how to use + as a character in c++ string - c++

I am creating a bool function to test the validity of an input string. One of the specs requires testing the placement of a + symbol. However, when I try and search for '+' within the string, nothing results. I am thinking this is because + is an operator? I have also tried using '+' and creating a substring at this location with no success.
simplified version of code:
bool isValidString(string s)
{
size_t found1 = s.find_first_not of("123456789") //string should only contain numbers, B, and +
if ( s[found1] == 'B' ) {
found1++;
if s[found1] == '+'
return true;
else
return false; }
}

If I may guess at your intent ...
Here are 3 ways to detect 'B+', in your strings, but the 3rd does not meet your requirements.
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <vector>
// returns true when "B+" found in s
bool isValidString1 (std::string s)
{
bool retVal = false;
size_t found1 = s.find_first_not_of("123456789"); //string should only contain numbers, B, and +
if ( s[found1] == 'B' )
{
found1++;
retVal = (s[found1] == '+');
}
return retVal;
}
bool isValidString2 (std::string s)
{
size_t found1 = s.find_first_not_of("123456789"); //string should only contain numbers, B, and +
bool retVal = false;
switch (s[found1])
{
case 'B': retVal = ('+' == s[found1+1]); break;
case '+': /* tbd - what do if out of order */ break;
default : /* tbd - what do if not allowed */ break;
}
return (retVal);
}
// simple, but does not reject the rest of non-digits
bool isValidString3 (std::string s)
{
size_t indx = s.find("B+");
return (indx != std::string::npos);
}
void test(std::string s)
{
std::cout << "\n 1 s: '" << s << "' "
<< (isValidString1(s) ? "valid" : "invalid");
std::cout << "\n 2 s: '" << s << "' "
<< (isValidString2(s) ? "valid" : "invalid");
std::cout << "\n 3 s: '" << s << "' "
<< (isValidString3(s) ? "valid" : "invalid") << std::endl;
}
int main(int , char** )
{
std::string s10 = "1234B+56789";
test(s10);
std::string s11 = "1234+B+5678";
test(s11);
std::string s12 = "B+12345678";
test(s12);
std::string s13 = "12345678B+";
test(s13);
std::string s14 = "12345678+B";
test(s14);
}
Output looks like:
1 s: '1234B+56789' valid
2 s: '1234B+56789' valid
3 s: '1234B+56789' valid
1 s: '1234+B+5678' invalid
2 s: '1234+B+5678' invalid
3 s: '1234+B+5678' valid
1 s: 'B+12345678' valid
2 s: 'B+12345678' valid
3 s: 'B+12345678' valid
1 s: '12345678B+' valid
2 s: '12345678B+' valid
3 s: '12345678B+' valid
1 s: '12345678+B' invalid
2 s: '12345678+B' invalid
3 s: '12345678+B' invalid
It appears that the following (output from isValidStr3()) is actually not what you want.
3 s: '1234+B+5678' valid
I find no issue with '+', it is simply another char in a std::string. No escaping needed. In this context, it is not an operator.

this seems to work
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
string str{ "Smith, where Jones + + \"+ +\", \"+ +\" +."
" \"+ +\" + + the examiners' approval." };
string substr{ '+' };
cout << "The string to be searched is:" << endl << str << endl;
size_t offset{};
size_t count{};
size_t increment{ substr.length() };
while (true)
{
offset = str.find(substr, offset);
if (string::npos == offset)
break;
offset += increment;
++count;
}
cout << " The string \"" << substr
<< "\" was found " << count << " times in the string above."
<< endl;
return 0;
}

