I switched from c to c++ recently and just can't figure out what I'm doing wrong here.
I would like to access and set the member of a map via another function.
Here is my example which you can just copy to cpp.sh or so if you like
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
using namespace std;
struct test{
int i;
int j;
};
void addValues(test* val){
if (val == NULL){
val = new test();
cout<<"new";
}
val->i = 10;
val->j = 12;
}
void printVal(test* val){
cout<<"finish " << val->i << " " << val->j;
}
int main()
{
map<string, test*> bla = {{"test1",NULL}};
addValues(bla.at("test1"));
printVal(bla.at("test1"));
return 0;
}
code from my project is a little bit more complex but it's basically this problem. I created a test in addValues() and have not deleted it. Why am I not able to print this value in printVal()? What am I missing?
Thanks in advance!
Parameters are passed by value. Pointers are no exception to that. Your addValues modifies a local copy of the pointer when a nullptr is passed. Modifying that local copy does not affect the pointer in the map. Pass the pointer by reference:
void addValues(test*& val){
if (val == nullptr){
val = new test();
cout<<"new";
}
val->i = 10;
val->j = 12;
}
Or better yet, do not use raw pointers in the first place. Moreover, consider to write a constructor that initializes the members of test instead of relying on the caller to initialize them.
Example :
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
//using namespace std; NO teach yourself not to do this.
struct test
{
int i = 0; // <== in c++ you can initialize values of structs
int j = 0;
};
// this instead of printVal
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const test& t)
{
os << "i = " << t.i << ", j = " << t.j << "\n";
return os;
}
int main()
{
std::map<std::string, test> map =
{
{"test1",{1,1}},
{"test2",{2,2}},
};
// loop over all entries in the map
// range based for loop.
// each entry in the map is a key,value pair (not they key, not the value but a pair)
// https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/range-for
std::cout << "range based for over keyvalue pairs\n";
for (const auto& kv : map)
{
// note kv.second is where we use operator<< from earlier.
std::cout << "Key : " << kv.first << ", value : " << kv.second << "\n";
}
std::cout << "\n";
// structured bindings make code more readable
// https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/structured_binding
std::cout << "range based for using structured bindings \n";
for (const auto& [key, value] : map)
{
std::cout << "Key : " << key << ", value : " << value <<"\n";
}
std::cout << "\n";
return 0;
}
Related
I am implementing my own smart_pointer, which counts the references to the thing it points to. Here is my implementation so far:
#pragma once
#include <iostream>
template <typename T>
class smart_pointer{
T* pointer;
int* cnt;
public:
smart_pointer<T>(T *el): pointer(el) { int i = 1; cnt = &i; }; //
smart_pointer<T>(const smart_pointer<T>& other): pointer(other.pointer) {
// std::cout << ", *(other.cnt): " << *(other.cnt);
cnt = other.cnt;
(*cnt)++;
} // Copy-constructor
int counter(){
int c = *cnt;
return c;
}
};
In main.cpp, I did the following:
int main(){
// smart_pointer_examples();
std::string h("hello");
smart_pointer<std::string> p(&h);
std::cout << "p: " << p.counter();
smart_pointer<std::string> q(p);
std::cout << ", q: " << q.counter() << std::endl;
return 0;
}
The problem is that that outputs p: 1, q: 6487781. After a lot of time trying to find the issue by debugging and printing stuff, I found something that fixed my issue: By adding std::cout << ", *(other.cnt): " << *(other.cnt); somewhere in my copy-constructor, the output becomes p: 1, *(other.cnt): 1, q: 2, which is the desired behaviour. I can't for the life of me think of why printing the counter would change anything.
Edit: Also, if I only do *(other.cnt) without std::cout, the same problem that I started with happens.
You made a small mistake in implementing your idea.
I will not comment on the design of your smart pointer implementation.
The problem is that you implemented your counter as a pointer. That is wrong.
And, you are dereferencing a local variable. That is a semantic bug. The result is undefined. The value of the counter will be indeterminate. Additionally you should initialize your class members.
