I am new to Django and was looking for an efficient way to retrieve and post to a ManytoMany relation using an intemrediary table.
models:
from django.db import models
# Create your models here.
class Actor(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length = 50, primary_key = True)
bio = models.CharField(max_length=150)
class Movie(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
release = models.CharField(max_length=100)
class NormActors(models.Model):
movie = models.ForeignKey(Movie, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
actor = models.ForeignKey(Actor, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
I have checked the documentation and it got confusing, so any reference would be helpful as well. If on request, I want to send -
for /movies: get list of all movies + details with the actor names in the respective movies
for /actors: get list of all actors + details with the movies they have been in
Should the ORM query look something like this?
actor = Actor.objects.get(name="XYZ")
movies = actor.movie_set.all()
How should I go about fr the first one?
Firstly, you should explicitly declare the m2m and identify the through table as such:
class Movie(models.Model):
...
actors = models.ManyToManyField('Actor', through='NormActor')
Now for any movie you can do movie.actors.all(), and for any actor you can do actor.movie_set.all().
Note, if you only have those two fields on NormActor, you don't actually need to declare it explicitly; you can remove that model and the through attribute and Django will manage it for you, with the added bonus that in the admin interface you can now edit actors inline with movies.
To help me avoid confusion, I always call a "through" table by the name of 2 other tables. Thus, in your case, I would have done:
class Actor(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length = 50, primary_key = True)
bio = models.CharField(max_length=150)
movies = models.ManyToMany('Movie', through='ActorMovie',
related_name='actors')
class Movie(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
release = models.CharField(max_length=100)
class ActorMovie(models.Model):
movie = models.ForeignKey(Movie, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
actor = models.ForeignKey(Actor, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
Notes:
the use of related_name is important and imagine it's the reverse direction: you declared the ManyToMany in Actor so reverse is Movie -> Actor
'Movie' in quote because it's declared after this declaration. You can remove quotes but then declare Movie class first.
same for ActorMovie
with a ManyToMany declared this way you can access in both directions (= from Actor but also from Movie) in a very clear way, for example two working and very clean queries.
Examples:
# get all film with Harrison Ford:
for movie in Actor.objects.filter(name="Harrison Ford").movies.all():
pass # do whatever with movie
# get all actors from Die Hard movie:
for actor in Movie.objects.filter(name__istartswith="Die Hard").actors.all():
pass # do whatever with actor
If you want to get all the movies related to an actor, you need to have ManyToMany relationship with Movie model with respect to Actor model.
class Movie(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
release = models.CharField(max_length=100)
class Actor(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length = 50, primary_key = True)
bio = models.CharField(max_length=150)
movies = models.ManyToManyField(Actor)
Remember, you need to define Movie model before you creating a manytomany relationship with the Actor model.
actor = Actor.objects.get(name="XYZ")
movies = actor.movies.all()
Related
I have models that share many common fields. For example:
class Customer(models.Model):
name = models.CharField()
email = models.CharField()
address = models.CharField()
phone = models.CharField()
city = models.CharField()
state = models.CharField()
country = models.CharField()
wallet = models.FloatField()
class Seller(models.Model):
# same fields from Customer class, except the field wallet
To avoid repeating these fields, I have tried to create classes with these common fields and link using OneToOneField:
class ContactInformation(models.Model):
phone = models.CharField()
email = models.CharField()
class AddressInformation(models.Model):
address = models.CharField()
city = models.CharField()
state = models.CharField()
country = models.CharField()
class Customer(models.Model):
wallet = models.FloatField()
contact_information = models.OneToOneField(ContactInformation)
address_information = models.OneToOneField(AddresssInformation)
class Seller(models.Model):
contact_information = models.OneToOneField(ContactInformation)
address_information = models.OneToOneField(AddresssInformation)
But now it gets very messy if I try to create a ModelForm based on the Customer, as there is only the wallet field in it. To display my other OneToOneFields I have to create multiple forms: a form for the contact information and another for address information, as ModelForms don't simply display these OneToOneFields as a single form. The views get bloated, as I have to validate 3 forms in total and have to manually create the object instances.
Am I missing something here? Should I use inheritance instead? Should I just repeat these fields to have simpler forms and views? Any advice would be greatly appreciated.
Take a look at abstract base classes, it provides a clean way to reuse common fields to multiple tables.
