I am creating a Django factory for a model that contains a MultiPolygonField. It is throwing an error when I run the test. Detail below.
I have created a special provider to fake this field. The code is taken from the Django docs:
from django.contrib.gis.geos import (
Polygon,
MultiPolygon,
)
import factory
from faker import Faker
from faker.providers import BaseProvider
fake = Faker()
class Provider(BaseProvider):
def mpoly(self):
p1 = Polygon( ((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 0)) )
p2 = Polygon( ((1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2), (1, 1)) )
mpoly = MultiPolygon(p1, p2)
return mpoly
fake.add_provider(Provider)
class GeographyFactory(factory.DjangoModelFactory):
"""
A Factory to generate mock GeographyFactory objects to be used
in tests.
"""
class Meta:
model = 'location.Geography'
name = factory.Faker('name')
mpoly = fake.mpoly
The error I get when I run the tests, however, has stumped me.
TypeError: Cannot set Geography SpatialProxy (MULTIPOLYGON) with value of type: <class 'method'>
It seems to suggest that I am not returning the right type, but I can't figure out what it wants instead of the MultiPolygon object I am returning.
Why does it think I am returning <class 'method'>?
Any suggestions would be most welcome!
I would suggest defining a custom fuzzy attribute, which would allow some randomness in your tests.
import factory
import factory.fuzzy
from factory import random
class FuzzyPolygon(factory.fuzzy.BaseFuzzyAttribute):
"""Yields random polygon"""
def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
if length is None:
length = random.randgen.randrange(3, 20, 1)
if length < 3:
raise Exception("Polygon needs to be 3 or greater in length.")
self.length = length
super().__init__(**kwargs)
def get_random_coords(self):
return (
factory.Faker("latitude").generate({}),
factory.Faker("longitude").generate({}),
)
def fuzz(self):
prefix = suffix = self.get_random_coords()
coords = [self.get_random_coords() for __ in range(self.length - 1)]
return Polygon([prefix] + coords + [suffix])
class FuzzyMultiPolygon(factory.fuzzy.BaseFuzzyAttribute):
"""Yields random multipolygon"""
def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
if length is None:
length = random.randgen.randrange(2, 20, 1)
if length < 2:
raise Exception("MultiPolygon needs to be 2 or greater in length.")
self.length = length
super().__init__(**kwargs)
def fuzz(self):
polygons = [FuzzyPolygon().fuzz() for __ in range(self.length)]
return MultiPolygon(*polygons)
Then you can use these in your DjangoModelfactory;
class GeographyFactory(factory.DjangoModelFactory):
"""
A Factory to generate mock GeographyFactory objects to be used
in tests.
"""
class Meta:
model = 'location.Geography'
name = factory.Faker('name')
mpoly = FuzzyMultiPolygon()
Related
I am working on a small optimization model with some disjunctions. The way I did in a concrete model worked well:
from pyomo.environ import *
m = ConcreteModel()
m.d1 = Disjunct()
m.d2 = Disjunct()
m.d1.sub1 = Disjunct()
m.d1.sub2 = Disjunct()
m.d1.disj = Disjunction(expr=[m.d1.sub1, m.d1.sub2])
m.disj = Disjunction(expr=[m.d1, m.d2])
But now I tranfered the concrete model into an abstract formulation. I was able to fix everything instead of nesting the disjunctions. The way I did it was like:
#Disjunct 1
def _op_mode1(self, op_mode, t):
m = op_mode.model()
op_mode.c1 = po.Constraint(expr=m.x[t] == True)
#Disjunct 2
def _op_mode2(self, op_mode, t):
m = op_mode.model()
op_mode.c1 = po.Constraint(expr=m.x[t] == False)
#Disjunction 1
def _op_modes(self,m, t):
return [m.mode1[t], m.mode2[t]]
#Adding Components
self.model.del_component("mode1")
self.model.del_component("mode1_index")
self.model.add_component("mode1", pogdp.Disjunct(self.model.T, rule=self._op_mode1))
self.model.del_component("mode2")
self.model.del_component("mode2_index")
self.model.add_component("mode2", pogdp.Disjunct(self.model.T, rule=self._op_mode1))
self.model.del_component("modes")
self.model.del_component("modes_index")
self.model.add_component("modes", pogdp.Disjunction(self.model.T, rule=self._op_modes))`
As I previously mentioned, this works fine. But I haven`t found any way to nest the disjunctions. Pyomo alsways complains about the second layer of the disjuncts like "sub1".