If we fix both, then your code will look like:
#pragma once
#include <iostream>
template <typename T>
class smart_pointer {
T* pointer{};
int cnt{};
public:
smart_pointer<T>(T* el) : pointer(el) { cnt = 1; }; //
smart_pointer<T>(const smart_pointer<T>& other) : pointer(other.pointer) {
// std::cout << ", *(other.cnt): " << *(other.cnt);
cnt = other.cnt;
cnt++;
} // Copy-constructor
int counter() const {
return cnt;
}
};
int main() {
// smart_pointer_examples();
std::string h("hello");
smart_pointer<std::string> p(&h);
std::cout << "p: " << p.counter();
smart_pointer<std::string> q(p);
std::cout << ", q: " << q.counter() << std::endl;
return 0;
}
I'm learning C++ so my question might seem a bit stupid. I wanted to build a function that print every element in a vector. I come up with that but it seems to display the address of every element. I google it and find a nice solution but i wanted to do it this way so if anyone can explain me where i'm doing something wrong.
My code :
void display_vector(std::vector<int>& to_display);
int main()
{
std::vector<int> vector_to_sort = { 2,6,7,2,1,80,2,59,8,9 };
display_vector(vector_to_sort);
}
void display_vector(std::vector<int> &to_display)
{
for (int i = 0; i < to_display.size(); i++)
{
std::cout << to_display[i] << ', ';
}
std::cout << '\n';
}
The solution i found on internet :
#include <iterator>
void display_vector(const vector<int> &v)
{
std::copy(v.begin(), v.end(),
std::ostream_iterator<int>(std::cout, " "));
}
Output of my code :
21129661129671129621129611129680112962112965911296811296911296
You use ", " instead of ', '.
You can use any of the following print mechanism in the display() function:
void display_vector(std::vector<int> &to_display)
{
//by using Normal for loop
for (auto i = to_display.begin(); i != to_display.end(); ++i) {
cout << *i << " ";
}
cout << endl;
//by using Range based for loop
for (int & i : to_display) {
cout << i << " ";
}
std::cout << '\n';
}
In this statement
std::cout << to_display[i] << ', ';
^^^^^^
you are using a multybyte character literal that has an implementation defined value.
Substitute it for string literal ", ".
As for the function then for starters if the vector is not being changed in the function then the parameter should be a constant reference.
You can use the range-based for loop to outfput elements of the vector like for example
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
std::ostream & display_vector( const std::vector<int> &to_display, std::ostream &os = std::cout );
int main()
{
std::vector<int> vector_to_sort = { 2,6,7,2,1,80,2,59,8,9 };
display_vector(vector_to_sort) << '\n';
}
std::ostream & display_vector( const std::vector<int> &to_display, std::ostream &os )
{
for ( const auto &item : to_display )
{
os << item << ", ";
}
return os;
}
Using such a function you can for example output the vector in a text file.
Just replace below line
std::cout << to_display[i] << ', ';
with
std::cout << to_display[i] << ", ";
Also note that if you just want to display vector in function then declare parameter as const reference as shown below
void display_vector(const std::vector<int> &to_display);
The debuggers make it easy to examine vectors but I include a simple template to print out vectors of standard types and often use it when debugging data that I wish to look at with other tools.
template<class T>
void print(const std::vector<T>& v){
for (auto x: v)
std::cout << x << std::endl;
}
I want to share structured data between C++ and Python languages using MessagePack like this one:
{
"t" : [ [t00,...,t0N], ... , [tM0,...,tMN] ],
"x" : [ x0,..,xN],
"P" : [ [P00, ..., P0N], ..., [PM0,...,PMN] ]
}
The number of variables is optional so in some cases I will have for example only:
{
"t" : [ [t00,...,t0N], ... , [tM0,...,tMN] ]
}
Decoding this in Python is pretty simple, my problem is to figure out
how to decode this in C++ if I don't know in advance the structure of
the data ? or the exact number of variables that I would have; is it
possible to iterate the structure in these cases?
I managed to handle a "fixed" data structure ( always with the same
number of variables ) defining a struct for example:
struct variables
{
std::vector< std::vector<double> > t;
std::vector< double > x;
std::vector< std::vector<double> > P;
MSPACK_DEFINE_MAP( t, x, P );
};
std::stringstream inBuffer;
.... (read data )
std::string str( inBuffer.str() );
msgpack::object_handle oh = msgpack::unpack( str.data(), str.size() );
msgpack::object deserialized = oh.get();
variables var;
deserialized.convert( var );
Is there a better way to accomplish this ?, how could manage optional
variables that could not appear in the structure ?; I repeat the
previous question: could I iterate an unknown data structure in C++?,
how ?