Related

C++ Input to only accept operator symbols or only numbers

I've been trying to code this as sort of a beginner program for C++ to help me understand the language more but I don't really know how to tackle this.
Basically the program needs to only accept '+', '*', '/', '%' or numbers, otherwise it will say the input is invalid.
Here's what I've done so far
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
string x;
cout<<"Enter expression: ";
getline(cin,x);
if(x.find('*') != string::npos){
cout<<"Multiplication";
}else if(x.find('/') != string::npos){
cout<<"Division";
}else if(x.find('%') != string::npos){
cout<<"Modulo";
}else if(x.find('+') != string::npos){
cout<<"Addition";
}else{
cout<<"Invalid!";
}
return 0;
}
Definition of the Valid Input
Here I assume that the valid input is given by the following natural statements. First of all, as you mentioned,
Each input must be constructed from *, /, %, + and an integer.
Only zero or one operation. ( So 1+1 is valid. )
For an input of an integer, I also assume
Whitespace characters are allowed in the left and right side of the input string.
Whitespace characters between non-whitespace characters are not allowed.
The first non-whitespace character must be 0, 1, ..., 9 or - (for negative integers).
The second and the subsequent non-whitespace characters must be 0, 1, ..., 8 or 9.
Note that in my assumption the positive sign character +, decimal-point character . are not allowed for integer inputs.
For instance, in this definition,
"123", " 123", "123 " and " -123 " are all valid integer inputs.
"abc", "123a", " 1 23", "+123" and "1.0" are all invalid ones.
Validity Check Function for An Integer
First, to check the validity of the input of an integer, we trim the input and remove left and right whitespaces using the following trimming function: ( If you can use C++17, std::string_view would be more preferable from the performance poin of view.)
#include <string>
std::string trimLR(const std::string& str)
{
const auto strBegin = str.find_first_not_of(" \f\n\r\t\v");
if (strBegin == std::string::npos){
return "";
}
const auto strEnd = str.find_last_not_of(" \f\n\r\t\v");
const auto strRange = strEnd - strBegin + 1;
return str.substr(strBegin, strRange);
}
Next, we define the following simple validity check function isInteger which checks whether the passed string is an integer or not. Here std::isdigit is useful to check whether each character is digits or not.
Please note that various interesting methods are proposed in the past
posts.
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
bool isInteger(const std::string& s)
{
const auto ts = trimLR(s);
if(ts.empty()){
return false;
}
const std::size_t offset = (ts[0] == '-') ? 1 : 0;
const auto begin = ts.cbegin() + offset;
return (begin != ts.cend()) // false if s is just a negative sign "-"
&& std::all_of(begin, ts.cend(), [](unsigned char c){
return std::isdigit(c);
});
}
Main Function
Now it is easy and straightforward to implement the main function.
The following code will check inputs and work fine.
The next considerations are writing tests and performance tunings:
DEMO(Multiplication)
DEMO(Division)
DEMO(Modulo)
DEMO(Addition)
DEMO(Invalid 1)
DEMO(Invalid 2)
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
std::string x;
std::cout << "Enter expression: ";
std::getline(std::cin, x);
const auto optPos = x.find_first_of("*/%+");
if (optPos == std::string::npos)
{
if(isInteger(x)){
std::cout << "Valid input, " << x;
}
else{
std::cout << "Invalid input, " << x;
}
return 0;
}
const auto left = x.substr(0, optPos);
const auto opt = x.substr(optPos, 1);
const auto right = x.substr(std::min(optPos+1, x.length()-1));
if (!isInteger(left) || !isInteger(right))
{
std::cout
<< "Either `" << left << "`, `" << right
<< "` or both are invalid inputs." << std::endl;
return 0;
}
const auto leftVal = std::stod(left);
const auto rightVal = std::stod(right);
if(opt == "*")
{
std::cout
<< "Multiplication: "
<< x << " = " << (leftVal * rightVal);
}
else if(opt == "/")
{
std::cout
<< "Division: "
<< x << " = " << (leftVal / rightVal);
}
else if(opt == "%")
{
std::cout
<< "Modulo: "
<< x << " = " << (std::stoi(left) % std::stoi(right));
}
else if(opt == "+")
{
std::cout
<< "Addition: "
<< x << " = " << (leftVal + rightVal);
}
return 0;
}

Getting the text of the last directory of a given string with the delimiters of /