Would anybody could give me a hint?
Many greetings
Joerg
The issue with the latest model above is that you are declaring m.d1 and m.d2 for each element of m.T, but they overwrite each other each time since they have the same name. You should be seeing warning messages logged for this. So if you uncomment your pprint of the model, you'll see that you only have the last ones you declared (with constraints on x[10]). So the first 9 Disjunctions in m.disjunction_ are disjunctions of Disjuncts that do not exist. The simplest fix for this is to give the disjuncts unique names when you declare them:
import pyomo.environ as pyo
import pyomo.gdp as pogdp
model = pyo.ConcreteModel()
model.T = pyo.RangeSet(0, 10)
model.x=pyo.Var(model.T,bounds=(-2, 10))
model.y=pyo.Var(model.T,bounds=(20, 30))
# This was also a duplicate declaration:
#model.disjunction_ = pogdp.Disjunction(model.T)
def d1(m, t):
disj = pogdp.Disjunct()
disj.c1= pyo.Constraint(expr=m.x[t] <= 10)
m.add_component('d1_%s' % t, disj)
return disj
def d2(m, t):
disj = pogdp.Disjunct()
disj.c1= pyo.Constraint(expr=m.x[t] >= 10)
m.add_component('d2_%s' % t, disj)
return disj
# sum x,y
def obj_rule(m):
return pyo.quicksum(pyo.quicksum([m.x[t] + m.y[t]], linear=False) for t in
m.T)
model.obj = pyo.Objective(rule=obj_rule)
def _op_mode_test(m, t):
disj1 = d1(m, t)
disj2 = d2(m, t)
return [disj1, disj2]
model.disjunction_ = pogdp.Disjunction(model.T, rule=_op_mode_test)
However, it would be cleaner (and probably easier down the line) to index the Disjuncts by m.T as well, since that's basically what the unique names are doing.
Block (and hence Disjunct rules) are passed the block (or disjunct) to be populated as the first argument. So, an "abstract" equivalent too your concrete model might look something like this:
model = AbstractModel()
#model.Disjunct()
def d1(d):
# populate the `d` disjunct (i.e., `model.d1`) here
pass
#model.Disjunct()
def d2(d):
#d.Disjunct()
def sub1(sd):
# populate the 'sub1' disjunct here
pass
#d.Disjunct()
def sub2(sd):
# populate the 'sub2' disjunct here
pass
d.disj = Disjunction(expr=[d.sub1, d.sub2])
model.disj = Disjunction(expr=[model.d1, model.d2])
There is a more fundamental question as to why you are converting your model over to "abstract" form. Pyomo Abstract models were mostly devised to be familiar to people coming from modeling in AMPL. While they will work with block-structured models, as AMPL was never really designed with blocks in mind, similarly block-oriented Abstract models tend to be unnecessarily cumbersome.
Here ist our new model:
import pyomo.environ as pyo
import pyomo.gdp as pogdp
model = pyo.ConcreteModel()
model.T = pyo.RangeSet(0,10)
model.x=pyo.Var(model.T,bounds=(-2, 10))
model.y=pyo.Var(model.T,bounds=(20, 30))
model.disjunction_=pogdp.Disjunction(model.T)
def d1(m,t):
m.d1 = pogdp.Disjunct()
m.d1.c1= pyo.Constraint(expr=m.x[t] <=10)
def d2(m,t):
m.d2 = pogdp.Disjunct()
m.d2.c1= pyo.Constraint(expr=m.x[t] >=10)
# sum x,y
def obj_rule(m):
return pyo.quicksum(pyo.quicksum([m.x[t] + m.y[t]], linear=False) for t in m.T)
model.obj = pyo.Objective(rule=obj_rule)
def _op_mode_test(m,t):
d1(m,t)
d2(m,t)
return [m.d1,m.d2]
model.disjunction_=pogdp.Disjunction(model.T,rule=_op_mode_test)
#model.pprint()
pyo.TransformationFactory('gdp.bigm').apply_to(model)
solver = pyo.SolverFactory('baron')
solver.solve(model)
print(pyo.value(model.obj))
I think it has something to do with the RangeSet. For a single step it works, but with more than one steps it throws an error: AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'component'
It would be great if you could have a look on it.
