I am making a tester program that opens a console application and reads it's standard input writes to it's standard output, but am having issues with the pipes. I am using named pipes since I might have to run this threaded or even open multiple executables to communicate with at once. These will need to remain running and continuously take input and give out put, as in a console calculator that asks if you if you want another calculation or to exit after each calculation.
Using error checking I have found that The pipes are created successfully, I apply them to the startupInfo struct and successfully open the executable. A note here, if I set a break point in visual studio just after the call to createProcess, the child process does show up in my task manager, the check STILL_ACTIVE is true and peaking at the pipe reveals an empty pipe. If no break point is set then I don't see it, and the check STILL_ACTIVE is false.
To simplify the problem I went back to basics, a simple hello world executable in c++. The calculator will be the next test. This prints hello world to the console and via a cin:get() waits for the enter key to be pressed. I ran this with the tester and tried to read the "Hello World" from the child process. I get nothing.
The end project will be open source, I don't want the user to have to download any other libraries to compile the project, and Boost::Process actually requires 2 install since process is not standard yet.
I know that I am close, here is my simple tester as one file with the process class extracted to be inline in the main. Note: I have enabled c++20 in my compiler.
// Tester.cpp
#include <string>
#include <string_view>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <filesystem>
#include <io.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <windows.h>
int main()
{
std::string data = "";
int id = 1;
std::string executable = "HelloWorld.exe";
if (_access((executable).c_str(), 0) != -1)
{
std::cerr << "Error: Executable file not found: " << executable << std::endl;
exit(0);
}
SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES saAttr{};
saAttr.nLength = sizeof(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES);
saAttr.bInheritHandle = TRUE;
saAttr.lpSecurityDescriptor = NULL;
//Pipe names
std::wstring pipeErr = L"\\\\.\\pipe\\err_" + std::to_wstring(id);
std::wstring pipeOut = L"\\\\.\\pipe\\out_" + std::to_wstring(id);
std::wstring pipeIn = L"\\\\.\\pipe\\in_" + std::to_wstring(id);
// The Child error pipe for reading
CreateNamedPipeW(pipeErr.c_str(), PIPE_ACCESS_DUPLEX | FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, PIPE_TYPE_MESSAGE | PIPE_READMODE_MESSAGE | PIPE_WAIT, 1, 1024, 1024, 0, NULL);
HANDLE err_pipe = CreateFileW(pipeErr.c_str(), GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE, 0, &saAttr, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL | FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, NULL);
// The Child out pipe for reading
CreateNamedPipeW(pipeOut.c_str(), PIPE_ACCESS_DUPLEX | FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, PIPE_TYPE_MESSAGE | PIPE_READMODE_MESSAGE | PIPE_WAIT, 1, 1024, 1024, 0, NULL);
HANDLE out_pipe = CreateFileW(pipeOut.c_str(), GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE, 0, &saAttr, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL | FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, NULL);
// The Child in pipe for writing
CreateNamedPipeW(pipeIn.c_str(), PIPE_ACCESS_DUPLEX | FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, PIPE_TYPE_BYTE | PIPE_READMODE_BYTE | PIPE_WAIT, 1, 1024, 1024, 0, NULL);
HANDLE in_pipe = CreateFileW(pipeIn.c_str(), GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE, 0, &saAttr, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL | FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, NULL);
