How to find a sequence of letter in a given string? - c++

My string is "AAABBAABABB",
and I want to get the result as
A = 3
B = 2
A = 2
B = 1
A = 1
B = 2
I have tried to use
for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
if (msg[i] == msg[i + 1]) {
if(msg[i]==A)
a++;
else
b++;
}
}
I tried this by it didn't work for me. And I don't understand if there any other ways to find it out. Please help me out.

Iterate through the array by followings:
If i = 0, we can set a variable as 0th character and counter by 1.
If ith character is equal to the previous character, we can increase the counter.
If ith character is not equal to the (i-1)th character we can print the character, counter and start counting the new character.
Try the following snippet:
char ch = msg[0];
int cnt = 1;
for (int i = 1; i < n; i ++){
if(msg[i] != msg[i-1]){
cout<<ch<<" "<<cnt<<endl;
cnt = 1;
ch = msg[i];
}
else {
cnt++;
}
}
cout<<ch<<" "<<cnt<<endl;

You can use std::vector<std::pair<char, std::size_t>> to store character occurrences.
Eventually, you would have something like:
#include <iostream>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
int main() {
std::vector<std::pair<char, std::size_t>> occurrences;
std::string str{ "AAABBAABABB" };
for (auto const c : str) {
if (!occurrences.empty() && occurrences.back().first == c) {
occurrences.back().second++;
} else {
occurrences.emplace_back(c, 1);
}
}
for (auto const& it : occurrences) {
std::cout << it.first << " " << it.second << std::endl;
}
return 0;
}
It will output:
A 3
B 2
A 2
B 1
A 1
B 2
Demo

This is very similar to run length encoding. I think the simplest way (less line of codes) I can think of is like this:
void runLength(const char* msg) {
const char *p = msg;
while (p && *p) {
const char *start = p++; // start of a run
while (*p == *start) p++; // move p to next run (different run)
std::cout << *start << " = " << (p - start) << std::endl;
}
}
Please note that:
This function does not need to know the length of input string before hand, it will stop at the end of string, the '\0'.
It also works for empty string and NULL. Both these work: runLength(""); runLength(nullptr);
I can not comment yet, if you look carefully, mahbubcseju's code does not work for empty msg.

With std, you might do:
void print_sequence(const std::string& s)
{
auto it = s.begin();
while (it != s.end()) {
auto next = std::adjacent_find(it, s.end(), std::not_equal_to<>{});
next = next == s.end() ? s.end() : next + 1;
std::cout << *it << " = " << std::distance(it, next) << std::endl;
it = next;
}
}
Demo

Welcome to stackoverflow. Oooh, an algorithm problem? I'll add a recursive example:
#include <iostream>
void countingThing( const std::string &input, size_t index = 1, size_t count = 1 ) {
if( input.size() == 0 ) return;
if( input[index] != input[index - 1] ) {
std::cout << input[index - 1] << " = " << count << std::endl;
count = 0;
}
if( index < input.size() ) return countingThing( input, index + 1, count + 1 );
}
int main() {
countingThing( "AAABBAABABB" );
return 0;
}
To help work out algorithms and figuring out what to write in your code, I suggest a few steps:
First, write out your problem in multiple ways, what sort of input it expects and how you would like the output to be.
Secondly, try and solve it on paper, how the logic would work - a good tip to this is try to understand how YOU would solve it. Your brain is a good problem solver, and if you can listen to what it does, you can turn it into code (it isn't always the most efficient, though).
Thirdly, work it out on paper, see if your solution does what you expect it to do by following your steps by hand. Then you can translate the solution to code, knowing exactly what you need to write.

