I am working on a project and as I have not coded with Fortran before, I am struggling a lot. My professor gave me a code file which I need to fix but I don't understand the syntax.
So, in the file he has
g = some formula,
1 some formula
2 * some formula
3 / some formula.
What does 1, 2, 3, * and / do?
I asked my Professor, and he said that this is Fortran 77 code and 1, 2, 3 are used as indexing in column 6 and the g is in column 7 as that's how the Fortran code is written. But I was very confused why Fortran 77 only accepts code after column 7?
Thank you for all the replies.
What you are most likely looking at is Fixed source-form statement continuation which is part of the Fixed source form.
Fixed-form formatting is an old way of formatting code which still stems from the old punched-cards. Lines could only be 72 characters long, but sometimes you needed more. Hence, the statement-continuation character:
Except within commentary, character position 6 is used to indicate continuation. If character position 6 contains a blank or zero, the line is the initial line of a new statement, which begins in character position 7. If character position 6 contains any character other than blank or zero, character positions 7–72 of the line constitute a continuation of the preceding non-comment line.
source: Fortran 2018 Standard, Section 6.3.3.3
Which character is used as statement-continuation marker, is up to the programmer and his style. Often you see a <ampersand>-character (&), or <dollar>-character ($) or the <asterisk>-character (*) like so:
c23456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
g = something long
& + something_longer
& + something_even_longer
However, in the really old days, people often numbered their lines.
c23456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
0g = something long
1 + something_longer
2 + something_even_longer
and because space was limited, they removed all spaces, which sometimes becomes very confusing when you have numbers in your line:
c23456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
0g=1.2345+
10.35697-
22.5789
This does not add 10.35697 and subtract 22.5789, but adds 0.35697 and subtracts 2.5789
The usage of numbers as statement continuation markers is again inherited from the punched-cards. A single punched-card represented a single Fortran statement. And on the card, the row and column numbers were printed (Thanks to High Performance Mark for this information)
Note: the asterisk and slash in the OP are nothing more than the normal multiplication and division.
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invalid character name at (1)
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Compilation error: Invalid character in name at (1)
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Closed 3 years ago.
I'm having some issues coding in fortran for a school assignment. I'm trying to write a sentence all on one line (per request of the instructor), but I'm having format issues.
From my understanding I need to use the & to concat the two lines (see below)
I've tried multiple variants of this but I'm having no luck.
'''[j87n896#csci305 fortran]$ gfortran money.f -o money
money.f:94:67:
94 | write(*,*) lunks,'lunkers',loons,'loonters',lits,'littles' &
| 1:
95 | & poons, 'pooneys'
| 1
Error: Invalid character in name at (1)'''
In case you are coding in fixed form - and I believe you are - line continuation is done by adding any non-zero and non-blank character in the sixth column of the second line:
write(*,*) lunks,'lunkers',loons,'loonters',lits,'littles',
+ poons, 'pooneys'
In the case above, I have used a +, but any non-zero/blank char in the 6th column of the second line will do it. You can also extend it to split into more lines by adding chars at the 6th column of the third line, fourth line and so on.
In case you are coding in free form, the continuation is done by adding a & in the end of the first line and in the beginning of the next line (although this last one is not always required):
write(*,*) lunks,'lunkers',loons,'loonters',lits,'littles', &
& poons, 'pooneys'
You may benefit from reading this unofficial copy of the Fortran Standard. Item 6.3.2.4 describes continuation in free format, while item 6.3.3.3 describes continuation in fixed format (which I believe to be your case). You should not expect to understand every single thing you read there, but the sooner you start to try, the sooner it will make some sense for you.
Also, in your example there is a comma missing right after 'littles'. I've fixed that in both examples. Check it out.
I found this one old fortran 77 program printed in one old book, and i typed in the program but it isnt running. When I give the dimensions of variables, appear the next:
DIMENSION XN(20),YN(20),W(20),NUMAJ(20),NUMAAJ(20),SSW(20)
1,NEJI(5,20),QX(20,20),QY(20,20),IACTE(20),N1(20),N2(20),X(20)
2,Y(20),DD(20),TT(20),NUMAJA(20)
And the error code:
Error: Non-numeric character in statement label at (1)
Error: Unclassifiable statement at (1)
Thanks a lot,
Comparing the original and edited version shows still incorrect indenting: fixed format reserves columns 1-5 for labels, 6 for the continuation character and starting from 7 for the statements. If column 6 is not a space the line continues the previous line.
In the 3 line example above the characters "1" and "2" are the continuation characters of line 2 and 3, so they have to be exactly in column 6. The first line has no label or continuation character so it must start in column 7. The comment from #melpomene was incomplete regarding continuation character and based on the old version where one space less was used (the edited version has one space too much).
In the code below, the lines after the comment line start with *:
C REF: LANDOLT-B\RNSTEIN 2A-CP.209
* DMUACD=+0.0020*XCOS(DEL)-0.0044*XSIN(ALP)
* DMUACD=+0.0020*XCOS(DEL)-0.0044*XSIN(ALP)*xcos(del)
* DMUD=-0.0044*XCOS(ALP)
What does these lines mean?
