I'm trying to make a little game on c++ and I'm trying to overload the "=" operator. It is supposed to copy the game, and make the copy undependable. Looks like I'm doing something wrong with the memory or something like that, because when I try to print the copy it crashes. What am I doing wrong?
This is the overloading:
Game& Game::operator=(const Game& other){
std::vector<Pair> new_grid;
for(int i=0; i < other.grid_characters.size(); i++){
Character* character = other.grid_characters[i].character->clone();
std::shared_ptr<Character> character_shared_ptr(character);
Pair new_element( other.grid_characters[i].grid_point, character_shared_ptr);
new_grid.push_back(new_element);
}
this->height=other.height;
this->width = other.width;
this->grid_characters=new_grid;
return *this;
}
Overloading the "<<":
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Game& game){
std::string grid_str_to_print;
for(int i=0; i < game.height; i++){
for(int j=0; j < game.width; j++){
GridPoint grid_point(i, j);
std::shared_ptr<Character> character = getCharacterAtPoint(game, grid_point);
if(character == nullptr){
grid_str_to_print += ' ';
} else {
grid_str_to_print += character->getCharSymbol();
}
}
}
char* output_grid = new char[grid_str_to_print.length() +1];
strcpy(output_grid, grid_str_to_print.c_str());
printGameBoard(os,output_grid, output_grid + grid_str_to_print.length() ,game.width);
delete[] output_grid;
return os;
}
And printing the board:
std::ostream &mtm::printGameBoard(std::ostream &os, const char *begin,
const char *end, unsigned int width) {
std::string delimiter = std::string(2 * width + 1, '*');
const char *temp = begin;
os << delimiter << std::endl;
while (temp != end) {
os << "|" << (*temp);
++temp;
if ((temp - begin) % width == 0)
os << "|" << std::endl;
}
os << delimiter;
return os;
}
This is the pair:
struct Pair {
GridPoint grid_point;
std::shared_ptr<Character> character;
Pair(GridPoint grid_point, std::shared_ptr<Character> character) :
grid_point(grid_point), character(character) {}
};
This is clone:
Character* Soldier::clone() const {
return new Soldier(*this);
}
This is the code in the main:
#include <iostream>
#include <cassert>
#include "Exceptions.h"
#include "Game.h"
using namespace mtm;
void example1() {
std::cout << "------example 2------" << std::endl;
Game g1(5,10);
g1.addCharacter(GridPoint(3,0), Game::makeCharacter(CharacterType::SOLDIER, Team::POWERLIFTERS, 20, 0, 3, 5));
Game g2 = g1;
std::cout << g1 << std::endl;
std::cout << g2 << std::endl;
std::cout << "Nice!" << std::endl;
}
int main() {
example1();
return 0;
}
There is no error returned and no messages whatsoever.
Related
I am defining my own string class called StringSet using a vector of strings. I am assigned to overload the >>, <<, ==, >, >=, +, += and * operators, and ran into a problem with <<. The output should be:
Welcome to stringset
hi everyone
"all" does not exist in the set.
hi
But it seems to be skipping the second and third lines. I am very new to overloading operators, so I am probably overlooking an obvious mistake.
header and class declaration:
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include<string>
#include <iterator>
#include <algorithm>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
class StringSet
{
public:
//Constructor
StringSet();
//Copy Constructor
StringSet(const StringSet& s);
//Default constructors
StringSet(string initialStrings[], const int ARRAYSIZE);
//Destructor
~StringSet();
void add(const string s);
void remove(const string s);
//Returns length
int size()
{
return length;
}
// Overload the << operator so that it outputs the strings
friend ostream& operator <<(ostream& outs, const StringSet& s);
private:
//size of the vector
int length;
// Vector to store strings
vector <string> data;
};
function definitions:
ostream& operator<<(ostream& outs, const StringSet& s)
{
outs << "\n";
for (int i = 0; i < s.length; i++)
{
outs << s.data[i] << " ";
}
outs << "\n";
return outs;
}
//Add a string to the vector
void StringSet::add(const string s)
{
bool c = check(s);
if (c == false)
{
data.push_back(s);
}
else
{
cout << "\"" << s << "\" already exists in the set.";
}
}
// Remove a string from the vector
void StringSet::remove(const string s)
{
bool c = check(s);
if (c == true)
{
vector<string>::iterator position = search(s);
data.erase(position);
