How to print a string from an object? - c++

Question

I tried the below code to write an object to a dat file:
#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
#include<string>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
class Student
{ //data members
int adm;
string name;
public:
Student()
{
adm = 0;
name = "";
}
Student(int a,string n)
{
adm = a;
name = n;
}
Student setData(Student st) //member function
{
cout << "\nEnter admission no. ";
cin >> adm;
cout << "Enter name of student ";
cin.ignore();
getline(cin,name);
st = Student(adm,name);
return st;
}
void showData()
{
cout << "\nAdmission no. : " << adm;
cout << "\nStudent Name : " << name;
}
int retAdmno()
{
return adm;
}
};
/*
* function to write in a binary file.
*/
void demo()
{
ofstream f;
f.open("student.dat",ios::binary);
for(int i = 0;i<4;i++)
{
Student st;
st = st.setData(st);
f.write((char*)&st,sizeof(st));
}
f.close();
ifstream fin;
fin.open("student.dat",ios::binary);
Student st;
while(!fin.eof())
{
fin.read((char*)&st,sizeof(st));
st.showData();
}
}
int main()
{
demo();
return 0;
}
But when I am executing the demo function I am getting some garbage values from the "student.dat"
file. I am creating a database and want to get the records but I am not able to get all the records in the dat file.
Please suggest a solution

Answer 1

You cannot write complex data types to a file in binary mode. They have some additional variables and functions inside,which you do not know or see. Those data types have some internal state that or context dependent. So, you cannot store in binary and then reuse it somewhere else. That will never work.
The solution is serialization/deserialization.
This sounds complicated, but is not at all in your case. It basically means that all your data from your struct shall be converted to plain text and put in a text-file.
For readin the data back, it will be first read as text, and then converted to your internal data structures.
And the default approach for that is to overwrite the inserter << operator and extractor >> operator.
See the simple example in your modified code:
#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
#include<string>
#include<iomanip>
class Student
{ //data members
int adm;
std::string name;
public:
Student()
{
adm = 0;
name = "";
}
Student(int a, std::string n)
{
adm = a;
name = n;
}
Student setData(Student st) //member function
{
std::cout << "\nEnter admission no. ";
std::cin >> adm;
std::cout << "Enter name of student ";
std::getline(std::cin>> std::ws, name);
st = Student(adm, name);
return st;
}
void showData()
{
std::cout << "\nAdmission no. : " << adm;
std::cout << "\nStudent Name : " << name;
}
int retAdmno()
{
return adm;
}
friend std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, const Student& s) {
return os << s.adm << '\n' << s.name << '\n';
}
friend std::istream& operator >> (std::istream& is, Student& s) {
return std::getline(is >> s.adm >> std::ws, s.name);
}
};
/*
* function to write in a binary file.
*/
void demo()
{
std::ofstream f("student.dat");
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
Student st;
st = st.setData(st);
f << st;
}
f.close();
std::ifstream fin("student.dat");
Student st;
while (!fin.eof())
{
fin >> st;
st.showData();
}
}
int main()
{
demo();
return 0;
}