Related

Find prefix within a string

I'm currently doing a leetcode question where I have to find a prefix within a sentence and return the word number within the sentence else return -1. I came up with a solution but it crashes with some strings and i dont know why. An example of this is the following:
Input: sentence = "i love eating burger", searchWord = "burg"
Output: 4 (I also get an output of 4)
Explanation: "burg" is prefix of "burger" which is the 4th word in the sentence.
but fails this example:
Input: sentence = "this problem is an easy problem", searchWord = "pro"
Output: 2 ( I get an output of 6)
Explanation: "pro" is prefix of "problem" which is the 2nd and the 6th word in the sentence, but we return 2 as it's the minimal index.
My cout for this one produced a very weird snippet:
problem is an easy problem
problem is an easy problem
problem is an easy problem
problem is an easy problem
probl
proble
problem
problem
problem i
problem is
it completely ignored the first couple substrings when i increments, this is the only time it happens tho.
int isPrefixOfWord(string sentence, string searchWord)
{
string sub;
int count = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < sentence.length(); i++)
{
if (sentence[i] == ' ')
count++;
for (int j = i; j < sentence.length(); j++)
{
sub = sentence.substr(i, j);
cout<<sub<<endl;
if (sub == searchWord)
{
return count;
}
}
}
return -1;
}
Any Ideas?
int isPrefixOfWord(string sentence, string searchWord)
{
string sub;
int count = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < sentence.length() - searchWord.length() - 1; i++)
{
if (sentence[i] == ' ')
count++;
sub = sentence.substr(i,searchWord.length());
if ( sub == searchWord && (sentence[i-1] == ' ' || i == 0))
{
return count;
}
}
return -1;
}
A very simple C++20 solution using starts_with:
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>
int isPrefixOfWord(std::string sentence, std::string searchWord)
{
int count = 1;
std::istringstream strm(sentence);
std::string word;
while (strm >> word)
{
if ( word.starts_with(searchWord) )
return count;
++count;
}
return -1;
}
int main()
{
std::cout << isPrefixOfWord("i love eating burger", "burg") << "\n";
std::cout << isPrefixOfWord("this problem is an easy problem", "pro") << "\n";
std::cout << isPrefixOfWord("this problem is an easy problem", "lo");
}
Output:
4
2
-1
Currently, LeetCode and many other of the online coding sites do not support C++20, thus this code will not compile successfully on those online platforms.
Therefore, here is a live example using a C++20 compiler
We can just use std::basic_stringstream for solving this problem. This'll pass through:
// The following block might slightly improve the execution time;
// Can be removed;
static const auto __optimize__ = []() {
std::ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
std::cin.tie(nullptr);
std::cout.tie(nullptr);
return 0;
}();
// Most of headers are already included;
// Can be removed;
#include <cstdint>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
static const struct Solution {
static const int isPrefixOfWord(
const std::string sentence,
const std::string_view search_word
) {
std::basic_stringstream stream_sentence(sentence);
std::size_t index = 1;
std::string word;
while (stream_sentence >> word) {
if (!word.find(search_word)) {
return index;
}
++index;
}
return -1;
}
};
The bug that effects the function output is that you aren't handling the increment of i within your inner for loop:
for (int i = 0; i < sentence.length(); i++)
{
if (sentence[i] == ' ')
count++;
for (int j = i; j < sentence.length(); j++)
{
sub = sentence.substr(i, j);
cout<<sub<<endl;
if (sub == searchWord)
{
return count;
}
}
}
Notice that once your inner-loop is complete that i always iterates by one. So your next search through a word will incorrectly start at its next character, which incorrectly searches for "sub-words" instead of only prefixes, and so creates false positives (and unnecessary work).
Also note that every time that you do:
(sub == searchWord)
That this checks all j characters, even though we're only interested in whether the new jth character is a match.
Another bug, which effects your performance and your couts is that you're not handling mismatches:
if (sub == searchWord)
...is never false, so the only way to exit the inner loop is to keep increments j till the end of the array, so sub ends up being large.
A way to fix your second bug is to replace your inner loop like so:
if (sentence.substr(i, i + searchWord.length()) == searchWord)
return count;
and finally, to fix all bugs:
int isPrefixOfWord (const string & sentence, const string & searchWord)
{
if (sentence.length() < searchWord.length())
return -1;
const size_t i_max = sentence.length() - searchWord.length();
for (size_t i = 0, count = 1; ; ++count)
{
// flush spaces:
while (sentence[i] == ' ')
{
if (i >= i_max)
return -1;
++i;
}
if (sentence.substr(i, searchWord.length()) == searchWord)
return count;
// flush word:
while (sentence[i] != ' ')
{
if (i >= i_max)
return -1;
++i;
}
}
return -1;
}
Note that substr provides a copy of the object (it's not just a wrapper around a string), so this takes linear time with respect to searchWord.length(), which is particularly bad the word within sentence is smaller.
We can improve the speed by replacing
if (sentence.substr(i, searchWord.length()) == searchWord)
return count;
...with
for (size_t j = 0; sentence[i] == searchWord[j]; )
{
++j;
if (j == searchWord.size())
return count;
++i;
}
Others have shown nice applications of the libraries that help solve the problem.
If you don't have access to those libraries for your assignment, or if you just want to learn how you could modularise a problem like this without loosing efficiency, then here's a way to do it in c++11 without any libraries (except string):
bool IsSpace (char c)
{
return c == ' ';
}
bool NotSpace (char c)
{
return c != ' ';
}
class PrefixFind
{
using CharChecker = bool (*)(char);
template <CharChecker Condition>
void FlushWhile ()
{
while ((m_index < sentence.size())
&& Condition(sentence[m_index]))
++m_index;
}
void FlushWhiteSpaces ()
{
FlushWhile<IsSpace>();
}
void FlushToNextWord ()
{
FlushWhile<NotSpace>();
FlushWhile<IsSpace>();
}
bool PrefixMatch ()
{
// SearchOngoing() must equal `true`
size_t j = 0;
while (sentence[m_index] == search_prefix[j])
{
++j;
if (j == search_prefix.size())
return true;
++m_index;
}
return false;
}
bool SearchOngoing () const
{
return m_index + search_prefix.size() <= sentence.size();
}
const std::string & sentence;
const std::string & search_prefix;
size_t m_index;
public:
PrefixFind (const std::string & s, const std::string & sw)
: sentence(s),
search_prefix(sw)
{}
int FirstMatchingWord ()
{
const int NO_MATCHES = -1;
if (!search_prefix.length())
return NO_MATCHES;
m_index = 0;
FlushWhiteSpaces();
for (int n = 1; SearchOngoing(); ++n)
{
if (PrefixMatch())
return n;
FlushToNextWord();
}
return NO_MATCHES;
}
};
In terms of speed: If we consider the length of sentence to be m, and the length of searchWord to be n, then original (buggy) code had O(n*m^2) time complexity. But with this improvement we get O(m).