if (in_pipe == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE || out_pipe == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE || err_pipe == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
std::cout << "Error Creating Handles, Code: " << GetLastError() << std::endl;
return 0;
}
// Make sure the handles' inheritance is set correctly
if (!SetHandleInformation(in_pipe, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT) ||
!SetHandleInformation(out_pipe, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT) ||
!SetHandleInformation(err_pipe, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT))
{
std::cerr << "Error: Failed to set handle information for the child process" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
// Set up the startup info struct
STARTUPINFOA startupInfo;
memset(&startupInfo, 0, sizeof(startupInfo));
startupInfo.cb = sizeof(STARTUPINFOA);
startupInfo.hStdInput = in_pipe;
startupInfo.hStdOutput = out_pipe;
startupInfo.hStdError = err_pipe;
startupInfo.dwFlags |= STARTF_USESTDHANDLES;
// Set up the process info struct
PROCESS_INFORMATION processInfo;
memset(&processInfo, 0, sizeof(processInfo));
// Create the child process
if (CreateProcessA(NULL, executable.data(), NULL, NULL, TRUE, 0, NULL, NULL, &startupInfo, &processInfo) == 0)
{
std::cerr << "Error: Failed to create the child process" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
// Set the pipes to non-blocking mode
DWORD mode = PIPE_NOWAIT;
SetNamedPipeHandleState(out_pipe, &mode, NULL, NULL);
SetNamedPipeHandleState(err_pipe, &mode, NULL, NULL);
SetNamedPipeHandleState(in_pipe, &mode, NULL, NULL);
Sleep(500); //wait for child to start, may not be neccesary
// Get the exit code of the child process
DWORD exitCode;
GetExitCodeProcess(processInfo.hProcess, &exitCode);
if (exitCode == STILL_ACTIVE) {
// Set up the read buffer
char buffer[1024];
memset(buffer, 0, sizeof(buffer));
DWORD bytesRead = 0;
DWORD bytesAvail = 0;
// Check if there is data available to read from the pipe
if (!PeekNamedPipe(out_pipe, buffer, sizeof(buffer), &bytesRead, &bytesAvail, NULL)) {
std::cerr << "PeekNamedPipe failed (" << GetLastError() << ").\n";
return 0;
}
if (bytesAvail == 0)
{
std::cerr << "Pipe is empty" << std::endl;
}
if (!ReadFile(out_pipe, buffer, sizeof(buffer) - 1, &bytesRead, NULL))
{
std::cerr << "Failed to read from pipe. Error code: " << GetLastError() << std::endl;
return 0;
}
data = buffer;
}
if (data == "") {
std::cout << "Something went wrong. Code: " << GetLastError() << std::endl;
}
else {
std::cout << data << std::endl;
}
std::cout << "Press any key." << std::endl;
std::cin.get();
return 0;
}
and, for reference, here is helloworld.exe:
// HelloWorld.cpp
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
std::cout << "Hello World!" << std::endl;
std::cin.get();
}
Thanks to #Igor Tandetnik!
Here is the working Tester.cpp:
// Tester.cpp
#include <string>
#include <string_view>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <filesystem>
#include <io.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <windows.h>
#include <aclapi.h>
constexpr auto BUFSIZE = 4096;
int main()
{
std::string data = "";
int id = 1;
std::wstring executable = L"HelloWorld.exe";
std::wstring argv = L"";
std::string name_c = "";
std::string path_c = "";
HANDLE hChildStd_IN_Rd = NULL;
HANDLE hChildStd_IN_Wr = NULL;
HANDLE hChildStd_OUT_Rd = NULL;
HANDLE hChildStd_OUT_Wr = NULL;
HANDLE hChildStd_ERR_Rd = NULL;
HANDLE hChildStd_ERR_Wr = NULL;
size_t size;
wcstombs_s(&size, nullptr, 0, executable.c_str(), executable.length());
name_c.resize(size);
wcstombs_s(&size, name_c.data(), name_c.size(), executable.c_str(), executable.length());
wchar_t current_dir[FILENAME_MAX];
if (_wgetcwd(current_dir, FILENAME_MAX) == nullptr) {
std::cerr << "Error getting current working directory. Code:" << GetLastError() << std::endl;
