I am creating a C++ class which takes certain parameters during initialization and has some functions based on its private variables, something like the compute function here:
class A {
public:
A(int x){
a = x;
}
int compute(int y){
if (a == 0){
return y*y;
}
else if (a == 1){
return 2*y;
}
else{
return y;
}
}
private:
int a;
};
// usage
A myA(1); // private variables set only once
myA.compute(10); // this will check value of a
myA.compute(1); // this will check value of a
Given that the private variables are set during initialization and will not be changed again, is there any efficient way to avoid the condition check related to the private variables during runtime?
Any and all assistance is appreciated. Thank you
You can template the function compute() on an int and use the template value as parameter. You can see the result at https://godbolt.org/z/14Mh4E
class A {
public:
A(int x) {
a = x;
}
template <int y>
constexpr int compute() const {
if (a == 0) {
return y * y;
}
else if (a == 1) {
return 2 * y;
}
else {
return y;
}
}
private:
int a;
};
// usage
A myA(1); // private variables set only once
myA.compute<10>(); // this will check value of a
myA.compute<1>(); // this will check value of a
You could avoid the condition check if you would use e.g. a function object as a member, and set this conditioned on the value of variable a.
Anyway, I don't think that the condition check will be big performance issue. But this will depend on your application of course.
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
class A {
public:
A(int x)
: a { x }
{
if (a == 0){
compute = [](int y){ return y*y; };
}
else if (a == 1){
compute = [](int y){ return 2*y; };
}
else{
compute = [](int y){ return y; };
}
}
std::function<int(int)> compute;
private:
int a;
};
// usage
int main()
{
A myA(1); // private variables set only once
std::cout << myA.compute(10) << std::endl;
std::cout << myA.compute(1) << std::endl;
return 0;
}
You can guarantee the conditions are evaluated at compile time by using constexpr. Note that in this case you must use C++14 for constexpr compute(...), as multiple return statements are only suppoerted in constexpr functions after C++14.
#include <iostream>
class A {
public:
constexpr A(const int x): a(x) { }
constexpr int compute(const int y) const {
// Multiple return statements inside a constexpr function
// requires C++14 or above.
if (a == 0) {
return y*y;
}
else if (a == 1) {
return 2*y;
}
else {
return y;
}
}
private:
int a;
};
int main() {
constexpr A myA(1);
constexpr int num = myA.compute(123);
std::cout << num << std::endl;
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
This page contains a good explanation of constexpr, as well as examples.
If parameters are runtime value, I don't see an optimal way to avoid condition or jump.
You can trade your condition by virtual call:
struct A
{
virtual ~A() = default;
virtual int compute(int) = 0;
};
struct A0 { int compute(int y) override { return y * y; } };
struct A1 { int compute(int y) override { return 2 * y; } };
struct AN { int compute(int y) override { return y; } };
std::unique_ptr<A> makeA(int a)
{
switch (a) {
case 0: return std::make_unique<A0>();
case 0: return std::make_unique<A1>();
default: return std::make_unique<AN>();
}
}
(compiler might devirtualize the call if type is known at compile time)
or "equivalent":
struct A
{
int (*f)(int); // or even std::function<int(int)> f; if you need capture.
A(int a) : f(a == 0 ? +[](int y) { return y * y; }
: a == 1 ? +[](int y) { return 2 * y; }
: +[](int y) { return y; })
{}
int compute(int y) { return f(y); }
};
(erased-type is harder for compiler to devirtualize)
Related
Consider the following example:
func(cond, block_A, block_B) {
if(cond) {
block_A; // Run all the statements in the block A
} else {
block_B; // Run all the statements in the block B
}
}
int main() {
block_A = {
y = 1;
std::cout << (y);
// statement continues ...
}
block_B = {
z = 1;
std::cout << (z);
// statement continues ...
}
func(true, block_A, block_C);
}
Is there any way to pass a block of statements as an argument to the function call?
You can pass callables to func and use lambda expressions:
#include <iostream>
template <typename F,typename G>
void func(bool cond, F a, G b) {
if(cond) {
a(); // Run all the statements in the block A
} else {
b(); // Run all the statements in the block B
}
}
int main() {
auto block_A = [](){
int y = 1;
std::cout << y;
};
auto block_B = [](){
int z = 1;
std::cout << z;
};
func(true, block_A, block_B);
}
I implemented the lambda-calculus in C++, but now I don't know how to get out of it. I would like to test if my functions return the right thing, but I cant compare the result, since it is a funtion. Does anyone have an idea how I could test my code?
#include <functional>
class function :
public std::function<function (function)> {
public: using type =
std::function<function (function)>;
public: using type::function;
};
function True = [](function x) {
return [&](function y) {
return x;
};
};
function False = [](function x) {
return [&](function y) {
return y;
};
};
function If = [](function x) {
return [&](function y) {
return [&](function z) {
return x(y)(z);
};
};
};
function And = [](function x) {
return [&](function y) {
return x(y)(x);
};
};
function Or = [](function x) {
return [&](function y) {
return x(x)(y);
};
};
// ...
int main()
{
// ?