Prevent loop from echoing if another same-value array element has been already echoed in C++

First of all, sorry for the mis-worded title. I couldn't imagine a better way to put it.
The problem I'm facing is as follows: In a part of my program, the program counts occurences of different a-zA-Z letters and then tells how many of each letters can be found in an array. The problem, however, is this:
If I have an array that consists of A;A;F;A;D or anything similar, the output will be this:
A - 3
A - 3
F - 1
A - 3
D - 1
But I am required to make it like this:
A - 3
F - 1
D - 1
I could solve the problem easily, however I can't use an additional array to check what values have been already echoed. I know why it happens, but I don't know a way to solve it without using an additional array.
This is the code snippet (the array simply consists of characters, not worthy of adding it to the snippet):
n is the size of array the user is asked to choose at the start of the program (not included in the snippet).
initburts is the current array member ID that is being compared against all other values.
burts is the counter that is being reset after the loop is done checking a letter and moves onto the next one.
do {
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (array[initburts] == array[i]) {
burts++;
}
}
cout << "\n\n" << array[initburts] << " - " << burts;
initburts++;
burts = 0;
if (initburts == n) {
isDone = true;
}
}
while (isDone == false);
Do your counting first, then loop over your counts printing the results.
std::map<decltype(array[0]), std::size_t> counts;
std::for_each(std::begin(array), std::end(array), [&counts](auto& item){ ++counts[item]; });
std::for_each(std::begin(counts), std::end(counts), [](auto& pair) { std::cout << "\n\n" << pair.first << " - " pair.second; });
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
// first check if we printed this character already;
// this is the case if the same character occurred
// before the current one:
bool isNew = true;
for (j = 0; j < i; j++)
{
// you find out yourself, do you?
// do not forget to break the loop
// in case of having detected an equal value!
}
if(isNew)
{
// well, now we can count...
unsigned int count = 1;
for(int j = i + 1; j < n; ++j)
count += array[j] == array[i];
// appropriate output...
}
}
That would do the trick and retains the array as is, however is an O(n²) algorithm. More efficient (O(n*log(n))) is sorting the array in advance, then you can just iterate over the array once. Of course, original array sequence gets lost then:
std::sort(array, array + arrayLength);
auto start = array;
for(auto current = array + 1; current != array + arrayLength; ++current)
{
if(*current != *start)
{
auto char = *start;
auto count = current - start;
// output char and count appropriately
}
}
// now we yet lack the final character:
auto char = *start;
auto count = array + arrayLength - start;
// output char and count appropriately
Pointer arithmetic... Quite likely that your teacher gets suspicious if you just copy this code, but it should give you the necessary hints to make up your own variant (use indices instead of pointers...).
I would do it this way.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
string s;
vector<int> capCount(26, 0), smallCount(26, 0);
cout << "Enter the string\n";
cin >> s;
for(int i = 0; i < s.length(); ++i)
{
char c = s.at(i);
if(c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z')
++capCount[(int)c - 65];
if(c >= 'a' && c <= 'z')
++smallCount[(int)c - 97];
}
for(int i = 0; i < 26; ++i)
{
if(capCount[i] > 0)
cout << (char) (i + 65) << ": " << capCount[i] << endl;
if(smallCount[i] > 0)
cout << (char) (i + 97) << ": " << smallCount[i] << endl;
}
}
Note: I have differentiated lower and upper case characters.
Here's is the sample output:
output

How to convert a string of integer numbers into an array in c++?