exit(0);
}
wchar_t path_exe[MAX_PATH];
GetModuleFileName(NULL, path_exe, MAX_PATH);
std::wstring path = path_exe;
path = std::filesystem::path(path).parent_path();
path += L"\\";
path += executable;
wcstombs_s(&size, nullptr, 0, path.c_str(), path.length());
path_c.resize(size);
wcstombs_s(&size, path_c.data(), path_c.size(), path.c_str(), path.length());
int found = _waccess_s(path.c_str(), 0);
if (found != 0)
{
std::cerr << "Error: Executable file not found: " << name_c << std::endl;
exit(0);
}
SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES sa_attr{};
sa_attr.nLength = sizeof(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES);
sa_attr.bInheritHandle = TRUE;
sa_attr.lpSecurityDescriptor = NULL;
// Create the pipes
if (!CreatePipe(&hChildStd_OUT_Rd, &hChildStd_OUT_Wr, &sa_attr, 0)
|| !CreatePipe(&hChildStd_IN_Rd, &hChildStd_IN_Wr, &sa_attr, 0)
|| !CreatePipe(&hChildStd_ERR_Rd, &hChildStd_ERR_Wr, &sa_attr, 0)) {
std::cout << "Error Creating Pipes, Code: " << GetLastError() << std::endl;
return 1;
}
if (hChildStd_OUT_Rd == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE || hChildStd_OUT_Wr == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE
|| hChildStd_IN_Rd == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE || hChildStd_IN_Wr == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE
|| hChildStd_ERR_Rd == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE || hChildStd_ERR_Wr == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
std::cout << "Error Creating Handles, Code: " << GetLastError() << std::endl;
return 1;
}
// Set up the startup info struct
STARTUPINFOW startup_info;
ZeroMemory(&startup_info, sizeof(STARTUPINFOW));
startup_info.cb = sizeof(STARTUPINFOW);
startup_info.hStdOutput = hChildStd_OUT_Wr;
startup_info.hStdError = hChildStd_ERR_Wr;
startup_info.hStdInput = hChildStd_IN_Rd;
startup_info.dwFlags |= STARTF_USESTDHANDLES;
// Set up the process info struct
PROCESS_INFORMATION process_info;
memset(&process_info, 0, sizeof(process_info));
// Create the child process
if (!CreateProcess(path.data(), NULL, &sa_attr, NULL, TRUE, 0, NULL, NULL, &startup_info, &process_info))
{
std::cerr << "Error: Failed to create the child process. Code: " << GetLastError() << std::endl;
return 1;
}
// Get the exit code of the child process
DWORD exitCode;
GetExitCodeProcess(process_info.hProcess, &exitCode);
if (exitCode != STILL_ACTIVE) {
std::wcout << "Unable to Start Process: " << executable.c_str() << std::endl;
return 1;
}
std::wcout << "Started Process: " << executable.c_str() << std::endl;
Sleep(500); //wait for child to start, may not be neccesary
// Get the exit code of the child process
GetExitCodeProcess(process_info.hProcess, &exitCode);
if (exitCode == STILL_ACTIVE) {
// Set up the read buffer
DWORD bytesRead{}, dwWritten{};
CHAR buffer[BUFSIZE]{};
BOOL bSuccess = FALSE;
HANDLE hParentStdOut = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
bSuccess = ReadFile(hChildStd_OUT_Rd, buffer, BUFSIZE, &bytesRead, NULL);
if (!bSuccess || bytesRead == 0)
{
std::cerr << "Failed to read from pipe. Error code: " << GetLastError() << std::endl;
return 1;
}
std::vector<char> v_data(buffer, buffer + bytesRead);
data = std::string(v_data.data(), v_data.size());
}
std::cout << "Recieved from Child: " << data << std::endl;
if (data == "") {
std::cout << "Something went wrong. Code: " << GetLastError() << std::endl;
return 1;
}
else {
std::cout << data << std::endl;
}
CloseHandle(process_info.hThread);
std::cout << "Press any key." << std::endl;
std::cin.get();
return 0;
}
I am trying to display in console a list of running processes and the current time and save them to a text file using the WriteFile and windows.h functions. How to effectively redirect the output stream and "My data..." to a text file without using "freopen" in C ++?