Thanks in advance!
Regards, Ernesto
There are two ways to treat unknown data structure.
The first way is using parse/visitor mechanism.
Here is an example:
#include <msgpack.hpp>
#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>
// This is a simple print example visitor.
// You can do any processing in your visitor.
struct my_visitor : msgpack::null_visitor {
bool start_map_key() {
processing_map_key = true;
return true;
}
bool end_map_key() {
processing_map_key = false;
return true;
}
bool start_array(uint32_t size) {
std::cout << "array (size:" << size << ")[" << std::endl;
return true;
}
bool end_array() {
std::cout << "]" << std::endl;
return true;
}
bool visit_str(const char* v, uint32_t size) {
if (processing_map_key) {
std::cout << "map key:" << std::string(v, size) << std::endl;
}
return true;
}
bool visit_positive_integer(uint64_t v) {
std::cout << "found value:" << v << std::endl;
return true;
}
bool processing_map_key = false;
std::string indent;
};
int main() {
// create test data
std::stringstream ss;
msgpack::packer<std::stringstream> pk(ss);
pk.pack_map(1);
pk.pack("t");
pk.pack_array(2);
pk.pack_array(3);
pk.pack(1);
pk.pack(2);
pk.pack(3);
pk.pack_array(3);
pk.pack(4);
pk.pack(5);
pk.pack(6);
// print data (for debug)
{
auto oh = msgpack::unpack(ss.str().data(), ss.str().size());
std::cout << oh.get() << std::endl;
}
// apply visitor
{
my_visitor mv;
msgpack::parse(ss.str().data(), ss.str().size(), mv);
}
}
Running demo: https://wandbox.org/permlink/3NrR4IMDIuLTk9e9
See https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack-c/wiki/v2_0_cpp_visitor.
The other way is using msgpack::type::variant or `msgpack::type::variant_ref.
The former copies data, you can update it. The latter doesn't copy data. You cannot update it.
This approach requires boost. So you need to define MSGPACK_USE_BOOST. I recommend defining as a compiler option.
// Boost is required
#define MSGPACK_USE_BOOST
#include <msgpack.hpp>
#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>
struct my_visitor:boost::static_visitor<void> {
void operator()(uint64_t v) const {
std::cout << "positive insteger:" << v << std::endl;
}
// const is required for map key because std::multimap's key (first) is const.
void operator()(std::string const& v) const {
std::cout << "string:" << v << std::endl;
}
void operator()(std::vector<msgpack::type::variant>& v) const {
std::cout << "array found" << std::endl;
for (auto& e : v) {
boost::apply_visitor(*this, e);
}
}
void operator()(std::multimap<msgpack::type::variant, msgpack::type::variant>& v) const {
std::cout << "map found" << std::endl;
for (auto& e : v) {
std::cout << "key:" << std::endl;
boost::apply_visitor(*this, e.first);
std::cout << "value:" << std::endl;
boost::apply_visitor(*this, e.second);
}
}
template <typename T>
void operator()(T const&) const {
std::cout << " match others" << std::endl;
}
};
int main() {
// create test data
std::stringstream ss;
msgpack::packer<std::stringstream> pk(ss);
pk.pack_map(1);
pk.pack("t");
pk.pack_array(2);
pk.pack_array(3);
pk.pack(1);
pk.pack(2);
pk.pack(3);
pk.pack_array(3);
pk.pack(4);
pk.pack(5);
pk.pack(6);
auto oh = msgpack::unpack(ss.str().data(), ss.str().size());
std::cout << oh.get() << std::endl;
msgpack::type::variant v = oh.get().as<msgpack::type::variant>();
boost::apply_visitor(my_visitor(), v);
}
Running demo: https://wandbox.org/permlink/HQwJjfwW8rLEMi0d
See https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack-c/wiki/v2_0_cpp_variant
Here are exampless:
https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack-c/blob/master/example/boost/msgpack_variant_capitalize.cpp
https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack-c/blob/master/example/boost/msgpack_variant_mapbased.cpp
Both ways can treat unpredictable data structure. You need to do some visitor processing. If the data structure is predictable some extent, your original approach is also good way.