Given a URL (which is a string) such as this:
www.testsite.com/pictures/banners/whatever/
I want to be able to get the characters of the last directory in the URL (in this case it's "whatever", I want to also remove the forward slashes). What would be the most efficient way to do this?
Thanks for any help
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
std::string getlastcomponent(std::string s) {
if (s.size() > 0 && s[s.size()-1] == '/')
s.resize(s.size() - 1);
size_t i = s.find_last_of('/');
return (i != s.npos) ? s.substr(i+1) : s;
}
int main() {
std::string s1 = "www.testsite.com/pictures/banners/whatever/";
std::string s2 = "www.testsite.com/pictures/banners/whatever";
std::string s3 = "whatever/";
std::string s4 = "whatever";
std::cout << getlastcomponent(s1) << '\n';
std::cout << getlastcomponent(s2) << '\n';
std::cout << getlastcomponent(s3) << '\n';
std::cout << getlastcomponent(s4) << '\n';
return 0;
}
Get the length and push every letter from last ( at example pseudo code:
x = string.length()
while(X != 0)
{
CharVector.push(string.at(x));
x--;
if(string.at(x) == "\") break;
}
then you got revetahw instead of whatever.
Then just swap it with this fucntion:
string ReverseString( const string& word )
{
std::string l_bla;
bla.reserve(word.size());
for ( string::size_type x = word.length ( ); x > 0; x-- )
{
l_bla += word.at ( x -1 );
}
return l_bla;
}
so you got whatever

How to add commas to a string using recursion

I'm a beginner on programming. I'm coding a school assignment and its asking me to add commas to a string using recursion. I have most of it done but when I input a number greater than a million it doesn't add a comma before the first digit. This is what i have so far:
// commas - Convert a number (n) into a string, with commas
string commas(int n) {
ostringstream converted;
converted << n;
string number = converted.str();
int size = number.length();
if (size < 4 )
{
return number;
}
if (size >= 4 )
{
return number.substr(0, number.size() - 3) + "," + number.substr(number.size() - 3, number.length());
}
}
Any help would be greatly appreciated!
The algorithm is fairly simple. It is very similar to your solution except I added the part necessary for recursion. To understand how it works, remove tack_on. Here is example output:
1
10
100
These are the first groups that are returned when the terminating condition is reached (s.size() < 4). Then the rest of the groups are prefixed with a comma and "tacked on". The entire string is built using recursion. This is important because if you left number.substr(0, number.size() - 3) in, your output would look like this:
11,000
1010,000
100100,000
11,0001000,000
I use std::to_string which is C++11:
#include <iostream>
std::string addCommas(int n)
{
std::string s = std::to_string(n);
if (s.size() < 4) return s;
else
{
std::string tack_on = "," + s.substr(s.size() - 3, s.size());
return addCommas(n / 1000) + tack_on;
}
}
You only need to make minimal changes for the C++03/stringstream version:
#include <sstream>
std::ostringstream oss;
std::string addCommas(int n)
{
oss.str(""); // to avoid std::bad_alloc
oss << n;
std::string s = oss.str();
// etc
}
Testing:
int main()
{
std::cout << addCommas(1) << "\n";
std::cout << addCommas(10) << "\n";
std::cout << addCommas(100) << "\n";
std::cout << addCommas(1000) << "\n";
std::cout << addCommas(10000) << "\n";
std::cout << addCommas(100000) << "\n";
std::cout << addCommas(1000000) << "\n";
return 0;
}
Output:
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
I think this one is a bit simpler and easier to follow:
std::string commas(int n)
{
std::string s = std::to_string(n%1000);
if ((n/1000) == 0) return s;
else
{
// Add zeros if required
while(s.size() < 3)
{
s = "0" + s;
}
return commas(n / 1000) + "," + s;
}
}
an alternative approach without recursion:
class Grouping3 : public std::numpunct< char >
{
protected:
std::string do_grouping() const { return "\003"; }
};
std::string commas( int n )
{
std::ostringstream converted;
converted.imbue( std::locale( converted.getloc(), new Grouping3 ) );
converted << n;
return converted.str();
}
will need #include <locale> in some environments
A possible solution for the assignment could be:
std::string commas( std::string&& str )
{
return str.length() > 3?
commas( str.substr( 0, str.length()-3 ) ) + "," + str.substr( str.length()-3 ):
str;
}
std::string commas( int n )
{
std::ostringstream converted;
converted << n;
return commas( converted.str() );
}