#include <windows.h>
#include <tlhelp32.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <chrono>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char temp;
HANDLE h = CreateFile("process.txt", // name of the file
GENERIC_WRITE, // open for writing
0, // sharing mode, none in this case
0, // use default security descriptor
CREATE_ALWAYS, // overwrite if exists
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
0);
if (h)
{
std::cout << "CreateFile() succeeded\n";
CloseHandle(h);
}
else
{
std::cerr << "CreateFile() failed:" << GetLastError() << "\n";
}
time_t actualTime = chrono::system_clock::to_time_t(chrono::system_clock::now());
cout << ctime(&actualTime);
cout << "My data..." << endl;
PROCESSENTRY32 proc32;
HANDLE hSnapshot;
hSnapshot = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS, 0);
proc32.dwSize = sizeof(PROCESSENTRY32);
if(Process32First(hSnapshot, &proc32))
{
cout << proc32.szExeFile << endl;
while(Process32Next(hSnapshot, &proc32))
cout << proc32.szExeFile << endl;
}
WriteFile(HANDLE hFile,
LPCVOID lpBuffer,
DWORD nNumberOfBytesToWrite,
LPDWORD lpNumberOfBytesWritten,
LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped
);
CloseHandle(hSnapshot);
system ("pause >nul");
return 0;
}
Use OPEN_ALWAYS instead of CREATE_ALWAYS and then use SetFilePointer to move the file pointer to the end of file.
I am trying to learn how named pipes work, and created 2 consoles to test the connectivity between server and client. Client will send a message to the server and the server will display the message, but instead of the message, it returns a value of "nullptr" as shown in the error exception break from VS.
below are my codes, do enlighten me if you found any problem with my code, and I am still learning..
Server.cpp
#include "cust_ostream.hpp"
#include <Windows.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <conio.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
LPVOID buffer = NULL;
DWORD readbyte;
cout << "---Named Pipe Server Test---" << endl << endl;
cout << "Creating named pipe: \\\\.\\pipe\\mypipe" << endl;
HANDLE hPipe = CreateNamedPipeA("\\\\.\\pipe\\mypipe", PIPE_ACCESS_DUPLEX, PIPE_TYPE_MESSAGE | PIPE_READMODE_MESSAGE | PIPE_WAIT,
PIPE_UNLIMITED_INSTANCES, 1024, 1024, 0, NULL);
if (!hPipe || hPipe == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
cout << "Pipe creation failed." << endl;
return 0;
}
cout << "Connecting pipe to client..." << endl;
BOOL connect = ConnectNamedPipe(hPipe, NULL);
if (!connect)
{
cout << "Connect named pipe failed" << endl;
}
cout << "Success! Reading pipe message from client..." << endl;
ReadFile(hPipe, buffer, sizeof(buffer), &readbyte, NULL);
c_cout << "Pipe message = " << *(int *)buffer << endl;
_getch();
return 0;
}
cust_ostream.hpp
#include <Windows.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;
#define endl "\n"
class cust_ostream
{
public:
~cust_ostream()
{
cout << m_buffer.str();
}
template <typename T>
cust_ostream &operator<<(T const &value)
{
m_buffer << value;
return *this;
}
private:
ostringstream m_buffer;
};
#define c_cout cust_ostream()
and my client
#include <Windows.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <conio.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
LPVOID data;
DWORD writebyte;
int i = 2;
cout << "---Named Pipe Client---" << endl << endl;
cout << "Creating pipe file: \\\\.\\pipe\\mypipe" << endl;
HANDLE pipe = CreateFileA("\\\\.\\pipe\\mypipe", GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE, 0, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, 0, NULL);
if (!pipe || pipe == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
cout << "Pipe client failed." << endl;
return 0;
}
cout << "Pipe connected to server, sending data..." << endl;
WriteFile(pipe, &i, sizeof(i), &writebyte, NULL);
_getch();
return 0;
}
You need to wait for the NamedPipe to have a ConnectPipeReady event on it. As it stands, you are trying to create the pipe without actually seeing if it was succesfull. See the MSDN documentation for Named Pipes here: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-ca/library/windows/desktop/aa365592(v=vs.85).aspx
Specifically, this block:
while (1)
{
hPipe = CreateFile(
lpszPipename, // pipe name
GENERIC_READ | // read and write access
GENERIC_WRITE,
0, // no sharing
NULL, // default security attributes
OPEN_EXISTING, // opens existing pipe
0, // default attributes
NULL); // no template file
// Break if the pipe handle is valid.
