there is a string a_b_c_d. I want to replace _ with - in the string between a_ and _d. Below is processing.
echo "a_b_c_d" | sed -E 's/(.+)_(.+)_(.+)/\1`s/_/-/g \2`\3/g'
But it does not work. how can I reuse the \2 to replace its content?
Perl allows to use code in replacement section with e modifier
$ echo 'a_b_c_d' | perl -pe 's/a_\K.*(?=_d)/$&=~tr|_|-|r/e'
a_b-c_d
$ echo 'x_a_b_c_y' | perl -pe 's/x_\K.*(?=_y)/$&=~tr|_|-|r/e'
x_a-b-c_y
$&=~tr|_|-|r here $& is the matched portion, and tr is applied on that to replace _ to -
a_\K this will match a_ but won't be part of matched portion
(?=_d) positive lookahead to match _d but won't be part of matched portion
With sed (tested on GNU sed 4.2.2, not sure of syntax for other versions)
$ echo 'a_b_c_d' | sed -E ':a s/(a_.*)_(.*_d)/\1-\2/; ta'
a_b-c_d
$ echo 'x_a_b_c_y' | sed -E ':a s/(x_.*)_(.*_y)/\1-\2/; ta'
x_a-b-c_y
:a label a
s/(a_.*)_(.*_d)/\1-\2/ substitute one _ with - between a_ and _d
ta go to label a as long as the substitution succeeds
gnu sed:
$ sed -r 's/_/-/g;s/(^[^-]+)-/\1_/;s/-([^-]+$)/_\1/' <<<'x_a_b_c_y'
x_a-b-c_y
The idea is, replacing all _ by -, then restoring the ones you want to keep.
update
if the fields separated by _ contains -, we can make use ge of gnu sed:
sed -r 's/(^[^_]+_)(.*)(_[^_]+$)/echo "\1"$(echo "\2"\|sed "s|_|-|g")"\3"/ge'
For example we want ----_f-o-o_b-a-r_---- to be ----_f-o-o-b-a-r_----:
sed -r 's/(^[^_]+_)(.*)(_[^_]+$)/echo "\1"$(echo "\2"\|sed "s|_|-|g")"\3"/ge' <<<'----_f-o-o_b-a-r_----'
----_f-o-o-b-a-r_----
Following Kent's suggestion, and if you do not need a general solution, this works:
$ echo 'a_b_c+d_x' | tr '_' '-' | sed -E 's/^([a-z]+)-(.+)-([a-z]+)$/\1_\2_\3/g'
$ a_b-c+d_x
The character classes should be adjusted to match the leading and trailing parts of your input string. Fails, of course, if a or x contain the '-' character.
Related
I can't seem to get a substring correctly.
declare BRANCH_NAME="bugfix/US3280841-something-duh";
# Trim it down to "US3280841"
TRIMMED=$(echo $BRANCH_NAME | sed -e 's/\(^.*\)\/[a-z0-9]\|[A-Z0-9]\+/\1/g')
That still returns bugfix/US3280841-something-duh.
If I try an use perl instead:
declare BRANCH_NAME="bugfix/US3280841-something-duh";
# Trim it down to "US3280841"
TRIMMED=$(echo $BRANCH_NAME | perl -nle 'm/^.*\/([a-z0-9]|[A-Z0-9])+/; print $1');
That outputs nothing.
What am I doing wrong?
Using bash parameter expansion only:
$: # don't use caps; see below.
$: declare branch="bugfix/US3280841-something-duh"
$: tmp="${branch##*/}"
$: echo "$tmp"
US3280841-something-duh
$: trimmed="${tmp%%-*}"
$: echo "$trimmed"
US3280841
Which means:
$: tmp="${branch_name##*/}"
$: trimmed="${tmp%%-*}"
does the job in two steps without spawning extra processes.
In sed,
$: sed -E 's#^.*/([^/-]+)-.*$#\1#' <<< "$branch"
This says "after any or no characters followed by a slash, remember one or more that are not slashes or dashes, followed by a not-remembered dash and then any or no characters, then replace the whole input with the remembered part."
Your original pattern was
's/\(^.*\)\/[a-z0-9]\|[A-Z0-9]\+/\1/g'
This says "remember any number of anything followed by a slash, then a lowercase letter or a digit, then a pipe character (because those only work with -E), then a capital letter or digit, then a literal plus sign, and then replace it all with what you remembered."
GNU's manual is your friend. I look stuff up all the time to make sure I'm doing it right. Sometimes it still takes me a few tries, lol.
An aside - try not to use all-capital variable names. That is a convention that indicates it's special to the OS, like RANDOM or IFS.