}
else
{
cout << "\"" << s << "\" does not exist in the set\n";
}
}
StringSet::StringSet()
{
length = 0;
}
StringSet::StringSet(string initialStrings[], const int ARRAYSIZE)
{
for (int i = 0; i < data.size(); i++)
{
initialStrings[i] = " ";
}
}
// Copy constructor
StringSet::StringSet(const StringSet& s)
{
for (int i = 0; i < data.size(); i++)
{
data[i] = s.data[i];
}
}
StringSet::StringSet()
{
length = 0;
}
StringSet::StringSet(string initialStrings[], const int ARRAYSIZE)
{
for (int i = 0; i < data.size(); i++)
{
initialStrings[i] = " ";
}
}
// Copy constructor
StringSet::StringSet(const StringSet& s)
{
for (int i = 0; i < data.size(); i++)
{
data[i] = s.data[i];
}
}
// Check if a string exists in the vector
bool StringSet::check(const string s)
{
vector<string>::iterator it = find(data.begin(), data.end(), s);
if (it != data.end())
{
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
Main function:
int main()
{
ofstream outs;
ifstream ins;
StringSet doc1, doc2, query
cout << "Welcome to stringset\n";
doc1.add("hi");
doc1.add("everyone");
outs << doc1;
doc1.remove("everyone");
doc1.remove("all");
outs << doc1;
}
If you use a variable that stores the size of the set, you should increment/decrement it when adding/removing elements. You can also change the definition of the StringSet::size():
int size() const
{
return static_cast<int>(data.size());
}
I have written a program which was given to me as a homework assignment (it's a bit longer). The issue is that it compiles in CodeBlocks but it does not compile in Visual Studio 2017 it says - binary '=': no operator found which takes a right-hand operand of type 'CAutomobile' (or there is no acceptable conversion.
I would like to ask why is that because I could not myself find the error? I tried commenting the operator =function but still the error remained.
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <string>
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std;
class CVehicle {
string name;
int year;
public:
CVehicle() {
name = "Car";
year = 1990;
}
CVehicle(string n, int y) {
name = n;
year = y;
}
CVehicle(const CVehicle& vc) {
name = vc.name;
year = vc.year;
}
void setName(string n) {
name = n;
}
void setYear(int y) {
year = y;
}
string getName() {
return name;
}
int& getYear() {
return year;
}
virtual void Print(ostream& os) = 0;
};
class CAutomobile :public CVehicle {
double litres;
public:
CAutomobile() :CVehicle() {
litres = 7.2;
}
CAutomobile(string nm, int yr, double l) :CVehicle(nm, yr) {
litres = l;
}
void setLitres(double l) {
l = litres;
}
double& getLitres() {
return litres;
}
void Print(ostream& os) override {
os << getName() << endl;
os << getYear() << endl;
os << litres << endl;
}
friend bool operator< (CAutomobile a1, CAutomobile a2) {
if (a1.litres < a2.litres) {
return true;
}
return false;
}
CAutomobile operator= (CAutomobile& at) {
CAutomobile au;
au.getName() = at.getName();
au.getYear() = at.getYear();
au.getLitres() = at.getLitres();
return au;
}
CAutomobile operator+(CAutomobile aut) {
CAutomobile a;
a.getLitres() = getLitres() + aut.getLitres();
return a;
}
friend ostream& operator<< (ostream& o, CAutomobile a) {
o << a.getName() << endl;
o << a.getYear() << endl;
o << a.getLitres() << endl;
return o;
}
};
int main()
{
CAutomobile a[] = {
CAutomobile(),
CAutomobile("Wolkswagen",1970,80.5),
CAutomobile("Fiat",1979,21.9),
CAutomobile("Opel",1978,13.7)
};
for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]); i++) {
cout << "Name" << ' ' << a[i].getName() << endl;
cout << "Year" << ' ' << a[i].getYear() << endl;
cout << "Litres" << ' ' << a[i].getLitres() << endl;
}
int range = 2016 - 1990 + 1;
for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]); i++) {
a[i].setLitres(rand() % 100 + 1);
a[i].setYear(rand() % range + 1996);
}
//сортираме масива по литри и извеждаме
//най малкия (първия) му елемент
for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(a-1); i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < sizeof(a-1); j++) {
if (a[j].getLitres() > a[j + 1].getLitres()) {
swap(a[j], a[j + 1]);
}
}
}
cout << a[0] << endl;
CAutomobile k = a[0] + a[3];
cout << k.getLitres() << endl;
}
CAutomobile::operator = is completely wrong. It takes a non-const reference and assignes its field to a new object. Instead it should take a const reference and modify current object.