The problem:
A function which gets degrees and factors as inputs and returns a equation as output.
The issue:
I did not know how to read an array of numbers in form of a string in c++ back then in 2016 when I was a super junior. I also did not know how to search good enough!
Update:
I answered my question and you can test this in this link: http://cpp.sh/42dwz
Answer details:
Main part of the code will be like this:
int main()
{
Poly mypoly("2 -4 3", "1 5 1");
return 0;
}
Inputs are 2 -4 3 and 1 5 1.
Output should be (2X) + (-4X5) + (3X)
Class Poly has a built-in feature to print the result
To make it easier we should convert degrees and factors from a single string into an array of strings.
This means that a string like 2 -4 3 changes into [2, -4, 3] which makes it easy to iterate over items and create equation sentences
This action is called splitting a string into an array by a delimiter which I found here for c++ https://stackoverflow.com/a/16030594/5864034
Rest of the code is just looping over the array of degrees and factors to create sentences(which is pretty easy just check the answer link http://cpp.sh/42dwz)
The code:
// Example program
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <iterator>
using namespace std;
template <size_t N>
void splitString(string (&arr)[N], string str)
{
int n = 0;
istringstream iss(str);
for (auto it = istream_iterator<string>(iss); it != istream_iterator<string>() && n < N; ++it, ++n)
arr[n] = *it;
}
class Poly {
public:
string degree[10];
string factor[10];
Poly(string input_degree, string input_factor) {
splitString(degree, input_degree);
splitString(factor, input_factor);
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++){
int this_degree = stoi(degree[i]);
int this_factor = stoi(factor[i]);
string this_sentence = "";
if(this_degree != 1 && this_degree != 0 ){
this_sentence = this_sentence + degree[i];
if(this_factor != 0){
if(this_factor != 1){
this_sentence = this_sentence + "X" + factor[i];
}else{
this_sentence = this_sentence + "X";
}
}
}
if(this_sentence != ""){
cout << "(" << this_sentence << ")";
}
if(stoi(degree[i+1]) != 0 && stoi(degree[i+1]) != 1){
cout << " + ";
}
}
}
};
int main()
{
Poly mypoly("2 -4 3", "1 5 1");
return 0;
}
The process of reading a string and extracting information from it into some sort of structure is called parsing. There are many ways to do this, and which way is appropriate depends on exactly what you want to do, how quickly it needs to run, how much memory you've got available and various other things.
You can write a simple loop which steps over each character and decides what to do based on some variables that store current state - so you might have a flag that says you're in the middle of a number, you see another digit so you add that digit to another variable which is collecting the digits of the current number. When the current number completes (perhaps you find a character which is a space), you can take what's in the accumulator variable and parse that into a number using the standard library.
Or you can make use of standard library features more fully. For your example, you'll find that std::istringstream can do what you want, out of the box, just by telling it to extract ints from it repeatedly until the end of the stream. I'd suggest searching for a good C++ input stream tutorial - anything that applies to reading from standard input using std::cin will be relevant, as like std::istringstream, cin is an input stream and so has the same interface.
Or you could use a full-blown parsing library such as boost::spirit - total overkill for your scenario, but if you ever need to do something like parsing a structured configuration file or an entire programming language, that kind of tool is very useful.
So for the community rules and to make it clear i want to answer my question.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <iterator>
using namespace std;
template <size_t N>
void splitString(string (&arr)[N], string str)
{
int n = 0;
istringstream iss(str);
for (auto it = istream_iterator<string>(iss); it != istream_iterator<string>() && n < N; ++it, ++n)
arr[n] = *it;
}
class Poly {
public:
string degree[10];
string factor[10];
Poly(string input_degree, string input_factor) {
splitString(degree, input_degree);
splitString(factor, input_factor);
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++){
int this_degree = stoi(degree[i]);
int this_factor = stoi(factor[i]);
string this_sentence = "";
if(this_degree != 1 && this_degree != 0 ){
this_sentence = this_sentence + degree[i];
if(this_factor != 0){
if(this_factor != 1){
this_sentence = this_sentence + "X" + factor[i];
}else{
this_sentence = this_sentence + "X";
}
}
}
if(this_sentence != ""){
cout << "(" << this_sentence << ")";
}
if(stoi(degree[i+1]) != 0 && stoi(degree[i+1]) != 1){
cout << " + ";
}
}
}
};
int main()
{
Poly mypoly("2 1 -4", "1 3 5");
return 0;
}

How would I cycle through all of the various possibilities in this situation?