You may use this sed:
sed -E 's~^.*/|-.*$~~g' <<< "$BRANCH_NAME"
US3280841
Ot this awk:
awk -F '[/-]' '{print $2}' <<< "$BRANCH_NAME"
US3280841
sed 's:[^/]*/\([^-]*\)-.*:\1:'<<<"bugfix/US3280841-something-duh"
Perl version just has + in wrong place. It should be inside the capture brackets:
TRIMMED=$(echo $BRANCH_NAME | perl -nle 'm/^.*\/([a-z0-9A-Z]+)/; print $1');
Just use a ^ before A-Z0-9
TRIMMED=$(echo $BRANCH_NAME | sed -e 's/\(^.*\)\/[a-z0-9]\|[^A-Z0-9]\+/\1/g')
in your sed case.
Alternatively and briefly, you can use
TRIMMED=$(echo $BRANCH_NAME | sed "s/[a-z\/\-]//g" )
too.
type on shell terminal
$ BRANCH_NAME="bugfix/US3280841-something-duh"
$ echo $BRANCH_NAME| perl -pe 's/.*\/(\w\w[0-9]+).+/\1/'
use s (substitute) command instead of m (match)
perl is a superset of sed so it'd be identical 'sed -E' instead of 'perl -pe'
Another variant using Perl Regular Expression Character Classes (see perldoc perlrecharclass).
echo $BRANCH_NAME | perl -nE 'say m/^.*\/([[:alnum:]]+)/;'
I am running a linux bash script. From stout lines like: /gpx/trk/name=MyTrack1, I want to keep only the end of line after =.
I am struggling to understand why the following sed command is not working as I expect:
echo "/gpx/trk/name=MyTrack1" | sed -e "s/^*=//"
(I also tried)
echo "/gpx/trk/name=MyTrack1" | sed -e "s/^*\=//"
The return is always /gpx/trk/name=MyTrack1 and not MyTrack1
An even simpler way if this is the only structure you are concerned about:
echo "/gpx/trk/name=MyTrack1" | cut -d = -f 2
Simply try:
echo "/gpx/trk/name=MyTrack1" | sed 's/.*=//'
Solution 2nd: With another sed.
echo "/gpx/trk/name=MyTrack1" | sed 's/\(.*=\)\(.*\)/\2/'
Explanation: As per OP's request adding explanation for this code here:
s: Means telling sed to do substitution operation.
\(.*=\): Creating first place in memory to keep this regex's value which tells sed to keep everything in 1st place of memory from starting to till = so text /gpx/trk/name= will be in 1 place.
\(.*\): Creating 2nd place in memory for sed telling it to keep everything now(after the match of 1st one, so this will start after =) and have value in it as MyTrack1
/\2/: Now telling sed to substitute complete line with only 2nd memory place holder which is MyTrack1
Solution 3rd: Or with awk considering that your Input_file is same as shown samples.
echo "/gpx/trk/name=MyTrack1" | awk -F'=' '{print $2}'
Solution 4th: With awk's match.
echo "/gpx/trk/name=MyTrack1" | awk 'match($0,/=.*$/){print substr($0,RSTART+1,RLENGTH-1)}'
$ echo "/gpx/trk/name=MyTrack1" | sed -e "s/^.*=//"
MyTrack1
The regular expression ^.*= matches anything up to and including the last = in the string.
Your regular expression ^*= would match the literal string *= at the start of a string, e.g.
$ echo "*=/gpx/trk/name=MyTrack1" | sed -e "s/^*=//"
/gpx/trk/name=MyTrack1
The * character in a regular expression usually modifies the immediately previous expression so that zero or more of it may be matched. When * occurs at the start of an expression on the other hand, it matches the character *.
Not to take you off the sed track, but this is easy with Bash alone:
$ echo "$s"
/gpx/trk/name=MyTrack1
$ echo "${s##*=}"
MyTrack1
The ##*= pattern removes the maximal pattern from the beginning of the string to the last =:
$ s="1=2=3=the rest"
$ echo "${s##*=}"
the rest
The equivalent in sed would be:
$ echo "$s" | sed -E 's/^.*=(.*)/\1/'
the rest
Where #*= would remove the minimal pattern:
$ echo "${s#*=}"
2=3=the rest
And in sed:
$ echo "$s" | sed -E 's/^[^=]*=(.*)/\1/'
2=3=the rest
Note the difference in * in Bash string functions vs a sed regex:
The * in Bash (in this context) is glob like - itself means 'any character'
The * in a regex refers to the previous pattern and for 'any character' you need .*
Bash has extensive string manipulation functions. You can read about Bash string patterns in BashFAQ.
I'm am trying to replace a series of asterix symbols in a text file with a -999.9 using sed. However I can't figure out how to properly escape the wildcard symbol.
e.g.
$ echo "2006.0,1.0,************,-5.0" | sed 's/************/-999.9/g'
sed: 1: "s/************/-999.9/g": RE error: repetition-operator operand invalid
Doesn't work. And
$ echo "2006.0,1.0,************,-5.0" | sed 's/[************]/-999.9/g'
2006.0,1.0,-999.9-999.9-999.9-999.9-999.9-999.9-999.9-999.9-999.9-999.9-999.9-999.9,-5.0
puts a -999.9 for every * which isn't what I intended either.