You might consider:
from django.db import models
class CommonUserInfo(models.model)
name = models.CharField()
email = models.CharField()
address = models.CharField()
phone = models.CharField()
city = models.CharField()
state = models.CharField()
country = models.CharField()
class Meta:
abstract = True
class Customer(CommonUserInfo):
wallet = models.FloatField()
class Seller(CommonUserInfo):
pass
I am not sure what the benefit of using a foreign key for address information is unless you have multiple customers/sellers using the same address and the addresses will need to be updated in unison.
Looking for advice on setting up this model.
This job board app has Company, Location, and Job. They should have the following relationships:
A Company can have multiple locations
A Company can have multiple jobs
A Job can have only one Company
A Job can have multiple locations, BUT each Location must be valid for the job's Company
I'd like to create a model that reflects these relationships. I think something like this might work:
class Company(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=200)
description = models.TextField()
class Location(models.Model):
is_primary_location = models.BooleanField()
address = models.CharField(max_length=200)
company = models.ForeignKey(Company)
class Job(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
company = models.ForeignKey(Company)
location = models.ForeignKey(Location)
But I would really like the "Job has Location(s) through Company" relationship to be enforced. The model doesn't enforce it; I think I'd have to filter the valid Locations when data is displayed, and I'd like to avoid that.
Thanks very much!
Take a look at ForeignKey.limit_choices_to.
This allows you to filter the available choices and is enforced in ModelForm. Since you already have the company foreign key in your Job model, you should be able to use that to filter the choices.
I ended up using https://github.com/digi604/django-smart-selects and wrote the model like this. I don't think limit_choices_to works in this case (according to other SO threads)
from smart_selects.db_fields import ChainedForeignKey
class Company(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=200)
description = models.TextField()
class Location(models.Model):
is_primary_location = models.BooleanField()
address = models.CharField(max_length=200)
company = models.ForeignKey(Company)
class Job(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
company = models.ForeignKey(Company)
location = ChainedForeignKey(
Location,
chained_field="company",
chained_model_field="company",
show_all=False,
auto_choose=True
)
I have to implement two models in a django project --> Country and Continent.
It is possible to import all information about countries and continents from an XML file that populates the database with these two tables.
I've implemented them in this way
from django.db import models
class Continent(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)
code = models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)
countries = ?
class Meta:
ordering = ['name']
class Country(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
capital = models.CharField(max_length=255)
code = models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)
population = models.IntegerField(default=0)
area = models.IntegerField(default=0)
continent = models.ForeignKey(Continent)
class Meta:
ordering = ['name']
You can see a ? mark in Continent.countries because I don't understand how to implement it. The problem is: "Countries of a continent should be accessible through attribute countries of class Continent"
This means that it is possible to do this:
from MyApplication.model import Country, Continent
europe = Continent.object.get(code=u'eu')
finland = europe.countries.get(code=u'fi')
I've tried models.ForeignKey, but it doesn't work.
It says that "Nonetype object doesn't have any get method"
Can anyone help me please?
Thanks
Django does not support one to many directly, instead you can use the reverse of one-to-one relation to get a one-to-many relation.
So, go ahead with the other approach of using many to one by adding foreign key inside the country relating to continent. Now, you have a one-to-one from country to continent. Next, do a reverse query from Continent's object to get the desired relation. Take a look:
class Continent(models.Model):
...
class Country(models.Model):
...
continent = models.ForeignKey(Continent, related_name="countries")
...
europe = Continent.object.get(code=u'eu')
finland = europe.countries.get(code=u'fi')
this is my models.py
from django.db import models
# Create your models here.
class Leagues(models.Model):
LeagueName = models.CharField(max_length=200)
class Team(models.Model):
TeamName = models.CharField(max_length=200)
class LeagueTable(models.Model):
league = models.ForeignKey(Leagues)
team = models.CharField(max_length=200)
matches_played = models.IntegerField()
matches_won = models.IntegerField()
matches_drawn = models.IntegerField()
matches_lost = models.IntegerField()
points = models.IntegerField()
class FixtureTable(models.Model):
league = models.ForeignKey(Leagues)
fixture_date = models.DateField('Fixture Date')
team_one = models.CharField(max_length=200)
team_one_score = models.IntegerField()
team_two = models.CharField(max_length=200)
team_two_score = models.IntegerField()
in the "class FixtureTable", i want team_one and team_two to be linked to two differnt teams in "class Team" models. how to create multiple relations, or is it possible.