Many thanks
Here is the code which works pretty fine with bigm, but not with mbigm or hull transformation:
import pyomo.environ as pyo
import pyomo.gdp as pogdp
model = pyo.ConcreteModel()
model.T = pyo.RangeSet(2)
model.x=pyo.Var(model.T,bounds=(1, 10))
model.y=pyo.Var(model.T,bounds=(1, 100))
def _op_mode_sub(m, t):
m.disj1[t].sub1 = pogdp.Disjunct()
m.disj1[t].sub1.c1= pyo.Constraint(expr=m.y[t] == 60)
m.disj1[t].sub2 = pogdp.Disjunct()
m.disj1[t].sub2.c1= pyo.Constraint(expr=m.y[t] == 100)
return [m.disj1[t].sub1, m.disj1[t].sub2]
def _op_mode(m, t):
m.disj2[t].c1= pyo.Constraint(expr=m.y[t] >= 3)
m.disj2[t].c2= pyo.Constraint(expr=m.y[t] <= 5)
return [m.disj1[t], m.disj2[t]]
model.disj1 = pogdp.Disjunct(model.T)
model.disj2 = pogdp.Disjunct(model.T)
model.disjunction1sub = pogdp.Disjunction(model.T, rule=_op_mode_sub)
model.disjunction1 = pogdp.Disjunction(model.T, rule=_op_mode)
def obj_rule(m, t):
return pyo.quicksum(pyo.quicksum([m.x[t] + m.y[t]], linear=False) for t in m.T)
model.obj = pyo.Objective(rule=obj_rule)
model.pprint()
gdp_relax=pyo.TransformationFactory('gdp.bigm')
gdp_relax.apply_to(model)
solver = pyo.SolverFactory('glpk')
solver.solve(model)
print(pyo.value(model.obj))
Let's say I have the following Django model:
class Person(models.Model):
SHIRT_SIZES = (
(0, 'Small'),
(1, 'Medium'),
(2, 'Large'),
)
name = models.CharField(max_length=60)
shirt_size = models.IntegerField(choices=SHIRT_SIZES)
I can create create a Person instance and get the shirt_size display value very easily:
john = Person(name="John", shirt_size=2)
john.shirt_size # 2
john.get_shirt_size_display() # 'Medium'
How can I do this the other way? That is, given a shirt size of Medium, how can I get the integer value? I there a method for that or should I write my own method on the Person object like so:
class Person(models.Model):
...
#staticmethod
def get_shirt_size_key_from_display_value(display_value):
for (key, value) in Person.SHIRT_SIZES:
if value == display_value:
return key
raise ValueError(f"No product type with display value {display_value}")
The docs recommend the following:
class Person(models.Model):
SMALL = 0
MEDIUM = 1
LARGE = 2
SHIRT_SIZES = (
(SMALL, 'Small'),
(MEDIUM, 'Medium'),
(LARGE, 'Large'),
)
name = models.CharField(max_length=60)
shirt_size = models.IntegerField(choices=SHIRT_SIZES)
Now the name MEDIUM is attached to your model and model instances:
>>> john = Person(name="John", shirt_size=2)
>>> john.shirt_size
2
>>> john.MEDIUM
2
If given a string, you can use getattr:
def get_shirt_size(instance, shirt_size):
return getattr(instance, shirt_size.upper())
choices_dict = {y: x for x, y in shirt_size.choices}
will give you a dictionary with all the ints as values and sizes as keys.
So you can write a function that returns the int of whatever shirt size you put in, or make choices_dict part of your Person object.
So here is my code
class Shape(object):
def __init__(self, coords):
super(Shape, self).__init__()
self._coords = list(map(list, coords))
def move(self,distance):
self._coords = distance
def __getitem__(self,key):
return self._coords[key]
class Point(Shape):
def __init__(self,coords):
super(Point, self).__init__(coords)
if __name__ == '__main__':
p = Point((0, 0))
p.move((1, 1))
assert p[0, 0], p[0, 1] == (1, 1)
Basically I want to create a subclass Point from the parent class Shape.
The init part of shape shall stay the same and try to create a new point and pass the test under "main".