I saw a programming assignment that I decided to try, and it's basically where the user inputs something like "123456789=120", and the program has to insert a '+' or '-' at different positions to make the statement true. For example, in this case, it could do 123+4-5+6-7+8-9 = 120. There are only 3^8 possible combinations, so I think it would be okay to brute force it, but I don't know exactly in what order I could go in/how to actually implement that. More specifically, I don't know what order I would go in in inserting the '+' and '-'. Here is what I have:
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
int string_to_integer(string);
int main()
{
string input, result_string;
int result, possibilities;
getline(cin, input);
//remove spaces
for(int i = 0; i < input.size(); i++)
{
if(input[i] == ' ')
{
input.erase(i, 1);
}
}
result_string = input.substr(input.find('=') + 1, input.length() - input.find('='));
result = string_to_integer(result_string);
input.erase(input.find('='), input.length() - input.find('='));
possibilities = pow(3, input.length() - 1);
cout << possibilities;
}
int string_to_integer(string substring)
{
int total = 0;
int power = 1;
for(int i = substring.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
total += (power * (substring[i] - 48));
power *= 10;
}
return total;
}
The basic idea: generate all the possible variations of +, - operators (including the case where the operator is missing), then parse the string and obtain the sum.
The approach: combinatorially, it is easy to show that we can do this by associating the operators (or the absence thereof) with the base-3 digits. So we can just iterate over every 8-digit ternary number, but instead of printing 0, 1 and 2, we will append a "+", a "-" or nothing before the next digit in the string.
Note that we do not actually need a string for this; one could use digits and operators etc. directly as well, computing the result on the fly. I only took the string-based approach because it's simple to explain, trivial to implement, and additionally, it gives us some visual feedback, which helps understanding the solution.
Now that we have constructed our string, we can just parse it; the simplest solution is to use the C standard library function strtol() for this purpose, which will take signs into account and it will return a signed integer. Because of this, we can just sum all the signed integers in a simple loop and we are done.
Code:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>
int main()
{
const char *ops = " +-";
// 3 ^ 8 = 6561
for (int i = 0; i < 6561; i++) {
// first, generate the line
int k = i;
std::string line = "1";
for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
if (k % 3)
line += ops[k % 3];
k /= 3;
line += (char)('2' + j);
}
// now parse it
int result = 0;
const char *s = line.c_str();
char *p;
while (*s) {
int num = strtol(s, &p, 10);
result += num;
s = p;
}
// output
std::cout << line << " = " << result << (result == 120 ? " MATCH" : "") << std::endl;
}
return 0;
}
Result:
h2co3-macbook:~ h2co3$ ./quirk | grep MATCH
12-3-45+67+89 = 120 MATCH
1+2-34-5+67+89 = 120 MATCH
12-3+4+5+6+7+89 = 120 MATCH
1-23+4+56-7+89 = 120 MATCH
1+2+34-5+6-7+89 = 120 MATCH
123+4+5-6-7-8+9 = 120 MATCH
1+2-3+45+6+78-9 = 120 MATCH
12-3+45+67+8-9 = 120 MATCH
123+4-5+6-7+8-9 = 120 MATCH
123-4+5+6+7-8-9 = 120 MATCH
h2co3-macbook:~ h2co3$
The following bool advance(string& s) function will give you all combinations of '+', '-' and ' ' strings of arbitrary length except one and return false if no more are available.
char advance(char c)
{
switch (c)
{
case ' ': return '+';
case '+': return '-';
default: case '-': return ' ';
}
}
bool advance(string& s)
{
for (int i = 0; i < s.size(); ++i)
if ((s[i] = advance(s[i])) != ' ')
return true;
return false;
}
You have to first feed it with a string containing only spaces having desired length and then repeat 'advancing' it. Usage:
string s = " ";
while (advance(s))
cout << '"' << s << '"' << endl;
The above code will print
"+ "
"- "
" + "
"++ "
"-+ "
" - "
.
.
.
" ---"
"+---"
"----"
Note that the 'first' combination with just 4 spaces is not printed.
You can interleave those combinations with your lhs, skipping spaces, to produce expressions.
Another very similar approach, in plain C OK, in C++ if you really want it that way ;) and a bit more configurable
The same base 3 number trick is used to enumerate the combinations of void, + and - operators.
The string is handled as a list of positive or negative values that are added together.
The other contribution is very compact and elegant, but uses some C tricks to shorten the code.
This one is hopefully a bit more detailled, albeit not as beautiful.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
void solver (const char * str, int result)
{
int op_max = pow(3, strlen(str)); // number of operator permutations
// loop through all possible operator combinations
for (int o = 0 ; o != op_max ; o++)
{
int res = 0; // computed operation result
int sign = 1; // sign of the current value
int val = str[0]-'0'; // read 1st digit
string litteral; // litteral display of the current operation
// parse remaining digits
int op;
for (unsigned i=1, op=o ; i != strlen (str) ; i++, op/=3)
{
// get current digit
int c = str[i]-'0';
// get current operator
int oper = op % 3;
// apply operator
if (oper == 0) val = 10*val + c;
else
{
// add previous value
litteral += sign*val;
res += sign*val;
// store next sign
sign = oper == 1 ? 1 : -1;
// start a new value
val = c;
}
}
// add last value
litteral += sign*val;
res += sign*val;
// check result
if (res == result)
{
cout << litteral << " = " << result << endl;
}
}
}
int main(void)
{
solver ("123456789", 120);
}
Note: I used std::strings out of laziness, though they are notoriously slow.