Actually there is a simpler way, if you are dealing with maps (like stated in the question), not arrays.
msgpack::object_handle oh = msgpack::unpack(/* some data */);
std::map<std::string,msgpack::type::variant> map = obj.convert();
This way you will get a map with all the data, no need for a visitor or boost.
I'm implementing my own hash table and I am running into the following problem: when I insert my node(s) into the table, they are not printed out when I loop through the array. I am using an array of arrays as the underlying data structure and the logic is as follows:
I pass my node to an insert function. This function, based on the
type of data in my node, calls the appropriate hash function provided
by the C++ STL.
Then, I mod the hash value returned by the size of
my hash table and use that to determine which array to place the
node.
I also have an array of arrays of booleans (the same size as my
hash table) that I use to check whether a specific spot in my hash
table already has data in it.
If it does, I simply keep looping till
an empty spot is found.
Like I said before, the problem is that the data is inputed correctly into the array (I've checked that with print statements), but when I print the array, nothing is outputted. I have also checked if my object is being constructed correctly (again, with print statements), but everything is looking fine. I've included the full code below. Any help would be greatly appreciated!
///////START OF NODE.H///////////
#ifndef NODE_H
#define NODE_H
#include <iostream>
template <typename T>
class HashTable;
template <typename T>
class Node
{
friend class HashTable<T>;
private:
T data;
public:
Node(T Data): data(Data)
{
std::cout << "In the node constructor" << std::endl;
}
Node()
{
decltype(data) {};
}
T getData() const
{
return data;
}
};
#endif
//////////////////////END OF NODE.H////////////////////
/////START OF HASHTABLE.H///////
#ifndef HASHTABLE_H
#define HASHTABLE_H
#include "Node.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <array>
#include <functional>
#include <typeinfo>
#include <string>
const int TABLE_SIZE=5;
template <typename T>
class HashTable
{
private:
std::array<std::array<Node<T>, TABLE_SIZE>, TABLE_SIZE> hashTable;
std::array<std::array<bool, TABLE_SIZE>, TABLE_SIZE> spots;
public:
HashTable()
{
for(int index=0;index<spots.size();++index)
{
for(int position=0;position<spots.at(index).size();++position)
{
spots.at(index).at(position)=false;
}
}
}
int hashFunction(Node<T> Node)
{
auto key=Node.getData();
std::hash<decltype(Node.getData())> hash_function {};
int hash=hash_function(key);
if(hash < 0)
{
hash*=-1;
}
//std::cout << "The hash value return by the STL hash function for the key " << key << " is " << hash << std::endl;
if(hash > TABLE_SIZE)
{
hash%=TABLE_SIZE;
}
std::cout << "The hash value for the key " << key << " is " << hash << std::endl;
return hash;
}
void insert(Node<T> Node)
{
int hashValue=hashFunction(Node);
auto location=hashTable.at(hashValue);
std::cout << "Going to insert " << Node.getData() << std::endl;
for(int index=0;index<location.size();++index)
{
if(spots.at(hashValue).at(index)==false)
{
std::cout << "Found a spot that is not taken!" << std::endl;
std::cout << "The size of the data at the spot in the array before we insert is: " << location.at(index).getData().size() << std::endl;
location.at(index)=Node;
std::cout << "The size of the data at the spot in the array after we insert is: " << location.at(index).getData().size() << std::endl;
std::cout << "The data that is in the spot in the array: " << location.at(index).getData() << std::endl;
std::cout << std::endl;
spots.at(hashValue).at(index)=true;
break;
}
}
}
bool contains(Node<T> Node)
{
int hashValue=hashFunction(Node);
auto location=hashTable.at(hashValue);
auto result=find_if(begin(location), end(location), [Node] (const auto & element) {return element.getData()==Node.getData();});
if(result!=end(location))
{
return true;
}
return false;
}
int getSize() const
{
int size {};
for(int index=0;index<hashTable.size();++index)
{
size+=hashTable.at(index).size();
}
return size;
}
void print()
{
std::cout << "In the print function" << std::endl;
for(int index=0;index<hashTable.size();++index)
{
//std::cout << hashTable.at(index).size() << std::endl;
for(int position=0;position<hashTable.at(index).size();++position)
{
std::cout << hashTable.at(index).at(position).getData().size() << std::endl;
}
}
/*
for(int index=0;index<spots.size();++index)
{
for(int position=0;position<spots.at(index).size();++position)
{
if(spots.at(index).at(position)==true)
{
std::cout << "There should be some data here" << std::endl;
}
}
}
*/
}
};
#endif
////////////END OF HASHTABLE.H//////////
////////////START OF MAIN.CPP///////////
#include "HashTable.h"
#include <cstdlib>
#include <random>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
HashTable<string> hash_table;
hash_table.insert(Node<string>("Java"));
hash_table.insert(Node<string>("C++"));
hash_table.insert(Node<string>("C#"));
hash_table.insert(Node<string>("Latex"));
hash_table.insert(Node<string>("Python"));
}
/////////////END OF MAIN.CPP/////////////
One error is in your insert(Node<T> Node) function on these line:
auto location=hashTable.at(hashValue);
//...
