Global overload of operator<< does not work, why? - c++

Question

I have learnt the operator<< can be overloaded by making it a friend function of class.
For example,
struct Test
{
std::string d_data;
Test(const std::string & data) : d_data{data} {}
friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & ostr, const Test & obj)
{
ostr << obj.d_data << '\n';
return ostr;
}
};
int main()
{
Test t1("one");
std::cout << t1;
Test t2("two");
std::cout << t2;
}
one
two
This seems to work as expected.
But, I'm unable to understand why the same isn't working for a global overload.
#include <iostream>
#include <ostream>
#include <string>
std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os, const std::string & s)
{
os << s << '\n';
return os;
}
int main()
{
std::cout << "stackoverflow";
std::cout << "stackoverflow";
}
stackoverflowstackoverflow
Expected the strings to be separated by a newline, but didn't work as expected.

Answer 1

Your operator using
std::cout << "stackoverflow";
requires a user-defined conversion from an object of the type const char * (after the implicit conversion of the string literal to pointer to its first character) to an object of the type std::string.
However the standard basic_ostream class has already an operator that does not require such a conversion
template<class charT, class traits>
basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>&, const char*);
So this operator is called instead of your operator.
Moreover within your operator
std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os, const std::string & s)
{
os << s << '\n';
return os;
}
there is recursive calls of itself.
Your could define your operator the following way
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os, const char *s)
{
return std::operator <<( os, s ) << '\n';
}
int main()
{
std::cout << "stackoverflow";
std::cout << "stackoverflow";
}
and get the expected result
stackoverflow
stackoverflow

Answer 2

Note that "stackoverflow" is of type const char[], but not std::string. That means your overload won't be invoked, but the one from standard library (operator<<(std::basic_ostream) is invoked, because it's an exact match and doesn't require the implicit conversion from const char[] to std::string.
template< class Traits >
basic_ostream<char,Traits>& operator<<( basic_ostream<char,Traits>& os,
const char* s );
BTW: It could be found because of ADL.

Answer 3

You can overload globally, but "stackoverflow" is not a std::string, so yours isn't used.
(And there already is such an overload in the standard library.)
To see that it works, move your first overload out of the class definition and make it a non-friend.
The only reason it has to be declared friend is that you have declared it inside the class definition, so it would be a member function otherwise.
This will work as you expect:
struct Test
{
std::string d_data;
Test(const std::string & data) : d_data{data} {}
};
std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & ostr, const Test & obj)
{
ostr << obj.d_data << '\n';
return ostr;
}
int main()
{
Test t1("one");
std::cout << t1;
Test t2("two");
std::cout << t2;
}