Check whether two strings are anagrams using C++

The program below I came up with for checking whether two strings are anagrams. Its working fine for small string but for larger strings ( i tried : listened , enlisted ) Its giving me a 'no !'
Help !
#include<iostream.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char str1[100], str2[100];
gets(str1);
gets(str2);
int i,j;
int n1=strlen(str1);
int n2=strlen(str2);
int c=0;
if(n1!=n2)
{
cout<<"\nThey are not anagrams ! ";
return 0;
}
else
{
for(i=0;i<n1;i++)
for(j=0;j<n2;j++)
if(str1[i]==str2[j])
++c;
}
if(c==n1)
cout<<"yes ! anagram !! ";
else
cout<<"no ! ";
system("pause");
return 0;
}
I am lazy, so I would use standard library functionality to sort both strings and then compare them:
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
bool is_anagram(std::string s1, std::string s2)
{
std::sort(s1.begin(), s1.end());
std::sort(s2.begin(), s2.end());
return s1 == s2;
}
A small optimization could be to check that the sizes of the strings are the same before sorting.
But if this algorithm proved to be a bottle-neck, I would temporarily shed some of my laziness and compare it against a simple counting solution:
Compare string lengths
Instantiate a count map, std::unordered_map<char, unsigned int> m
Loop over s1, incrementing the count for each char.
Loop over s2, decrementing the count for each char, then check that the count is 0
The algorithm also fails when asked to find if aa and aa are anagrams. Try tracing the steps of the algorithm mentally or in a debugger to find why; you'll learn more that way.
By the way.. The usual method for finding anagrams is counting how many times each letter appears in the strings. The counts should be equal for each letter. This approach has O(n) time complexity as opposed to O(n²).
bool areAnagram(char *str1, char *str2)
{
// Create two count arrays and initialize all values as 0
int count1[NO_OF_CHARS] = {0};
int count2[NO_OF_CHARS] = {0};
int i;
// For each character in input strings, increment count in
// the corresponding count array
for (i = 0; str1[i] && str2[i]; i++)
{
count1[str1[i]]++;
count2[str2[i]]++;
}
// If both strings are of different length. Removing this condition
// will make the program fail for strings like "aaca" and "aca"
if (str1[i] || str2[i])
return false;
// Compare count arrays
for (i = 0; i < NO_OF_CHARS; i++)
if (count1[i] != count2[i])
return false;
return true;
}
I see 2 main approaches below:
Sort then compare
Count the occurrences of each letter
It's interesting to see that Suraj's nice solution got one point (by me, at the time of writing) but a sort one got 22. The explanation is that performance wasn't in people's mind - and that's fine for short strings.
The sort implementation is only 3 lines long, but the counting one beats it square for long strings. It is much faster (O(N) versus O(NlogN)).
Got the following results with 500 MBytes long strings.
Sort - 162.8 secs
Count - 2.864 secs
Multi threaded Count - 3.321 secs
The multi threaded attempt was a naive one that tried to double the speed by counting in separate threads, one for each string. Memory access is the bottleneck and this is an example where multi threading makes things a bit worse.
I would be happy to see some idea that would speed up the count solution (think by someone good with memory latency issues, caches).
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int is_anagram(char* str1, char* str2){
if(strlen(str1)==strspn(str1,str2) && strlen(str1)==strspn(str2,str1) &&
strlen(str1)==strlen(str2))
return 1;
return 0;
}
int main(){
char* str1 = "stream";
char* str2 = "master";
if(is_anagram(str1,str2))
printf("%s and %s are anagram to each other",str1,str2);
else
printf("%s and %s are not anagram to each other",str1,str2);
return 0;
}
#include<iostream>
#include<unordered_map>
using namespace std;
int checkAnagram (string &str1, string &str2)
{
unordered_map<char,int> count1, count2;
unordered_map<char,int>::iterator it1, it2;
int isAnagram = 0;
if (str1.size() != str2.size()) {
return -1;
}
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < str1.size(); i++) {
if (count1.find(str1[i]) != count1.end()){
count1[str1[i]]++;
} else {
count1.insert(pair<char,int>(str1[i], 1));
}
}
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < str2.size(); i++) {
if (count2.find(str2[i]) != count2.end()) {
count2[str2[i]]++;
} else {
count2.insert(pair<char,int>(str2[i], 1));
}
}
for (unordered_map<char, int>::iterator itUm1 = count1.begin(); itUm1 != count1.end(); itUm1++) {
unordered_map<char, int>::iterator itUm2 = count2.find(itUm1->first);
if (itUm2 != count2.end()) {
if (itUm1->second != itUm2->second){
isAnagram = -1;
break;
}
}
}
return isAnagram;
}
int main(void)
{
string str1("WillIamShakespeare");
string str2("IamaWeakishSpeller");
cout << "checkAnagram() for " << str1 << "," << str2 << " : " << checkAnagram(str1, str2) << endl;
return 0;
}
It's funny how sometimes the best questions are the simplest.
The problem here is how to deduce whether two words are anagrams - a word being essentially an unsorted multiset of chars.
We know we have to sort, but ideally we'd want to avoid the time-complexity of sort.
It turns out that in many cases we can eliminate many words that are dissimilar in linear time by running through them both and XOR-ing the character values into an accumulator. The total XOR of all characters in both strings must be zero if both strings are anagrams, regardless of ordering. This is because anything xored with itself becomes zero.
Of course the inverse is not true. Just because the accumulator is zero does not mean we have an anagram match.
Using this information, we can eliminate many non-anagrams without a sort, short-circuiting at least the non-anagram case.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