Return fixed length std::string from integer value

Problem -> To return fixed length string to std::string*.
Target machine -> Fedora 11 .
I have to derive a function which accepts integer value and return fixed lenght string to a string pointer;
for example -> int value are in range of 0 to -127
so for int value 0 -> it shoud display 000
for value -9 -> it should return -009
for value say -50 -> it should return -050
for value say -110 -> it should return -110
so in short , lenght should be same in all cases.
What I have done : I have defined the function according to the requirement which has shown below.
Where I need help: I have derived a function but I am not sure if this is correct approach. When I test it on standalone system on windows side , the exe stopped working after sometimes but when I include this function with the overall project on Linux machine , it works flawlessly.
/* function(s)to implement fixed Length Rssi */
std::string convertString( const int numberRssi, std::string addedPrecison="" )
{
const std::string delimiter = "-";
stringstream ss;
ss << numberRssi ;
std::string tempString = ss.str();
std::string::size_type found = tempString.find( delimiter );
if( found == std::string::npos )// not found
{
tempString = "000";
}
else
{
tempString = tempString.substr( found+1 );
tempString = "-" +addedPrecison+tempString ;
}
return tempString;
}
std::string stringFixedLenght( const int number )
{
std::string str;
if( (number <= 0) && (number >= -9) )
{
str = convertString( number, "00");
}
else if( (number <= -10) && (number >= -99) )
{
str = convertString( number, "0");
}
else
{
str= convertString(number, "");
}
return str;
}
// somewhere in the project calling the function
ErrorCode A::GetNowString( std::string macAddress, std::string *pString )
{
ErrorCode result = ok;
int lvalue;
//some more code like iopening file and reading file
//..bla
// ..bla
// already got the value in lvalue ;
if( result == ok )
{
*pString = stringFixedLenght( lValue );
}
// some more code
return result;
}
You can use I/O manipulators to set the width that you need, and fill with zeros. For example, this program prints 00123:
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << setfill('0') << setw(5) << 123 << endl;
return 0;
}
You have to take care of the negative values yourself, though: cout << setfill('0') << setw(5) << -123 << endl prints 0-123, not -0123. Check if the value is negative, set the width to N-1, and add a minus in front.
How about using std::ostringstream and the standard output formatting manipulators?
std::string makeFixedLength(const int i, const int length)
{
std::ostringstream ostr;
if (i < 0)
ostr << '-';
ostr << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(length) << (i < 0 ? -i : i);
return ostr.str();
}
Note that your examples contradict your description: if the value is -9,
and the fixed length is 3, should the output be "-009" (as in your
example), or "-09" (as you describe)? If the former, the obvious
solution is to just use the formatting flags on std::ostringstream:
std::string
fixedWidth( int value, int width )
{
std::ostringstream results;
results.fill( '0' );
results.setf( std::ios_base::internal, std::ios_base::adjustfield );
results << std::setw( value < 0 ? width + 1 : width ) << value;
return results.str();
}
For the latter, just drop the conditional in the std::setw, and pass
width.
For the record, although I would avoid it, this is one of the rare cases
where printf does something better than ostream. Using snprintf:
std::string
fixedWidth( int value, int width )
{
char buffer[100];
snprintf( buffer, sizeof(buffer), "%.*d", width, value );
return buffer;
}
You'd probably want to capture the return value of snprintf and add
some error handling after it, just in case (but 100 chars is
sufficient for most current machines).
I have nothing against the versions that use streams, but you can do it all yourself more simply than your code:
std::string fixedLength(int value, int digits = 3) {
unsigned int uvalue = value;
if (value < 0) {
uvalue = -uvalue;
}
std::string result;
while (digits-- > 0) {
result += ('0' + uvalue % 10);
uvalue /= 10;
}
if (value < 0) {
result += '-';
}
std::reverse(result.begin(), result.end());
return result;
}
like this?
#include <cstdlib>
#include <string>
template <typename T>
std::string meh (T x)
{
const char* sign = x < 0 ? "-" : "";
const auto mag = std::abs (x);
if (mag < 10) return sign + std::string ("00" + std::to_string(mag));
if (mag < 100) return sign + std::string ("0" + std::to_string(mag));
return std::to_string(x);
}
#include <iostream>
int main () {
std::cout << meh(4) << ' '
<< meh(40) << ' '
<< meh(400) << ' '
<< meh(4000) << '\n';
std::cout << meh(-4) << ' '
<< meh(-40) << ' '
<< meh(-400) << ' '
<< meh(-4000) << '\n';
}
004 040 400 4000
-004 -040 -400 -4000

