Compiling with external libraries - c++

Question

I am having an issue with compiling one of the sample (example codes) for a C++ based jwt library from a github project: jwt-cpp
I cloned it and compiled it using the steps provided in the README file, which seemed successful.
After that I did a ldconfig.
Now, I am trying to build the example code.
#include <iostream>
#include "jwt/jwt_all.h"
using json = nlohmann::json;
int main()
{
// Setup a signer
HS256Validator signer("secret!");
// Create the json payload that expires 01/01/2017 # 12:00am (UTC)
json payload = {{"sub", "subject"}, {"exp", 1483228800}};
// Let's encode the token to a string
auto token = JWT::Encode(signer, payload);
std::cout << token << std::endl;
}
I compile this with a command on terminal, which says:
g++ -std=c++11 \
-I/usr/local/include \
-I/usr/local/include \
/usr/local/lib/libjwt.a \
/usr/local/lib/libcrypto.a \
sign.cpp -o sign
And it results in following error:
/tmp/ccX4ghoR.o: In function `main':
sign.cpp:(.text+0x24e): undefined reference to
JWT::Encode(MessageSigner const&, nlohmann::basic_json<std::map,
std::vector, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>,
std::allocator<char> >, bool, long, unsigned long, double,
std::allocator, nlohmann::adl_serializer> const&,
nlohmann::basic_json<std::map, std::vector,
std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>,
std::allocator<char> >, bool, long, unsigned long, double,
std::allocator, nlohmann::adl_serializer>)'
/tmp/ccX4ghoR.o: In function
`HS256Validator::HS256Validator(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,
std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)': sign.cpp:(.text._ZN14HS256ValidatorC2ERKNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEE[_ZN14HS256ValidatorC5ERKNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEE]+0x21): undefined reference to `EVP_sha256' sign.cpp:(.text._ZN14HS256ValidatorC2ERKNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEE[_ZN14HS256ValidatorC5ERKNSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEE]+0x5f): undefined reference to `HMACValidator::HMACValidator(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,
std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, evp_md_st
const*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>,
std::allocator<char> > const&)'
/tmp/ccX4ghoR.o:
(.rodata._ZTV14HS256Validator[_ZTV14HS256Validator]+0x20): undefined
reference to `HMACValidator::Verify(nlohmann::basic_json<std::map,
std::vector, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>,
std::allocator<char> >, bool, long, unsigned long, double,
std::allocator, nlohmann::adl_serializer> const&, unsigned char
const*, unsigned long, unsigned char const*, unsigned long) const'
/tmp/ccX4ghoR.o:
(.rodata._ZTV14HS256Validator[_ZTV14HS256Validator]+0x28): undefined
reference to `HMACValidator::toJson[abi:cxx11]() const'
/tmp/ccX4ghoR.o:
(.rodata._ZTV14HS256Validator[_ZTV14HS256Validator]+0x38): undefined
reference to `MessageValidator::Accepts(nlohmann::basic_json<std::map,
std::vector, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>,
std::allocator<char> >, bool, long, unsigned long, double,
std::allocator, nlohmann::adl_serializer> const&) const'
/tmp/ccX4ghoR.o:
(.rodata._ZTV14HS256Validator[_ZTV14HS256Validator]+0x40): undefined
reference to `HMACValidator::Sign(unsigned char const*, unsigned long,
unsigned char*, unsigned long*) const'
/tmp/ccX4ghoR.o: In function `HS256Validator::~HS256Validator()':
sign.cpp:
(.text._ZN14HS256ValidatorD2Ev[_ZN14HS256ValidatorD5Ev]+0x20):
undefined reference to `HMACValidator::~HMACValidator()'
/tmp/ccX4ghoR.o:
(.rodata._ZTI14HS256Validator[_ZTI14HS256Validator]+0x10): undefined
reference to `typeinfo for HMACValidator'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
What have I tried:
I have read through these questions to know what I might be doing wrong:
How to use libraries and compile C file using external library from linux terminal, Although second question is specifically for C and not C++, the problem there and the solution is applicable to C++ as well.
I have also tried variants of command line compilation such as,
g++ -std=c++11 \
-I/usr/local/include \
-I/usr/local/include \
-L/usr/local/lib/ \
-lcrypto -ljwt \
sign.cpp -o sign
I am familiar with the fact that when I do a -lfoo, the linker tries to find a libfoo.a at the location provided with -L option.
I have confirmed that the options that are used for compilation contains what they should.
For -I options:
I can see jwt and openssl directories in /usr/local/include
For -L options:
I can see libjwt.a, libssl.a, libcrypto.a, libssl.so, etc at /usr/local/lib/
Question:
What am I doing wrong to compile this example?

Answer 1

You're gonna kick yourself when I tell you the issue.
Put the source file, sign.cpp before the library declarations in your program:
g++ -std=c++11 -I/usr/local/include -L/usr/local/lib sign.cpp -lcrypto -ljwt -o sign
The reason being is that the unix linker doesn't look backwards in the command line to resolve dependencies. There's a few command line switches (e.g. --start-group and --end-group) that will adjust this behavior, but the above will get you unblocked for now. More details here.
In the above example, I took the liberty of removing the duplicated INCLUDE path arguments. You probably don't even need the -I/usr/local/include or -L/usr/local/lib part because that's typically already in the standard compiler path.