//
// return a sorted copy of a string
//
std::string sorted(std::string in)
{
std::sort(in.begin(), in.end());
return in;
}
//
// check whether xor-ing the values in two ranges results in zero.
// #pre first2 addresses a range that is at least as big as (last1-first1)
//
bool xor_is_zero(std::string::const_iterator first1,
std::string::const_iterator last1,
std::string::const_iterator first2)
{
char x = 0;
while (first1 != last1) {
x ^= *first1++;
x ^= *first2++;
}
return x == 0;
}
//
// deduce whether two strings are the same length
//
bool same_size(const std::string& l, const std::string& r)
{
return l.size() == r.size();
}
//
// deduce whether two words are anagrams of each other
// I have passed by const ref because we may not need a copy
//
bool is_anagram(const std::string& l, const std::string& r)
{
return same_size(l, r)
&& xor_is_zero(l.begin(), l.end(), r.begin())
&& sorted(l) == sorted(r);
}
// test
int main() {
using namespace std;
auto s1 = "apple"s;
auto s2 = "eppla"s;
cout << is_anagram(s1, s2) << '\n';
s2 = "pppla"s;
cout << is_anagram(s1, s2) << '\n';
return 0;
}
expected:
1
0
Try this:
// Anagram. Two words are said to be anagrams of each other if the letters from one word can be rearranged to form the other word.
// From the above definition it is clear that two strings are anagrams if all characters in both strings occur same number of times.
// For example "xyz" and "zxy" are anagram strings, here every character 'x', 'y' and 'z' occur only one time in both strings.
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <unordered_map>
using namespace std;
bool IsAnagram_1( string w1, string w2 )
{
// Compare string lengths
if ( w1.length() != w2.length() )
return false;
sort( w1.begin(), w1.end() );
sort( w2.begin(), w2.end() );
return w1 == w2;
}
map<char, size_t> key_word( const string & w )
{
// Declare a map which is an associative container that will store a key value and a mapped value pairs
// The key value is a letter in a word and the maped value is the number of times this letter appears in the word
map<char, size_t> m;
// Step over the characters of string w and use each character as a key value in the map
for ( auto & c : w )
{
// Access the mapped value directly by its corresponding key using the bracket operator
++m[toupper( c )];
}
return ( m );
}
bool IsAnagram_2( const string & w1, const string & w2 )
{
// Compare string lengths
if ( w1.length() != w2.length() )
return false;
return ( key_word( w1 ) == key_word( w2 ) );
}
bool IsAnagram_3( const string & w1, const string & w2 )
{
// Compare string lengths
if ( w1.length() != w2.length() )
return false;
// Instantiate a count map, std::unordered_map<char, unsigned int> m
unordered_map<char, size_t> m;
// Loop over the characters of string w1 incrementing the count for each character
for ( auto & c : w1 )
{
// Access the mapped value directly by its corresponding key using the bracket operator
++m[toupper(c)];
}
// Loop over the characters of string w2 decrementing the count for each character
for ( auto & c : w2 )
{
// Access the mapped value directly by its corresponding key using the bracket operator
--m[toupper(c)];
}
// Check to see if the mapped values are all zeros
for ( auto & c : w2 )
{
if ( m[toupper(c)] != 0 )
return false;
}
return true;
}
int main( )
{
string word1, word2;
cout << "Enter first word: ";
cin >> word1;
cout << "Enter second word: ";
cin >> word2;
if ( IsAnagram_1( word1, word2 ) )
cout << "\nAnagram" << endl;
else
cout << "\nNot Anagram" << endl;
if ( IsAnagram_2( word1, word2 ) )
cout << "\nAnagram" << endl;
else
cout << "\nNot Anagram" << endl;
if ( IsAnagram_3( word1, word2 ) )
cout << "\nAnagram" << endl;
else
cout << "\nNot Anagram" << endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
}
In this approach I took care of empty strings and repeated characters as well. Enjoy it and comment any limitation.
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
bool is_anagram( const string a, const string b ){
std::map<char, int> m;
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < a.length(); i++) {
map<char, int>::iterator it = m.find(a[i]);
if (it == m.end()) {
m.insert(m.begin(), pair<char, int>(a[i], 1));
} else {
m[a[i]]++;
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < b.length(); i++) {
map<char, int>::iterator it = m.find(b[i]);
if (it == m.end()) {
m.insert(m.begin(), pair<char, int>(b[i], 1));
} else {
m[b[i]]--;
}
}
if (a.length() <= b.length()) {
for (int i = 0; i < a.length(); i++) {
if (m[a[i]] >= 0) {
count++;
} else
return false;
}
if (count == a.length() && a.length() > 0)
return true;
else
return false;
} else {
for (int i = 0; i < b.length(); i++) {
if (m[b[i]] >= 0) {
count++;
} else {
return false;
}
}
if (count == b.length() && b.length() > 0)
return true;
else
return false;
}
return true;
}
Check if the two strings have identical counts for each unique char.
bool is_Anagram_String(char* str1,char* str2){
int first_len=(int)strlen(str1);
int sec_len=(int)strlen(str2);
if (first_len!=sec_len)
return false;
int letters[256] = {0};
int num_unique_chars = 0;
int num_completed_t = 0;
for(int i=0;i<first_len;++i){
int char_letter=(int)str1[i];
if(letters[char_letter]==0)
++num_unique_chars;
++letters[char_letter];
}
for (int i = 0; i < sec_len; ++i) {
int c = (int) str2[i];
if (letters[c] == 0) { // Found more of char c in t than in s.
return false;
}
--letters[c];
if (letters[c] == 0) {
++num_completed_t;
if (num_completed_t == num_unique_chars) {
// it’s a match if t has been processed completely
return i == sec_len - 1;
}
}
}
return false;}
#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
const int MAX = 100;
char cadA[MAX];