if (hPipe != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
break;
// Exit if an error other than ERROR_PIPE_BUSY occurs.
if (GetLastError() != ERROR_PIPE_BUSY)
{
_tprintf( TEXT("Could not open pipe. GLE=%d\n"), GetLastError() );
return -1;
}
// All pipe instances are busy, so wait for 20 seconds.
if ( ! WaitNamedPipe(lpszPipename, 20000))
{
printf("Could not open pipe: 20 second wait timed out.");
return -1;
}
}
Also you shouldn't use #define endl "\n", use std::endl
You have initialized your buffer as NULL which means that by default its length is zero. Now when you use the sizeof operator in your read function in server (to retrieve the message received by server from client), what happens is that you are asking the sizeof operator in Read function to read 0 bytes! which means that nothing will be read.
To solve this, you can declare a char array of size 100 or a size of a message which you are sure that won't be exceeded by client. Like if you are assuming that message by client is not going to be longer than lets say 60 characters, then you can create your char buffer to be of size 100 just to make sure that you do accommodate all the message by client.
And one more thing, if problem still persists, instead of using sizeof in read, use 100 or whatever the size of of your char buffer array. This should solve your problem.
How to retrieve process handle by using application name in c++?
Is there any windows API is there?
Example: Sample.exe
I have to get the handle of this sample.exe and I need to call Terminate process on that handle.
Any one suggest a good solution for this.
Note: its should support winxp and win8
Thanks in Advance
You should use toolhelp API's:
HANDLE OpenProcessByName(LPCTSTR Name, DWORD dwAccess)
{
HANDLE hSnap = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS, 0);
if (hSnap != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
PROCESSENTRY32 pe;
ZeroMemory(&pe, sizeof(PROCESSENTRY32));
pe.dwSize = sizeof(PROCESSENTRY32);
Process32First(hSnap, &pe);
do
{
if (!lstrcmpi(pe.szExeFile, Name))
{
return OpenProcess(dwAccess, 0, pe.th32ProcessID);
}
} while (Process32Next(hSnap, &pe));
}
return INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
}
For example:
#include <windows.h>
#include <tlhelp32.h>
//...
int main()
{
HANDLE hFire = OpenProcessByName("firefox.exe", PROCESS_VM_READ);
cout << "Handle: " << hFire << endl;
CloseHandle(hFire);
cin.get();
return 0;
}
But you should be careful because if there are more than 1 copy of process you will get a handle of the first. To handle all processes in "return OpenProcess" use call of some function like Handler(OpenProcess(dwAccess, 0, pe.th32ProcessID)):
void Handler(HANDLE hndl)
{
//... work with your Handle
CloseHandle(hndl);
}
//...
if (!lstrcmpi(pe.szExeFile, Name))
{
Handler(OpenProcess(dwAccess, 0, pe.th32ProcessID)):
}
//...
To fetch the process name from process id see quiestions: get process name from process id (win32) or How to get the process name in C++
Enumerate process documentation https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms682629%28v=vs.85%29.aspx Example code: https://msdn.microsoft.com/ru-ru/library/windows/desktop/ms682623%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
EDIT: There is solution that does not have problem "return the hanlde of the first matching found, whereas there may be multiple instances". This solution return array of pairs ProcessId and names, and you can select that you need in simple loop.