Thanks!
Use this:
echo "2006.0,1.0,************,-5.0" | sed 's/[*]\+/-999.9/g'
Test:
$ echo "2006.0,1.0,************,-5.0" | sed 's/[*]\+/-999.9/g'
2006.0,1.0,-999.9,-5.0
Any of these (and more) is a regexp that will modify that line as you want:
$ echo "2006.0,1.0,************,-5.0" | sed 's/\*\**/999.9/g'
2006.0,1.0,999.9,-5.0
$ echo "2006.0,1.0,************,-5.0" | sed 's/\*\+/999.9/g'
2006.0,1.0,999.9,-5.0
$ echo "2006.0,1.0,************,-5.0" | sed -r 's/\*+/999.9/g'
2006.0,1.0,999.9,-5.0
$ echo "2006.0,1.0,************,-5.0" | sed 's/\*\{12\}/999.9/g'
2006.0,1.0,999.9,-5.0
$ echo "2006.0,1.0,************,-5.0" | sed -r 's/\*{12}/999.9/g'
2006.0,1.0,999.9,-5.0
$ echo "2006.0,1.0,************,-5.0" | sed 's/\*\{1,\}/999.9/g'
2006.0,1.0,999.9,-5.0
$ echo "2006.0,1.0,************,-5.0" | sed -r 's/\*{1,}/999.9/g'
2006.0,1.0,999.9,-5.0
sed operates on regular expressions, not strings, so you need to learn regular expression syntax if you're going to use sed and in particular the difference between BREs (which sed uses by default) and EREs (which some seds can be told to use instead) and PCREs (which sed never uses but some other tools and "regexp checkers" do). Only the first solution above is a BRE that will work on all seds on all platforms. Google is your friend.
* is a regex symbol that needs to be escaped.
You can even use BASH string replacement:
s="2006.0,1.0,************,-5.0"
echo "${s/\**,/-999.9,}"
2006.0,1.0,-999.9,-5.0
Using sed:
sed 's/\*\+/999.9/g' <<< "$s"
2006.0,1.0,999.9,-5.0
Ya, * are special meta character which repeats the previous token zero or more times. Escape * in-order to match literal * characters.
sed 's/\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*/-999.9/g'
When this possibility was introduced into gawk I have no idea!
gawk -F, '{sub(/************/,"-999.9",$3)}1' OFS=, file
2006.0,1.0,-999.9,-5.0
So I have a bash script which is working perfectly except for one issue with sed.
full=$(echo $full | sed -e 's/\b'$first'\b/ /' -e 's/ / /g')
This would work great except there are instances where the variable $first is preceeded immediately by a period, not a blank space. In those instances, I do not want the variable removed.
Example:
full="apple.orange orange.banana apple.banana banana";first="banana"
full=$(echo $full | sed -e 's/\b'$first'\b/ /' -e 's/ / /g')
echo $first $full;
I want to only remove the whole word banana, and not make any change to orange.banana or apple.banana, so how can I get sed to ignore the dot as a delimiter?
You want "banana" that is preceded by beginning-of-string or a space, and followed by a space or end-of-string
$ sed -r 's/(^|[[:blank:]])'"$first"'([[:blank:]]|$)/ /g' <<< "$full"
apple.orange orange.banana apple.banana
Note the use of -r option (for bsd sed, use -E) that enables extended regular expressions -- allow us to omit a lot of backslashes.
I tried to replace multiple spaces in a file to single space using sed.
But it splits each and every character like below.
Please let me know what the problem is ...
$ cat test.txt
iiHi Hello Hi
this is loga
$
$ cat test.txt | tr [A-Z] [a-z]|sed -e "s/ */ /g"
i i h i h e l l o h i
t h i s i s l o g a
Your sed command does the wrong thing because it's matching on "zero or more spaces" which of course happens between each pair of characters! Instead of s/ */ /g you want s/ */ /g or s/ +/ /g.
Using tr, the -s option will squeeze consecutive chars to a single one:
tr -s '[:space:]' < test.txt
iiHi Hello Hi
this is loga
To downcase as well: tr -s '[:space:]' < test.txt | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'
sed 's/ \+/ /g' test.txt | tr [A-Z] [a-z]
or
sed 's/\s\+/ /g' test.txt | tr [A-Z] [a-z]
Good grief that was terse, because * matches zero or more it inserted a space after every character, you want + which matches one or more. Also I switched the order because in doing so you don't have to cat the file.
You can use awk to solve this:
awk '{$0=tolower($0);$1=$1}1' test.txt
iihi hello hi
this is loga
Maybe you can match the following regex for multiple spaces:
'\s+'
and replace with just one space as follows:
' '