CAutomobile & operator =(CAutomobile const & other)
{
assert(this != ::std::addressof(other)); // check for self-assignment
SetName(other.getName());
SetYear(other.getYear());
SetLitres(other.getLitres());
return *this;
}
This will bring up another problem: getters are not const-qualified, so they should be fixes as well:
string const & getName(void) const {
return name;
}
int const & getYear(void) const {
return year;
}
I am fairly new to dynamic memory allocation and am having trouble. I'm thinking the problem is within my allocation function but I could be wrong. Here is the MyString.cpp file.
#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "MyString.h"
using namespace std;
MyString::MyString()
{
m_size = 0;
buffer_allocate(0);
}
MyString::MyString(const char * str)
{
m_size = strlen(str);
buffer_allocate(m_size);
for(int i = 0; i < m_size; i++)
{
m_buffer[i] = str[i];
}
}
MyString::MyString(const MyString & other_myStr)
{
m_size = other_myStr.size();
buffer_allocate(other_myStr.size());
for(int i = 0; i < other_myStr.size(); i++)
{
m_buffer[i] = other_myStr.c_str()[i];
}
}
void MyString::buffer_deallocate()
{
delete[] m_buffer;
m_size = 0;
}
void MyString::buffer_allocate(size_t size)
{
try
{
m_buffer = new char[size];
}
catch(bad_alloc& ex)
{
delete[] m_buffer;
}
}
MyString::~MyString()
{
buffer_deallocate();
}
size_t MyString::size() const
{
return m_size;
}
size_t MyString::length() const
{
return m_size - 1;
}
const char* MyString::c_str() const
{
char * arr = (char*) malloc(m_size + 1);
int i;
for(i = 0; i < m_size; i++)
{
arr[i] = m_buffer[i];
}
arr[i] = '\0';
return arr;
}
bool MyString::operator== (const MyString & other_myStr) const
{
for(int i = 0; (i < m_size) && (i < other_myStr.size()); i++)
{
if(m_buffer[i] != other_myStr.c_str()[i])
{
return false;
}
}
if(m_size != other_myStr.size())
{
return false;
}
return true;
}
MyString & MyString::operator= (const MyString & other_myStr)
{
buffer_deallocate();
buffer_allocate(other_myStr.size());
for(int i = 0; i < other_myStr.size(); i++)
{
m_buffer[i] = other_myStr.c_str()[i];
}
return *this;
}
MyString MyString::operator+ (const MyString & other_myStr) const
{
int length = this->size() + other_myStr.size();
char * temp = (char*)malloc(length);
int j = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < length; i++)
{
if(i < this->size())
{
temp[i] = m_buffer[i];
}
else
{
temp[i] = other_myStr.c_str()[j];
j++;
}
}
MyString rhs = MyString(temp);
return rhs;
}
char & MyString::operator[] (size_t index)
{
return m_buffer[index];
}
const char & MyString::operator[] (size_t index) const
{
return m_buffer[index];
}
std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os, const MyString & myStr)
{
for(int i = 0; i < myStr.size(); i++)
{
os << myStr[i];
}
os << endl;
}
Like I said, the segmentation fault is happening after the entire program is being executed so my guess is that there is some memory leak issue. I appreciate the help in advance.
And here is the main function:
#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "MyString.h"
using namespace std;
int main(void)
{
MyString dft;
if(dft.size() == 0)
{
cout << "Successful Default c-tor" << endl;
}
MyString param("Successful Parameter c-tor");
MyString copy(dft);
cout << param;
MyString ms_size_length("Size and length test:");
cout << ms_size_length;
cout << "Size of MyString: " << ms_size_length.size() << endl;
cout << "Length of MyString: " << ms_size_length.length() << endl;
MyString ms_toCstring("C-String equivalent successfully obtained!");
cout << ms_toCstring.c_str() << endl;
MyString ms_same1("The same"), ms_same2("The same");
if (ms_same1==ms_same2)
{
cout << "Same success" << endl;
}
MyString ms_different("The same (NOT)");
if (!(ms_same1==ms_different))
{
cout << "Different success" << endl;
}
MyString ms_assign("Before assignment");
ms_assign = MyString("After performing assignment");
MyString ms_append1("The first part");
MyString ms_append2(" and the second");
MyString ms_concat = ms_append1 + ms_append2;
cout << ms_concat;
MyString ms_access("Access successful (NOT)");
ms_access[17] = 0;
cout << ms_access;
}
One problem that I noticed is:
m_size = strlen(str);
buffer_allocate(m_size);
That allocates one less than the number of characters you need. As a consequence, you end up not copying the terminating null character to the object's m_buffer.