C++ string diff (a la Python's difflib)

I'm trying to diff two strings to determine whether or not they solely vary in one numerical subset of the string structure; for example,
varies_in_single_number_field('foo7bar', 'foo123bar')
# Returns True, because 7 != 123, and there's only one varying
# number region between the two strings.
In Python I can use the difflib to accomplish this:
import difflib, doctest
def varies_in_single_number_field(str1, str2):
"""
A typical use case is as follows:
>>> varies_in_single_number_field('foo7bar00', 'foo123bar00')
True
Numerical variation in two dimensions is no good:
>>> varies_in_single_number_field('foo7bar00', 'foo123bar01')
False
Varying in a nonexistent field is okay:
>>> varies_in_single_number_field('foobar00', 'foo123bar00')
True
Identical strings don't *vary* in any number field:
>>> varies_in_single_number_field('foobar00', 'foobar00')
False
"""
in_differing_substring = False
passed_differing_substring = False # There should be only one.
differ = difflib.Differ()
for letter_diff in differ.compare(str1, str2):
letter = letter_diff[2:]
if letter_diff.startswith(('-', '+')):
if passed_differing_substring: # Already saw a varying field.
return False
in_differing_substring = True
if not letter.isdigit(): return False # Non-digit diff character.
elif in_differing_substring: # Diff character not found - end of diff.
in_differing_substring = False
passed_differing_substring = True
return passed_differing_substring # No variation if no diff was passed.
if __name__ == '__main__': doctest.testmod()
But I have no idea how to find something like difflib for C++. Alternative approaches welcome. :)
This might work, it at least passes your demonstration test:
EDIT: I've made some modifications to deal with some string indexing issues. I believe it should be good now.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cctype>
bool starts_with(const std::string &s1, const std::string &s2) {
return (s1.length() <= s2.length()) && (s2.substr(0, s1.length()) == s1);
}
bool ends_with(const std::string &s1, const std::string &s2) {
return (s1.length() <= s2.length()) && (s2.substr(s2.length() - s1.length()) == s1);
}
bool is_numeric(const std::string &s) {
for(std::string::const_iterator it = s.begin(); it != s.end(); ++it) {
if(!std::isdigit(*it)) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
bool varies_in_single_number_field(std::string s1, std::string s2) {
size_t index1 = 0;
size_t index2 = s1.length() - 1;
if(s1 == s2) {
return false;
}
if((s1.empty() && is_numeric(s2)) || (s2.empty() && is_numeric(s1))) {
return true;
}
if(s1.length() < s2.length()) {
s1.swap(s2);
}
while(index1 < s1.length() && starts_with(s1.substr(0, index1), s2)) { index1++; }
while(ends_with(s1.substr(index2), s2)) { index2--; }
return is_numeric(s1.substr(index1 - 1, (index2 + 1) - (index1 - 1)));
}
int main() {
std::cout << std::boolalpha << varies_in_single_number_field("foo7bar00", "foo123bar00") << std::endl;
std::cout << std::boolalpha << varies_in_single_number_field("foo7bar00", "foo123bar01") << std::endl;
std::cout << std::boolalpha << varies_in_single_number_field("foobar00", "foo123bar00") << std::endl;
std::cout << std::boolalpha << varies_in_single_number_field("foobar00", "foobar00") << std::endl;
std::cout << std::boolalpha << varies_in_single_number_field("7aaa", "aaa") << std::endl;
std::cout << std::boolalpha << varies_in_single_number_field("aaa7", "aaa") << std::endl;
std::cout << std::boolalpha << varies_in_single_number_field("aaa", "7aaa") << std::endl;
std::cout << std::boolalpha << varies_in_single_number_field("aaa", "aaa7") << std::endl;