}
I solved my problem with the following test code.
#include <cassert>
#include <exception>
template <typename E, typename F>
bool throws(F f)
try {
f();
return false;
}
catch (E const &) {
return true;
}
auto main() -> int
{
function Null;
assert(throws<std::bad_function_call>([&] { True(Null)(True)(True); }));
assert(throws<std::bad_function_call>([&] { False(True)(Null)(True); }));
}
The test for False worked, but the test for True didn't. The first assert did not pass and I don't know why. When I capture x by value instead of by reference ([&] -> [=]) everything works.
New code for True:
function True = [](function x) {
return [=](function y) {
return x;
};
};
Does anyone know why it doesn't work if I capture by reference?
My code looks now like this (I just replaced all [&] by [=] and used private inheritance):
class function :
private std::function<function (function)> {
public: using type =
std::function<function (function)>;
public: using type::function;
public: using type::operator();
public: using type::operator bool;
};
function True = [](function t) {
return [=](function f) {
return t;
};
};
function False = [](function t) {
return [=](function f) {
return f;
};
};
function If = [](function x) {
return [=](function t) {
return [=](function f) {
return x(t)(f);
};
};
};
function And = [](function x) {
return [=](function y) {
return x(y)(x);
};
};
function Or = [](function x) {
return [=](function y) {
return x(x)(y);
};
};
And the tests look like this:
auto main() -> int
{
function Null;
assert( True(True)(Null));
assert(!True(Null)(True));
assert( False(Null)(True));
assert(!False(True)(Null));
assert( If(True )(True)(Null));
assert(!If(True )(Null)(True));
assert( If(False)(Null)(True));
assert(!If(False)(True)(Null));
assert(And(False)(False) (Null)(True));
assert(And(False)(True ) (Null)(True));
assert(And(True )(False) (Null)(True));
assert(And(True )(True ) (True)(Null));
assert(Or(False)(False) (Null)(True));
assert(Or(False)(True ) (True)(Null));
assert(Or(True )(False) (True)(Null));
assert(Or(True )(True ) (True)(Null));
}
When I create a function such as:
int addThree(int x=1, int y=1, int z=1)
I want to call the function such that it uses the default arguments for x and z, but not y.
Some attempts have been addThree(5,,5) and addThree(5,NULL,5), but neither work effectively.
The default arguments must be at the last of your list, so do as follows
int addThree(int y , int x = 1, int z = 1)
{
//some stuff
return someInt;
}
, hence you can call it as
int ans = addThree(4);
Default arguments in C++, need to be specified in immediate succession, and cannot be succeeded by a non-default parameter.
So, something like
int sum(int x = 0, int y, int z = 0) {
return (x + y + z);
}
is forbidden in C++
The function needs to be as follows:
#include <iostream>
int sum(int x, int y = 0, int z = 0) {
return (x + y + z);
}
int main() {
std::cout << sum(1) << "\n";//calls sum(1,0,0)
std::cout << sum(1,2) << "\n";//calls sum(1,2,0)
return 0;
}
However, while specifying default arguments, you always need to take care in function overloading. The overloaded functions cannot be called ambiguously..
So a code like:
#include <iostream>
int sum(int x, int y = 0, int z = 0) {
return (x + y + z);
}
float sum(int x, float y = 0.0, float z = 0.0) {
return (float(x) + y + z);
}
int main() {
std::cout << sum(1) << "\n";
return 0;
}
does not compile and righty produces ambiguity error, as the compiler does not understand
Whether it should call the first sum, or the second sum.
If you're consistently passing a value for one parameter and using the defaults for the others, you can rearrange the parameters to the one you need to pass is first, and the ones for which you use defaults come later. But that only works if it's essentially always the same ones for which you supply a value vs. use the defaults.
Otherwise, if you need something similar to the basic capability badly enough, you can pass an instance of a class, and have that class implement the named parameter idiom.
class triplet {
int x_ {1};
int y_ {1};
int z_ {1};
public:
triplet &x(int val) { x_ = val; return *this; }
triplet &y(int val) { y_ = val; return *this; }
triplet &z(int val) { z_ = val; return *this; }
int x() const { return x_; }
int y() const { return y_; }
int z() const { return z_; }
};
int addThree(triplet const &t) {
return oldAddThree(t.x(), t.y(), t.z());
}
int ans = addThree(triplet().x(4));
This lets you use the defaults for as many or few of the values you need as you want, and override only those that you actually want to. On the other hand, it does add a fair amount of syntactic overhead, so you have to want the capability pretty badly to bother.
I have been reading for a while, but today I can't figure someting out and find a solution.
How to return a function pointer from a function table as parameter? All similair solutions don't work for this one and end up not compiling.
