"World!"
test=> (bar)
"Hello World!"
test=> (ns playground)
nil
playground=> (test/bar)
"Hello World!"
;; Error will be thrown
;; var: #'test/foo is not public
playground=> (test/foo)
Say I want to make a Clojure macro that does the following:
If x is a list calling the function "bar"
return :foobar
else
return x as a string
However, bar is not defined; rather, it is only used internally in the macro, like so:
(foo (bar))
:foobar
(foo 1)
"1"
One could do something like this:
(defmacro foo [x]
(if (and (coll? x) (= (first x) 'bar))
:foobar
(str x)))
This works great for the (bar) case, as well as for literals. However, symbols do not work as intended, giving the symbol name instead of its associated value:
user=> (def y 2)
#'user/y
user=> (foo y)
"y"
One could call the eval function on x before passing it to str, but this causes problem when using the function in let:
user=> (let [a 3 b (foo a)] b)
java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException: Can't eval locals (NO_SOURCE_FILE:89)
Presumably, the problem has to do with symbol resolution, so maybe we try to work something out with syntax-quote:
(defmacro foo [x]
`(if (and (coll? '~x) (= (first '~x) '~'bar))
:foobar
(str ~x)))
Now, the problem is with (foo (bar)), as this expands the else clause to (clojure.core/str (bar)), which throws an exception, as bar is not defined. I then tried doing some shenanigans with eval:
(defmacro foo [x]
`(if (and (coll? '~x) (= (first '~x) '~'bar))
:foobar
(eval '(str ~x))))
But this doesn't work with let bindings again:
user=> (let [a 1 b (foo a)] b)
java.lang.Exception: Unable to resolve symbol: a in this context (NO_SOURCE_FILE:153)
So I'm really at a loss here. It seems as though fixing one problem breaks another. Is there a better, simpler way of making this macro such that it works in the following cases:
In let bindings
With (bar)
With symbols
P.S. If anybody is curious as to why I want to do this, I'm working on a DSL for Yahoo's YQL service and I want to be able to do things like (select (table :t) ...), but I need to be able to pass in symbols, as well as literals.
I believe this should work.
(defmacro foo [x]
(if (and (coll? x) (= (first x) 'bar))
:foobar
`(str ~x)))