#include <windows.h>
#include <tlhelp32.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <map>
typedef std::pair<DWORD,std::string> ProcessVectorEntry;
typedef std::vector<ProcessVectorEntry> ProcessVector;
void getProcessInformation( ProcessVector& processVector ) {
HANDLE hSnapshot = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS, 0);
if(hSnapshot) {
PROCESSENTRY32 pe32;
pe32.dwSize = sizeof(PROCESSENTRY32);
if(Process32First(hSnapshot, &pe32)) {
do {
processVector.push_back( ProcessVectorEntry( pe32.th32ProcessID, pe32.szExeFile ) );
} while(Process32Next(hSnapshot, &pe32));
}
CloseHandle(hSnapshot);
}
}
And simple search in main
int main() {
std::string search = "firefox.exe";
ProcessVector processVector;
getProcessInformation( processVector );
std::cout << "Process IDs contains " << search << " in name:" << std::endl;
for( int i=0; i<processVector.size(); ++i )
if( processVector[i].second.find(search) != std::string::npos )
std::cout << processVector[i].first << std::endl;
return 0;
}
I have recently been learning C++ and I am at the stage where I can build sufficient enough programs.
At the moment I am just trying to inject ONE DLL into a process of my choice, I am having trouble because when it injects it works fine, but when I don't have the DLL it still acts as if it injected.
Help please.
My Source:
#include <iostream>
#include <Windows.h>
#include <TlHelp32.h>
using namespace std;
bool InjectDLL(DWORD ProcessID);
char FileToInject[] = "DLL.dll";
char ProcessName[] = "ac_client.exe";
typedef HINSTANCE (*fpLoadLibrary)(char*);
int main()
{
DWORD processId = NULL;
PROCESSENTRY32 pe32 = {sizeof(PROCESSENTRY32)};
HANDLE hProcSnap;
while(!processId)
{
system("CLS");
cout << "|Coded by Proton|" << endl;
cout << "Waiting for AssaultCube ..." << endl;
hProcSnap = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS, 0);
if(Process32First(hProcSnap, &pe32))
{
do
{
if(!strcmp(pe32.szExeFile, ProcessName))
{
processId = pe32.th32ProcessID;
break;
}
}
while(Process32Next(hProcSnap, &pe32));
}
Sleep(1000);
}
while(!InjectDLL(processId))
{
system("CLS");
cout << "DLL failed to inject." << endl;
Sleep(1000);
}
cout << "DLL Injected." << endl << endl;
cout << "Closing Injector in 5 seconds ..." << endl;
CloseHandle(hProcSnap);
Sleep(5000);
return 0;
}
bool InjectDLL(DWORD ProcessID)
{
HANDLE hProc;
LPVOID paramAddr;
HINSTANCE hDll = LoadLibrary("KERNEL32");
fpLoadLibrary LoadLibraryAddr = (fpLoadLibrary)GetProcAddress(hDll, "LoadLibraryA");
hProc = OpenProcess (PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS, false, ProcessID);
char dllPath[250] = "C:\\";
strcat(dllPath, FileToInject);
paramAddr = VirtualAllocEx(hProc, 0, strlen(dllPath)+1, MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
bool memoryWritten = WriteProcessMemory(hProc, paramAddr, dllPath, strlen(dllPath)+1, NULL);
CreateRemoteThread(hProc, 0, 0, (LPTHREAD_START_ROUTINE)LoadLibraryAddr, paramAddr, 0, 0);
CloseHandle(hProc);
return memoryWritten;
}
Thanks so much!
Don't ignore the return value from CreateRemoteThread.
Use the thread handle to check if it stays running (WaitForSingleObject with a timeout), and if it exited, check its return code.