This code as it is now gets an error TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
I am stuck of solutions to this as a beginner in python. What arguments can I pass to _coords to be accepted? How can I connect Point and Shape?
class Shape(object):
def __init__(self, coords):
super(Shape, self).__init__()
self._coords = list(map(list, [coords])) # <--- to have it iterable enclose it in []
def move(self,distance):
self._coords = distance
def __getitem__(self,key):
return self._coords[key]
class Point(Shape):
def __init__(self,coords):
super(Point, self).__init__(coords)
if __name__ == '__main__':
p = Point((0, 0))
p.move((1, 1))
# the self._coords is a list, so fetch them by index like
assert p[0], p[1] == (1, 1)
I have this class:
class Tumor(object):
"""
Wrapper for the tumor data points.
Attributes:
idNum = ID number for the tumor (is unique) (int)
malignant = label for this tumor (either 'M' for malignant
or 'B' for benign) (string)
featureNames = names of all features used in this Tumor
instance (list of strings)
featureVals = values of all features used in this Tumor
instance, same order as featureNames (list of floats)
"""
def __init__(self, idNum, malignant, featureNames, featureVals):
self.idNum = idNum
self.label = malignant
self.featureNames = featureNames
self.featureVals = featureVals
def distance(self, other):
dist = 0.0
for i in range(len(self.featureVals)):
dist += abs(self.featureVals[i] - other.featureVals[i])**2
return dist**0.5
def getLabel(self):
return self.label
def getFeatures(self):
return self.featureVals
def getFeatureNames(self):
return self.featureNames
def __str__(self):
return str(self.idNum) + ', ' + str(self.label) + ', ' \
+ str(self.featureVals)
and I am trying to use an instance of it in another function later in my code:
def train_model(train_set):
"""
Trains a logistic regression model with the given dataset
train_set (list): list of data points of type Tumor
Returns a model of type sklearn.linear_model.LogisticRegression
fit to the training data
"""
tumor = Tumor()
features = tumor.getFeatures()
labels = tumor.getLabel()
log_reg = sklearn.linear_model.LogisticRegression(train_set)
model = log_reg.fit(features, labels)
return model
However, I keep getting this error when I test my code:
TypeError: __init__() takes exactly 5 arguments (1 given)
I understand that I am not using the five arguments when I create the instance of Tumor in train_model , but how can I do so?
Arguments to the __init__ (or __new__, if you're using that) just go, predictably, where you create the instance in train_model:
tumor = Tumor(idNum, malignant, featureNames, featureVals)
Of course, you actually need values for all of these, as they are all required arguments.
You don't need to include self, however, as that first argument is taken care of automatically.
I've been stuck on this likely very simple problem, but haven't gotten anywhere with it (newbie to Python and Django). I'm taking some user submitted data and using weights to calculate a score. Despite my best efforts, I'm getting the following when I submit the data via a form: "global name 'appearance' is not defined". I'm pretty sure my issue is in views.py, but I'm not 100% sure. Either a typecast error or just putting the calculation of the score in the wrong place. Any help is much appreciated. Here's my code:
Update: The error I'm receiving after changing my approach to using a custom save method is: "Invalid tuple size in creation of Decimal from list or tuple. The list or tuple should have exactly three elements.".