In fixed-form Fortran (where the statement begins in column 7 and C in column 1 indicates a comment), an asterisk in column 1 also indicates a comment. In the snippet you have posted, all four lines are commented out, though different comment indicators are used, which certainly can be confusing. The asterisks could have been replaced with C for the same meaning.
As of Fortran 90, an exclamation point in column 1 also indicates a comment line (in both fixed and free form.)
Now, if the asterisk had been in column 6, it would have meant a continued line (any non-blank character other than the digit zero there would mean the same thing.) Vladimir (and "High Performance Mark") initially thought you were asking about that.
For more on source form, see my post Doctor Fortran in "Source Form Just Wants to be Free"
I have this code (In Fortran 77)
CHARACTER*20 DICT(12) C column 9
DATA DICT/'aa','bb','for','cry','lug','bye','fly','ugly',
M'test1','test2', C Column 6
M'parasympathomimetic','thigmotropism'/ C column 6
I'm getting an error on this line "M'test1','test2'," , saying that it's a syntax error/unclassifiable statement. That line and the next line " M'parasympathomimetic','thigmotropism'/" are both on column 6 on my editor, yet the previous line is giving me problems.
I've tried moving that line 1 column over, removing the 'M', and nothing seems to make the program compile.
I'm compiling it as such:
f77 test.for
I know Fortran is in fixed form, so I'm not sure what I'm doing wrong here, any help would be much appreciated.
If the C Column 9 and C Column 6 are just comments present in your code, then to add a comment at the end of a line use the ! symbol, not C.
C234567
CHARACTER*20 DICT(12) ! column 9
DATA DICT/'aa','bb','for','cry','lug','bye','fly','ugly',
M'test1','test2', ! Column 6
M'parasympathomimetic','thigmotropism'/ ! column 6
Fortran 90 introduced free source form. A source file with the *.f90 extension denotes free source form code, i.e., Fortran 90/95/03/08/15. Fortran 2015 is the most recent standard and many popular compilers, including gfortran, support most of Fortran 2008.
In free source form the maximum line length is 132 characters, compared to the older limit of 72 characters. This reduces the possibility of text exceeding the limit, which could lead the compiler to misinterpret names.
Line continuations in free source form are performed by using a trailing ampersand character, &, rather than entering a character in column 6 of the following line.
For example, the following would be a legally continued line in FORTRAN 77 (assuming that the number 1 is actually in column 6):
x = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
1 + 5 + 6
In free source form, a line can extend to the next line by having an ampersand as its last character.
x = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 &
+ 5 + 6
In fixed source form, the first six columns are reserved for statement labels, with column 1 also used to indicate comment lines. In modern code, using structured control statements, statement labels are rare.
In free source form, any statement can begin in column 1. Free source form always uses the in-line comment style, indicated by using an exclamation mark. In-line comments can begin in any column.
Here is the same code in fixed format and in free source format:
C FIXED SOURCE FORM COMMENT
DO 10, I=1, 42
....
10 CONTINUE
! Free source form comment
do i=1, 42 ! Comments begin in any column
....
end do
Most importantly, with free source form, the concept of significant blanks was introduced. Here is a sample of a FORTRAN 77 fixed form statement showing what are now considered significant blanks
DO I T ER = 1 , MAX ITE R
followed by an equivalent statement without the blanks:
DO ITER=1, MAXITER
Free source form offers a number of advantages over the older fixed source form code. We recommend that it always be used in new code.
I have little knowledge of the Fortran language. I have come across some programs written in the 90s (see attached snapshot showing just a portion of a long script).
I'd like to know what kind of compiler is appropriate to execute such codes? I have installed gfortran-4.2.3 on my mac. I'm also not sure about the indentation in the attached code: if C (comment) is at column 1, does the main code start at column 9 or 7? what about the position of numbers placed in between referred by GO TO?
This is not Fortran 90. This is Fortran 77.
That said, gfortran is able to compile this code. Make sure that the file extension for the file is .f so that gfortran realises it's fixed-form.
The C needs to be in the first column, the numbers that you reference are labels, they can be between column 1 and 5. The asterisk at line 198 is a continuation character, meaning that this should be treated as part of the previous line. It must be in column 6. Everything else needs to be between columns 7 and 72 (inclusive)
Oh, and the 3-digit numbers at the very beginning are line numbers, and must not be in the source code.
Edited to add: Since you have to type it all again anyway, you might as well make it free-form:
Replace the C in the first column with !, and change the way continuation lines are marked: Turn this:
write (*, *) "This is some long text,
* which doesn't fit into a line"
Into this:
write(*, *) "This is some long text, " // &
"which doesn't fit into a line"
Everything else can stay like it is. (You can now use proper indentation, too!)
New Edit
So you've pasted the code that you wrote and the error messages, so I'm replying to that now.
In Fixed Form, any character past column 72 is ignored. You have a few lines with long strings, where the terminating quotation mark is in that ignored region.
Make sure that no line exceeds the 72nd row.