How to resolve the issue with signed zero? - fortran

Question

I came to know about 'signed zeroes' only now as I am trying to deal with complex numbers. Here is the problem:
PROGRAM sZ
IMPLICIT NONE
REAL(KIND(0.d0)),PARAMETER :: r=0.2
COMPLEX(KIND(0.d0)) :: c0
c0=(0.0,0.5); print*,sqrt(c0**2-r)
c0=(-0.0,0.5); print*,sqrt(c0**2-r)
END PROGRAM sZ
The sign of the imaginary part changes.
(0.0000000000000000,0.67082039547127081)
(0.0000000000000000,-0.67082039547127081)
Any instructions/suggestions to resolve this issue are very much welcome.

Answer 1

The values you see follow from the intermediate step and the specification of the sqrt intrinsic.
The final result depends on the value of the argument to sqrt: as the result has real part the sign of the result's imaginary part is that of the sign of the argument's imaginary part.
What are the signs of the imaginary parts of the two arguments? The imaginary parts of (0.,0.5) and (-0.,0.5) squared are positive in the first case and negative in the second (with the expected implementation of signed zero). Subtracting a real entity does not affect the sign of the imaginary part of the object which becomes the argument to sqrt.
At one level, you are getting the correct result so the only thing to resolve is your expectation of getting the same result. However, consider
implicit none
complex :: z1=(-1.,0.), z2=(-1.,-0.)
print*, z1==z2, SQRT(z1)==SQRT(z2)
end program
It is easy to see why this is confusing even if correct. If we don't want this to happen, we can force any zero imaginary part to be of one particular sign (say, non-negative):
! Force imaginary part away from -0.
if (z%Im==0.) z%Im = 0.
(A comment for this is very necessary.)
We can access and set the imaginary part of a complex variable using the z%Im designator, but this is not possible for general expressions. You may want to create a function for more general use:
implicit none
complex :: z1=(-1.,0.), z2=(-1.,-0.)
print*, z1==z2, SQRT(z1)==SQRT(z2)
print*, z1==z2, SQRT(design_0imag(z1))==SQRT(design_0imag(z2))
contains
pure complex function design_0imag(z) result(zp)
complex, intent(in) :: z
zp = z
if (zp%Im==0.) zp%Im = 0.
end function design_0imag
end program
As shown by other answers, there are several ways to implement logic replacing -0 with 0 (leaving other values unchanged). Remember that you experience this only when the result is purely imaginary.

Answer 2

you could do something like this, so a signed (negative) zero is just caught and replaced with zero.
PROGRAM sZ
IMPLICIT NONE
REAL(KIND(0.d0)),PARAMETER :: r=0.2
COMPLEX(KIND(0.d0)) :: c0
REAL(KIND(0.d0)),PARAMETER :: i = -0.0
REAL(KIND(0.d0)),PARAMETER :: j = 0.5
REAL(KIND(0.d0)),PARAMETER :: zero = 0.0
if (i .EQ. 0) then
c0 = (zero, j); print*,sqrt(c0**2-r)
else
c0=(i, j); print*,sqrt(c0**2-r)
end if
END PROGRAM sZ

Answer 3

I have devised one little hack to remove this signed zeros.
PROGRAM sZ
IMPLICIT NONE
REAL(KIND(0.d0)),PARAMETER :: r=0.2
COMPLEX(KIND(0.d0)) :: c0,zero
zero=(0.0,0.0)
c0=(0.0,0.5); c0=c0+zero; print*,sqrt(c0**2-r)
c0=(-0.0,0.5); c0=c0+zero; print*,sqrt(c0**2-r)
END PROGRAM sZ
Now the results are same. :)
However, I would like to know more on this. When are signed zeroes necessary?