location.at(index) = Node;
The location should be a reference not a copy. What is happening is that you're making changes to a local location, and not the actual location that the hash table uses. Thus none of your changes "stick".
The line above should be this:
auto& location=hashTable.at(hashValue); // <-- note that auto is a reference
//...
location.at(index) = Node;
Now you are assigning the returned reference to a reference.
Also, I highly recommend you use a debugger, as this error could have been easily diagnosed if you stepped through your code to see what was being done.
in HashTable::insert this line:
auto location = hashTable.at(hashValue);
makes a copy of a Node. You then operate on and store in the copy, not the node in hashTable. Taking a reference to the node
auto & location = hashTable.at(hashValue);
should fix it.
I have the following example (simplified) using a struct:
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <time.h>
using namespace std;
struct s_str
{
int a=1,b=2,c=3;
};
int main(void)
{
s_str str;
int sel;
srand(time(NULL)); //initialize random seed
sel = rand() % (3); //generate a random number between 0 and 2
cout << "sel: " << sel << endl;
cout << "str: " << str.??? << endl;//I was wondering to output a, b or c
return 0; //depending whether sel=0,1,2respectively.
}
When the struct "str" is defined, we can access to each element by using the opertor "." followed by the name of the element. For instance "str.c" will give us the number 3.
However in this example we don't know the element of "str" to output when programing because it's randomly selected by sel.
I don't know how to output "str.???" from sel number, that is, str.a if sel=0, str.b if sel=1, and str.c if sel=3.
I tried something like "str.[sel]", but it didn't work. Can you help me?
PD: I don't want to bother too much, but how to solve the same problem but now supposing that a,b and c have different variable type. For example:
int a=1,b=2;
string c="hola";
I tried to do it with two operators, but it didn't compile because they were overloaded.
As mentioned you can't do this without providing a certain mapping and indexing operator. The following should work well:
struct s_str
{
int a=1,b=2,c=3;
int& operator[](int index) {
switch(index) {
case 0:
return a;
case 1:
return b;
case 2:
return c;
default:
throw std::out_of_range("s_str: Index out of range.");
break;
}
}
};
int main() {
s_str s;
cout << s[0] << ", " << s[1] << ", " << s[2] << endl;
// cout << s[42] << endl; // Uncomment to see it fail.
return 0;
}
In general, no.
If the only distinguishing feature of the elements of the struct is their index, define a vector or array in the struct.
If you sometimes want to refer to the elements by name and sometimes by position, define an operator []( int ) for the struct.
Te easiest way, if you have only a couple of ints in your structure is:
struct s_str
{
int a = 1, b = 2, c = 3;
int& operator[] (size_t t) {
assert(t<3); // assumption for the following to return a meaningful value
return (t == 0 ? a : (t == 1 ? b : c));
}
};
You'd access with
cout << "str: " << str[sel] << endl;
and you could even use int to assign, because it's by reference:
str[sel] = 9;
cout << "a,b,c=" << str.a << "," << str.b << "," << str.c << endl;