I have tried a lot of methods but the compiler always returns with errors like:
function returning function is not allowed solution (when using typedef void (*func)();)
As NO parameters have to be passed into the final routine it should be possible.
My simplified example:
void PrintOne(void) { printf("One")};
void PrintTwo(void) { printf("Two")};
struct ScanListStruct
{
int Value;
void (*Routine)(void);
}
const ScanListStruct DoList[] =
{
{1, PrintOne},
{2, PrintTwo}
}
bool GetRoutine(void *Ptr, int Nr)
{
for (int x =0; x<=1; x++)
{
if (DoList[x].Value = Nr)
{
Ptr = DoList[(x)].Routine;
//((*DoList[(x)].Routine)()); // Original Working and executing version!
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
void main(void)
{
int y = 1;
void (*RoutineInMain)(); // Define
if (GetRoutine( RoutineInMain, y) == true) // get the address
{
RoutineInMain(); // Execute the function
}
}
There a few things wrong with the code;
Syntax errors (missing ; etc.)
main must return int
GetRoutine should accept the function pointer by reference, not just a void* pointer to anything
if condition should contain an equality test, not an assignment
As follows, works as expected;
void PrintOne(void) { printf("One"); };
void PrintTwo(void) { printf("Two"); };
struct ScanListStruct
{
int Value;
void (*Routine)(void);
};
const ScanListStruct DoList[] =
{
{1, &PrintOne},
{2, &PrintTwo}
};
bool GetRoutine(void (*&Ptr)(), int Nr)
{
for (int x =0; x<=1; x++)
{
if (DoList[x].Value == Nr)
{
Ptr = *DoList[(x)].Routine;
//((*DoList[(x)].Routine)()); // Original Working and executing version!
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
int main(void)
{
int y = 1;
void (*RoutineInMain)(); // Define
if (GetRoutine( RoutineInMain, y) == true) // get the address
{
RoutineInMain(); // Execute the function
}
}
Prints One.
You have lots of errors in your code. Like here you put the comas at the wrong place:
void PrintOne(void) { printf("One")};
void PrintTwo(void) { printf("Two")};
It should be
void PrintOne(void) { printf("One");}
void PrintTwo(void) { printf("Two");}
And here you are using the wrong operator, = instead of ==.
if (DoList[x].Value = Nr)
When the argument Ptr is a pointer, and that is passed by value, so the value assigned in the function will not be available when the function returns.
This is how your code should be:
void PrintOne(void) { printf("One"); }
void PrintTwo(void) { printf("Two"); }
typedef void(*prototype)();
struct ScanListStruct
{
int Value;
prototype Routine;
};
const ScanListStruct DoList[] =
{
{ 1, PrintOne },
{ 2, PrintTwo }
};
bool GetRoutine(prototype &Ptr, int Nr)
{
for (int x = 0; x <= 1; x++)
{
if (DoList[x].Value == Nr)
{
Ptr = DoList[(x)].Routine;
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
int main()
{
int y = 1;
prototype RoutineInMain; // Define
if (GetRoutine(RoutineInMain, y) == true) // get the address
{
RoutineInMain(); // Execute the function
}
return 0;
}
I have a function executor which is called with function pointer and a general function origin which I wan't to pass with different parameters a and b to the executor. How can it be done?
Here is what I have tried so far:
#include <iostream>
void executor(float (*f)(float)) {
float x = 1.;
std::cout << (*f)(x) << std::endl;
}
float original(float x,float a,float b) {
return a*x + b;
}
//// Works as expected
float a = 1;
float b = 2;
float wrapped(float x) {
return original(x,a,b);
}
void call_executor_global() {
executor(wrapped);
}
//// FIRST TRY
// void call_executor_func(float a, float b) {
// float wrapped(float x) {
// return original(x,a,b);
// }
// executor(wrapped);
// }
//// SECOND TRY
// struct Wrapper {
// float a;
// float b;
// float func(float x) {
// return original(x,a,b);
// }
// };
// void call_executor_struct(float a, float b) {
// Wrapper wrapped;
// wrapped.a = a;
// wrapped.b = b;
// executor(wrapped.func);
// }
int main()
{
call_executor_global();
// call_executor_func(1,2);
// call_executor_struct(1,2);
}
You can wrap a function using several methods. It is easier if you make executor a function template.
template <typename F>
void executor(F f) {
float x = 1.;
std::cout << f(x) << std::endl;
}
Use a global function
float a = 1;
float b = 2;
float wrapped(float x) {
return original(x,a,b);
}
void call_executor_global1() {
executor(wrapped);
}
Use a lambda function
float a = 1;
float b = 2;
void call_executor_global2() {
executor([](float x) {return original(x, a, b);});
}
Use a functor
float a = 1;
float b = 2;
void call_executor_global3() {
struct wrapper
{
float operator()(float x) { return original(x, a, b); }
};
executor(wrapper());
}
See all of them working at http://ideone.com/rDKHC1.