unpredictable C++ sleep/wait behavior - c++

Question

I must be doing something stupid because I am getting the weirdest behavior from this simple sleep code. Originally I was using std::this_thread::sleep_for and got the same results but assumed it must have been some thread strangeness. However, I am getting the same seemingly out-of-order waiting with the code below. Same results with clang++ or g++. I am on Debian and compiling at the command line.
Expected behavior:
Shutting down in 3... [wait one second] 2... [wait one second] 1... [wait one second; program exit]
Actual behavior:
[3 second long wait] Shutting down in 3... 2... 1... [program exit]
#include<chrono>
#include<iostream>
void Sleep(int i) {
auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
auto now = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
while (std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(now-start).count() < i)
now = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
}
void ShutdownCountdown(int i) {
if (i <= 0) return;
std::cout << "Shutting down in ";
for (; i != 0; --i) {
std::cout << i << "... ";
Sleep(1);
}
std::cout << std::endl << std::endl;
}
int main (int argc, char *argv[]) {
ShutdownCountdown(3);
return 0;
}

Answer 1

Normally iostreams do not flush until a newline is encountered. Since you don't output an EOL character, you need to explicitly flush to get the output printed:
std::cout << i << "... " << std::flush;
Unrelated, but note also the CPU getting a bit hot when you run your program. To save energy, consider changing the busy loop back to a real sleep:
for (; i != 0; --i) {
std::cout << i << "... " << std::flush;
std::this_thread::sleep_for(1s);
}
The nifty "1s" syntax is possible with using namespace std::chrono_literals; at the beginning of the program.

Answer 2

#include<chrono>
#include<iostream>
void Sleep(int i) {
auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
auto now = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
while (std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(now-start).count() < i)
now = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
}
void ShutdownCountdown(int i) {
if (i <= 0) return;
std::cout << "Shutting down in "<<std::flush;
for (; i != 0; --i) {
std::cout << i << "... "<<std::flush;
Sleep(1);
}
std::cout << std::endl << std::endl;
}
int main (int argc, char *argv[]) {
ShutdownCountdown(3);
return 0;
}