I suggest changing the constructor to:
MyString::MyString(const char * str)
{
m_size = strlen(str)+1;
buffer_allocate(m_size);
strcpy(m_buffer, str);
}
PS I did not look for other problems in your code. There may be more, or none.
I'm trying to write code that implemets a template for a matrix with boundary check and additional operators. However, I'm stuck at a SIGGSEGV right now.
The matrix is based on a vector class I wrote myself, too:
#ifndef VEKTOR_H
#define VEKTOR_H
#include "Exeptions.h"
template<typename T>
class vektor
{
private:
unsigned int length;
T* items;
public:
inline unsigned int getLength() const{return length;};
vektor():length(0),items(nullptr)
{
//ctor
}
virtual ~vektor()
{
delete [] items;
}
vektor(const vektor& other):length(other.getLength()),items(new T[length])
{
for(int i = 0;i<length;i++)
{
items[i]=other[i];
}
}
vektor(int len):length(len),items(new T[len])
{
}
vektor<T>& operator=(const vektor& rhs)
{
if (this == &rhs) return *this; // handle self assignment
//assignment operator
length = rhs.getLength();
items = new T[length];
for(int i = 0;i<length;i++)
{
items[i]=rhs[i];
}
return *this;
}
T& operator[](const unsigned int index)const
{
if(index >= 0 && index < length)
{
return items[index];
}
else throw out_of_bounds();
}
};
#endif // VEKTOR_H
Then the code for the matrix:
#ifndef MATRIX_H
#define MATRIX_H
#include "vektor.h"
template <typename T>
class matrix
{
private:
int columns;
vektor<T>* tabs;
public:
inline int getColCount()const{return columns;};
inline int getRowCount()const{return tabs[0].getLength();};
inline vektor<T>* getTabs()const{return tabs;};
matrix():columns(0),tabs(new vektor<T>(0))
{
//ctor
}
matrix(int columns, int rows):columns(columns),tabs(new vektor<T>[columns])
{
for(int i = 0; i< columns;i++)
{
tabs[i] = *new vektor<T>(rows);
}
}
virtual ~matrix()
{
delete tabs;
}
matrix(const matrix& other):rows(other.getColCount()),tabs(new vektor<T>(*other.getTabs()))
{
//copy ctor
}
matrix<T>& operator=(const matrix& rhs)
{
if (this == &rhs) return *this; // handle self assignment
//assignment operator
spalten = rhs.getColCount();
tabs = new vektor<T>(*rhs.getTabs());
return *this;
}
vektor<T>& operator[](unsigned int index)
{
return tabs[index];
}
};
#endif // MATRIX_H
A wrapper class that instantiates a matrix with string to create a menu-like structure:
MenUI::MenUI():selectedTab(3),selectedItem(4),menItems(matrix<string>(3,4))
{
menItems[0][0] = "File";
menItems[0][1] = "Edit";
menItems[0][2] = "View";
menItems[0][3] = "Search";
menItems[1][0] = "New";
menItems[1][1] = "Undo";
menItems[1][2] = "Perspectives";
menItems[1][3] = "Find";
menItems[2][0] = "Open...";
menItems[2][1] = "Redo";
menItems[2][2] = "Toolbars";
menItems[2][3] = "Find in Files";
}
And here the SIGSEGV happens at line tmp = menItems[selectedTab][i];
void MenUI::print()
{
int offset = 0;
string tmp;
for(unsigned int i = 0; i<menItems.getColCount();i++)
{
tmp = menItems[i][0];
if (i == selectedTab) cout << "|- " << setw(10) << tmp << " -";
else cout << "| " << setw(10) << tmp << " ";
}
cout << "|" << endl;
offset = selectedTab * (10 + 5);
for(unsigned int i = 1;i<menItems.getRowCount();i++)
{
tmp = menItems[selectedTab][i];
if(i == selectedItem) cout << string(offset-3, ' ') << "|> " << setw(10) << tmp << " <|" << endl;
else cout << string(offset-3, ' ') << "| " << setw(10) << tmp << " |" << endl;
}
}
As this is the first time I used templates, I'm a bit lost right now.
I'm using Code::Blocks IDE with GCC.
It would be really great if someone could point me in the right direction.
Thanks!
If selectedTab is 3 and you do tmp = menItems[selectedTab][i]; your code will seg fault because you are accessing outside the bounds of the memory.