char cadB[MAX];
bool chrLocate;
int i,m,n,j, contaChr;
void buscaChr(char [], char []);
int main() {
cout << "Ingresa CadA: ";
cin.getline(cadA, sizeof(cadA));
cout << "Ingresa CadB: ";
cin.getline(cadB, sizeof(cadA));
if ( strlen(cadA) == strlen(cadB) ) {
buscaChr(cadA,cadB);
} else {
cout << "No son Anagramas..." << endl;
}
return 0;
}
void buscaChr(char a[], char b[]) {
j = 0;
contaChr = 0;
for ( i = 0; ( (i < strlen(a)) && contaChr < 2 ); i++ ) {
for ( m = 0; m < strlen(b); m++ ) {
if ( a[i] == b[m]) {
j++;
contaChr++;
a[i] = '-';
b[m] = '+';
} else { contaChr = 0; }
}
}
if ( j == strlen(a)) {
cout << "SI son Anagramas..." << endl;
} else {
cout << "No son Anagramas..." << endl;
}
}
Your algorithm is incorrect. You're checking each character in the first word to see how many times that character appears in the second word. If the two words were 'aaaa', and 'aaaa', then that would give you a count of 16. A small alteration to your code would allow it to work, but give a complexity of N^2 as you have a double loop.
for(i=0;i<n1;i++)
for(j=0;j<n2;j++)
if(str1[i]==str2[j])
++c, str2[j] = 0; // 'cross off' letters as they are found.
I done some tests with anagram comparisons. Comparing two strings of 72 characters each (the strings are always true anagrams to get maximum number of comparisons), performing 256 same-tests with a few different STL containers...
template<typename STORAGE>
bool isAnagram(const string& s1, const string& s2, STORAGE& asciiCount)
{
for(auto& v : s1)
{
asciiCount[v]++;
}
for(auto& v : s2)
{
if(--asciiCount[static_cast<unsigned char>(v)] == -1)
{
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
Where STORAGE asciiCount =
map<char, int> storage; // 738us
unordered_map<char, int> storage; // 260us
vector<int> storage(256); // 43us
// g++ -std=c++17 -O3 -Wall -pedantic
This is the fastest I can get.
These are crude tests using coliru online compiler + and std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point for measurements, however they give a general idea of performance gains.
vector has the same performance, uses only 256 bytes, although strings are limited to 255 characters in length (also change to: --asciiCount[static_cast(v)] == 255 for unsigned char counting).
Assuming vector is the fastest. An improvement would be to just allocate a C style array unsigned char asciiCount[256]; on the stack (since STL containers allocate their memory dynamically on the heap)
You could probably reduce this storage to 128 bytes, 64 or even 32 bytes (ascii chars are typically in range 0..127, while A-Z+a-z 64.127, and just upper or lower case 64..95 or 96...127) although not sure what gains would be found from fitting this inside a cache line or half.
Any better ways to do this? For Speed, Memory, Code Elegance?
1. Simple and fast way with deleting matched characters
bool checkAnagram(string s1, string s2) {
for (char i : s1) {
unsigned int pos = s2.find(i,0);
if (pos != string::npos) {
s2.erase(pos,1);
} else {
return false;
}
}
return s2.empty();
}
2. Conversion to prime numbers. Beautiful but very expensive, requires special Big Integer type for long strings.
// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_numbers
int primes[255] = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, ... , 1613};
bool checkAnagramPrimes(string s1, string s2) {
long c1 = 1;
for (char i : s1) {
c1 = c1 * primes[i];
}
long c2 = 1;
for (char i : s2) {
c2 = c2 * primes[i];
if (c2 > c1) {
return false;
}
}
return c1 == c2;
}
string key="listen";
string key1="silent";
string temp=key1;
int len=0;
//assuming both strings are of equal length
for (int i=0;i<key.length();i++){
for (int j=0;j<key.length();j++){
if(key[i]==temp[j]){
len++;
temp[j] = ' ';//to deal with the duplicates
break;
}
}
}
cout << (len==key.length()); //if true: means the words are anagrams
Instead of using dot h header which is deprecated in modern c++.
Try this solution.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <map>
int main(){
std::string word_1 {};
std::cout << "Enter first word: ";
std::cin >> word_1;
std::string word_2 {};
std::cout << "Enter second word: ";
std::cin >> word_2;
if(word_1.length() == word_2.length()){
std::map<char, int> word_1_map{};
std::map<char, int> word_2_map{};
for(auto& c: word_1)
word_1_map[std::tolower(c)]++;
for(auto& c: word_2)
word_2_map[std::tolower(c)]++;
if(word_1_map == word_2_map){
std::cout << "Anagrams" << std::endl;
}
else{
std::cout << "Not Anagrams" << std::endl;
}
}else{
std::cout << "Length Mismatch" << std::endl;
}
}
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define NO_OF_CHARS 256
int main()
{ bool ans = true;
string word1 = "rest";
string word2 = "tesr";
unordered_map<char,int>maps;
for(int i = 0 ; i <5 ; i++)
{
maps[word1[i]] +=1;
}
for(int i = 0 ; i <5 ; i++)
{
maps[word2[i]]-=1 ;
}
for(auto i : maps)
{
if(i.second!=0)
{
ans = false;
}
}
cout<<ans;
}
Well if you don't want to sort than this code will give you perfect output.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
string a="gf da";
string b="da gf";
int al,bl;
int counter =0;
al =a.length();
bl =b.length();
for(int i=0 ;i<al;i++){
for(int j=0;j<bl;j++){
if(a[i]==b[j]){
if(j!=bl){
b[j]=b[b.length()-counter-1];
bl--;
counter++;
break;
}else{
bl--;
counter++;
}
}
}
}
if(counter==al){
cout<<"true";
}
else{
cout<<"false";
}
return 0;
}
Here is the simplest and fastest way to check for anagrams
bool anagram(string a, string b) {
int a_sum = 0, b_sum = 0, i = 0;
while (a[i] != '\0') {
a_sum += (int)a[i]; // (int) cast not necessary
b_sum += (int)b[i];
i++;
}
return a_sum == b_sum;
}
Simply adds the ASCII values and checks if the sums are equal.
For example:
string a = "nap" and string b = "pan"
a_sum = 110 + 97 + 112 = 319
b_sum = 112 + 97 + 110 = 319