PS: this is purely a noob, with a little experience in programming, but no experience with either python or databases.
thankyou.
You can create as many ForeignKeys as you like to the same model. I suspect what's tripping you up is Django giving you an error saying that you need to specify a related name.
By default, Django creates an attribute on the opposite model of the form <model>_set. So in the following scenario:
class FixtureTable(models.Model):
team_one = models.ForeignKey(Team)
Django would add a related manager to Team as fixturetable_set. If you then did:
class FixtureTable(models.Model):
team_one = models.ForeignKey(Team)
team_two = models.ForeignKey(Team)
Django would attempt to add the same attribute twice and obviously fail. The fix is to specify a related_name, so each can have a unique related manager:
class FixtureTable(models.Model):
team_one = models.ForeignKey(Team, related_name='team_one_fixturetables')
team_two = models.ForeignKey(Team, related_name='team_two_fixturetables')
Then, everything will work fine. You can specify whatever you like for related_name as long as it's unique for the model.
I want to have a model with a ManyToMany relationship with itself, I don't know how to write this but I'l try to write some code to illustrate what I want to do.
class Person(models.Model):
name = models.CharField()
occupation = models.CharField()
friends = models.ManyToManyField('self', through = PersonFriends)
My Model that I want the friends to go through
class PersonFriends(models.Model)
???
comment = models.CharField()
In a ManyToMany field with through relationship if the other model's name was "Pet" for example I'd name my fields in that through class person and pet and make them models. ForeignKey(Person) and Pet for example
What to I name my fields in my PersonFriends model for the two person-fields now that they are the same model?
You can do something like this:
class Person(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length = 255)
occupation = models.CharField(max_length = 255)
friends = models.ManyToManyField('self', through = 'PersonFriends',
symmetrical = False)
# ^^^^^^^^^^^
# This has to be false when using `through` models. Or else your
# model will not validate.
class PersonFriends(models.Model):
source = models.ForeignKey(Person, related_name = 'source')
# ^^^^^^^^^^^^
# You need different `related_name` for each when you have
# multiple foreign keys to the same table.
target = models.ForeignKey(Person, related_name = 'target')
comment = models.CharField(max_length = 255)
Everything is described in the official docs for ManyToManyField.through_fields (you can search for 'recursive relationships' phrase there to quickly find what you need):
for django 1.11 you have to specify through and (!) through_fields arguments:
class Person(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
# note the additional arguments here
friends = models.ManyToManyField(
'self',
# recursive relationships to self with intermediary
# through model are always defined as non-symmetrical
symmetrical=False,
through='PersonFriend',
# this argument is required to define a custom
# through model for many to many relationship to self
# position matters: 1 - source (from), 2 - target (to)
through_fields=('person', 'friend'),
)
class PersonFriend(models.Model):
# required relationship-defining foreign keys
# (note that the order does not matter, it matters
# in 'through_fields' argument in 'friends' field of the 'Person' model)
person = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
friend = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
# additional fields
comment = models.CharField()
Without assuming that friendships are symmetrical. Because Buzz Lightyear might be Woody's friend, but Woody isn't friends with Buzz Lightyear till near the end of the film. You can simplify both models and still have reasonable lookup names. You would of course need to make sure that you define two PersonFriends if it's a good friendship.
class Person(models.Model):
name = models.CharField()
occupation = models.CharField()
class PersonFriends(models.Model):
from_person = models.ForeignKey(Person, related_name='friends_with')
to_person = models.ForeignKey(Person, related_name='friends')
comment = models.CharField()
class Meta:
unique_together = ('from_person', 'to_person')
This has the added bonus of a comment for each direction of the friendship. i.e. Tyrion thinks Sansa is a lovely and intelligent, but lost girl. Whereas Sansa might think that Tyrion is an ugly but clever and kind-hearted kinda guy.
class PersonFriends(models.Model):
from_person = models.ForeignKey(Person, related_name='from_person')
to_person = models.ForeignKey(Person, related_name='to_person')
this is from db table structure of a ManyToMany relation to self from my Model structure. Django defines it like that..