}
Basically, it looks for a string which has 3 parts, string2 begins with part1, string2 ends with part3 and part2 is only digits.
It's probably a bit of overkill, but you could use boost to interface to python. At the worst, difflib is implemented in pure python, and it's not too long. It should be possible to port from python to C...
You could do an ad hoc approach: You're looking to match strings s and s', where s=abc and s'=ab'c, and the b and b' should be two distinct numbers (possible empty). So:
Compare the strings from the left, char by char, until you hit different characters, and then stop. You
Similarly, compare the strings from the right until you hit different characters, OR hit that left marker.
Then check the remainders in the middle to see if they're both numbers.
How about using something like boost::regex?
// pseudo code, may or may not compile
bool match_except_numbers(const std::string& s1, const std::string& s2)
{
static const boost::regex fooNumberBar("foo\\d+bar");
return boost::match(s1, fooNumberBar) && boost::match(s2, fooNumberBar);
}
#Evan Teran: looks like we did this in parallel -- I have a markedly less readable O(n) implementation:
#include <cassert>
#include <cctype>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
ostringstream debug;
const bool DEBUG = true;
bool varies_in_single_number_field(const string &str1, const string &str2) {
bool in_difference = false;
bool passed_difference = false;
string str1_digits, str2_digits;
size_t str1_iter = 0, str2_iter = 0;
while (str1_iter < str1.size() && str2_iter < str2.size()) {
const char &str1_char = str1.at(str1_iter);
const char &str2_char = str2.at(str2_iter);
debug << "str1: " << str1_char << "; str2: " << str2_char << endl;
if (str1_char == str2_char) {
if (in_difference) {
in_difference = false;
passed_difference = true;
}
++str1_iter, ++str2_iter;
continue;
}
in_difference = true;
if (passed_difference) { /* Already passed a difference. */
debug << "Already passed a difference." << endl;
return false;
}
bool str1_char_is_digit = isdigit(str1_char);
bool str2_char_is_digit = isdigit(str2_char);
if (str1_char_is_digit && !str2_char_is_digit) {
++str1_iter;
str1_digits.push_back(str1_char);
} else if (!str1_char_is_digit && str2_char_is_digit) {
++str2_iter;
str2_digits.push_back(str2_char);
} else if (str1_char_is_digit && str2_char_is_digit) {
++str1_iter, ++str2_iter;
str1_digits.push_back(str1_char);
str2_digits.push_back(str2_char);
} else { /* Both are non-digits and they're different. */
return false;
}
}
if (in_difference) {
in_difference = false;
passed_difference = true;
}
string str1_remainder = str1.substr(str1_iter);
string str2_remainder = str2.substr(str2_iter);
debug << "Got to exit point; passed difference: " << passed_difference
<< "; str1 digits: " << str1_digits
<< "; str2 digits: " << str2_digits
<< "; str1 remainder: " << str1_remainder
<< "; str2 remainder: " << str2_remainder
<< endl;
return passed_difference
&& (str1_digits != str2_digits)
&& (str1_remainder == str2_remainder);
}
int main() {
assert(varies_in_single_number_field("foo7bar00", "foo123bar00") == true);
assert(varies_in_single_number_field("foo7bar00", "foo123bar01") == false);
assert(varies_in_single_number_field("foobar00", "foo123bar00") == true);
assert(varies_in_single_number_field("foobar00", "foobar00") == false);
assert(varies_in_single_number_field("foobar00", "foobaz00") == false);
assert(varies_in_single_number_field("foo00bar", "foo01barz") == false);
assert(varies_in_single_number_field("foo01barz", "foo00bar") == false);
if (DEBUG) {
cout << debug.str();
}
return 0;
}