models.py
# Beer rating weights
APPEARANCE_WEIGHT = 0.15
AROMA_WEIGHT = 0.15
MOUTHFEEL_WEIGHT = 0.10
TASTE_WEIGHT = 0.25
TOTALPACKAGE_WEIGHT = 0.25
SERVING_TYPE = (
('0', 'Choose One'),
('Draft', 'Draft'),
('Bottle', 'Bottle'),
('Can', 'Can'),
)
SCORING = (
(0, ''),
(1, '1'),
(2, '2'),
(3, '3'),
(4, '4'),
(5, '5'),
(6, '6'),
(7, '7'),
(8, '8'),
(9, '9'),
(10, '10'),
)
class Beerrating(models.Model):
beerrated = models.ForeignKey(Beer)
user = models.ForeignKey(User)
date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
servingtype = models.CharField(max_length=10, choices=SERVING_TYPE)
appearance = models.IntegerField(choices=SCORING, default=0)
aroma = models.IntegerField(choices=SCORING, default=0)
mouthfeel = models.IntegerField(choices=SCORING, default=0)
taste = models.IntegerField(choices=SCORING, default=0)
totalpackage = models.IntegerField(choices=SCORING, default=0)
comments = models.TextField()
overallrating = models.DecimalField(max_digits=4, decimal_places=2)
def __unicode__(self):
return u'%s, %s' % (self.user.username, self.beerrated.beername)
def save(self):
if not self.id:
scoredappearance = self.appearance * APPEARANCE_WEIGHT,
scoredaroma = self.aroma * AROMA_WEIGHT,
scoredmouthfeel = self.mouthfeel * MOUTHFEEL_WEIGHT,
scoredtaste = self.taste * TASTE_WEIGHT,
scoredtotalpackage = self.totalpackage * TOTALPACKAGE_WEIGHT,
self.overallrating = (scoredappearance + scoredaroma +
scoredmouthfeel + scoredtaste + scoredtotalpackage)
super(Beerrating, self).save()
forms.py
class BeerReviewForm(ModelForm):
servingtype = forms.CharField(max_length=10,
label=u'Serving Type',
widget=forms.Select(choices=SERVING_TYPE)
)
totalpackage = forms.IntegerField(
label=u'Total Package',
widget=forms.Select(choices=SCORING)
)
class Meta:
model = Beerrating
exclude = ('beerrated', 'user', 'date', 'overallrating')
views.py
def beerreview(request, beer_id):
beer = get_object_or_404(Beer, id=beer_id)
if request.method == 'POST':
form = BeerReviewForm(request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
# Create review
beerrating = Beerrating(
beerrated = beer,
user = request.user,
servingtype = form.cleaned_data['servingtype'],
appearance = form.cleaned_data['appearance'],
scoredappearance = appearance * APPEARANCE_WEIGHT,
aroma = form.cleaned_data['aroma'],
scoredaroma = aroma * AROMA_WEIGHT,
mouthfeel = form.cleaned_data['mouthfeel'],
scoredmouthfeel = mouthfeel * MOUTHFEEL_WEIGHT,
taste = form.cleaned_data['taste'],
scoredtaste = taste * TASTE_WEIGHT,
totalpackage = form.cleaned_data['totalpackage'],
scoredtotalpackage = totalpackage * TOTALPACKAGE_WEIGHT,
comments = form.cleaned_data['comments'],
)
beerrating.save()
return HttpResponseRedirect('/beers/')
else:
form = BeerReviewForm()
variables = RequestContext(request, {
'form': form
})
return render_to_response('beer_review.html', variables)
The error message should specifically tell you the file and line number of the error, but your problem are these two lines in your views.py:
appearance = form.cleaned_data['appearance'],
scoredappearance = appearance * APPEARANCE_WEIGHT,
You are assuming the Python interpreter computes the value for appearance before you use it in the next argument... which is an incorrect assumption.
Define appearance before you create the model instance and your code should then work (or at least break on a different error).
In your save method, the lines:
scoredappearance = self.appearance * APPEARANCE_WEIGHT,
...
are all assigning a tuple, not the number you expect, to the variables. A tuple is basically an immutable list. The training comma on all those lines makes them tuples. What you want is:
scoredappearance = self.appearance * APPEARANCE_WEIGHT
...
Two other problems with your save function. First, because of your indentation, your super only gets called on an update -- which means you'll never be able to create this object!
Secondly, I'd recommend adding the variable arg lists to your save function. This means if it gets called with parameters, they get transparently passed onto the super.
Here's the rewritten function:
def save(self,*args,**kwargs):
if not self.id:
scoredappearance = self.appearance * APPEARANCE_WEIGHT
scoredaroma = self.aroma * AROMA_WEIGHT
scoredmouthfeel = self.mouthfeel * MOUTHFEEL_WEIGHT
scoredtaste = self.taste * TASTE_WEIGHT
scoredtotalpackage = self.totalpackage * TOTALPACKAGE_WEIGHT
self.overallrating = (scoredappearance + scoredaroma +
scoredmouthfeel + scoredtaste + scoredtotalpackage)
super(Beerrating, self).save(*args,**kwargs)
As a final note -- and if you've already done this, I apologize -- I'd really recommending working through a book like Learning Python. Python's a generally straightforward language -- but it has some subtle features (like tuples and variable argument lists) that will cause you trouble if you don't understand them.