I might have taken what you have written too literally and you change selectedTab
I'm probably missing something obvious here. This is my code (I'm just learning true C++, and I want to get some practice):
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
class String {
private:
char * value;
int len;
friend ostream & operator<<(ostream & os, String s);
public:
String();
String(const char * base);
~String();
String operator+(String s);
String operator*(int n);
int length();
};
String::String() {
this->value = new char[0];
this->len = 0;
}
String::String(const char * base) {
this->value = new char[this->len = strlen(base)];
strcpy(this->value, base);
}
String::~String() {
delete [] this->value;
}
int String::length() {
return this->len;
}
String String::operator+(String s) {
String n;
delete [] n.value;
cout << "Upon entering, I am: \"" << *this << "\"\n";
n.value = new char[this->len + s.len];
for(int i = 0; i < this->len; i++) {
n.value[i] = this->value[i];
}
for(int i = 0; i < s.len; i++) {
n.value[i + this->len] = s.value[i];
}
n.len = this->len + s.len;
cout << "String::operator+(" << *this << ", " << s << ") succeeded with new value = \"" << n << "\"\n";
return n;
}
String String::operator*(int n) {
String s;
delete [] s.value;
s.value = new char[this->len * n];
for(int i = 0; i < this->len * n; i++) {
s.value[i] = this->value[i % this->len];
}
cout << "String::operator* succeeded with new value = \"" << s << "\"\n";
return s;
}
ostream & operator<<(ostream & os, String s) {
return os << s.value;
}
int main() {
String s("Hello, world!");
cout << s << "\nLength = " << s.length() << "\n\n";
cout << (s + String("\n")) * 5;
return 0;
}
And the string initializes and displays correctly, but my output is really strange; it seems that upon entering the operator+, "Hello, world!" suddenly becomes "x%r"?
C:\Users\Ryan\Documents\My Dropbox\C++ Projects>strings
Hello, world!
Length = 13
Upon entering, I am: "x%r"
String::operator+(x%r,
) succeeded with new value = "x%r"
String::operator* succeeded with new value = "╚%r"
─
Try this:
ostream & operator<<(ostream & os, const String& s) {
return os << s.value;
}
otherwise your should define copy constructor for your String class.
You need to provide copy constructor and assignment operator.
There are a lot of problems with your code.
You are managing your own memory. You should avoid doing this if at all possible.
You are consitantly forgetting that strings have a null terminator. In order to accomodate the strin Hello, world! you need a char buffer that is 14 bytes, not 13.
You have a len member variable that does effectively the same thing as the strlen function, except for the inconsistent consideration of #1 above.
Your string class does not have a copy constructor, which results in wild pointers and eventually crashes.
Here is a refactoring of your code that pretty much works.
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
class String {
private:
char * value;
// size_t len;
friend ostream & operator<<(ostream & os, String s);
public:
String();
String(const char * base);
String(const String& rhs)
{
value = new char[strlen(rhs.value)+1];
strcpy(value,rhs.value);
}
~String();
String operator+(String s);
String operator*(int n);
size_t length();
};
String::String() {
this->value = new char[0];
}
String::String(const char * base) {
this->value = new char[strlen(base)+1];
strcpy(this->value, base);
}
String::~String() {
delete [] this->value;
}
size_t String::length() {
return strlen(value);
}
String String::operator+(String s) {
String n;
delete [] n.value;
cout << "Upon entering, I am: \"" << *this << "\"\n";
n.value = new char[strlen(value)+strlen(s.value)+1];
for(int i = 0; i < strlen(value); i++) {
n.value[i] = this->value[i];
}
for(int i = 0; i < strlen(s.value); i++) {
n.value[i + strlen(value)] = s.value[i];
}
n.value[strlen(value)+strlen(s.value)] = '\0';
cout << "String::operator+(" << *this << ", " << s << ") succeeded with new value = \"" << n << "\"\n";
return n;
}
String String::operator*(int n) {
String s;
delete [] s.value;
s.value = new char[(strlen(value)*n)+1];
for(int i = 0; i < strlen(value) * n; i++) {
s.value[i] = this->value[i % strlen(value)];
}
s.value[strlen(value)*n] = '\0';
cout << "String::operator* succeeded with new value = \"" << s << "\"\n";
return s;
}
ostream & operator<<(ostream & os, String s) {
return os << s.value;
}
int main() {
String s("Hello, world!");
cout << s << "\nLength = " << s.length() << "\n\n";
cout << (s + String("\n")) * 5;
return 0;
}