python 2 code VS python 3 ,zoho crm api [duplicate] - python-2.7

Question

I am trying to convert working Python 2.7 code into Python 3 code and I am receiving a type error from the urllib request module.
I used the inbuilt 2to3 Python tool to convert the below working urllib and urllib2 Python 2.7 code:
import urllib2
import urllib
url = "https://www.customdomain.com"
d = dict(parameter1="value1", parameter2="value2")
req = urllib2.Request(url, data=urllib.urlencode(d))
f = urllib2.urlopen(req)
resp = f.read()
The output from the 2to3 module was the below Python 3 code:
import urllib.request, urllib.error, urllib.parse
url = "https://www.customdomain.com"
d = dict(parameter1="value1", parameter2="value2")
req = urllib.request.Request(url, data=urllib.parse.urlencode(d))
f = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
resp = f.read()
When the Python 3 code is run the following error is produced:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-56-206954140899> in <module>()
5
6 req = urllib.request.Request(url, data=urllib.parse.urlencode(d))
----> 7 f = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
8 resp = f.read()
C:\Users\Admin\Anaconda3\lib\urllib\request.py in urlopen(url, data, timeout, cafile, capath, cadefault, context)
159 else:
160 opener = _opener
--> 161 return opener.open(url, data, timeout)
162
163 def install_opener(opener):
C:\Users\Admin\Anaconda3\lib\urllib\request.py in open(self, fullurl, data, timeout)
459 for processor in self.process_request.get(protocol, []):
460 meth = getattr(processor, meth_name)
--> 461 req = meth(req)
462
463 response = self._open(req, data)
C:\Users\Admin\Anaconda3\lib\urllib\request.py in do_request_(self, request)
1110 msg = "POST data should be bytes or an iterable of bytes. " \
1111 "It cannot be of type str."
-> 1112 raise TypeError(msg)
1113 if not request.has_header('Content-type'):
1114 request.add_unredirected_header(
TypeError: POST data should be bytes or an iterable of bytes. It cannot be of type str.
I have also read two other tickets (ticket1 and ticket2) which mentioned encoding the date.
When I changed the line f = urllib.request.urlopen(req) to f = urllib.request.urlopen(req.encode('utf-8')) I received the following error: AttributeError: 'Request' object has no attribute 'encode'
I am stuck as to how to make the Python 3 code work. Could you please help me?

Answer 1

From the docs Note that params output from urlencode is encoded to bytes before it is sent to urlopen as data:
data = urllib.parse.urlencode(d).encode("utf-8")
req = urllib.request.Request(url)
with urllib.request.urlopen(req,data=data) as f:
resp = f.read()
print(resp)

Answer 2

Try this:
url = 'https://www.customdomain.com'
d = dict(parameter1="value1", parameter2="value2")
f = urllib.parse.urlencode(d)
f = f.encode('utf-8')
req = urllib.request.Request(url, f)
Your problem lies in the way you were handling the dictionary.

Answer 3

I used python requests module with ZOHO CRM API V2. It worked without any issues.
Here is a sample working code with GET request:
import json
import requests
# API methods - https://www.zoho.com/crm/developer/docs/api/api-methods.html
# getrecords API Call
module_name = 'Deals'
authtoken = '*****'
api_url = "https://crm.zoho.com/crm/private/json/"+module_name+"/getRecords?authtoken="+authtoken+"&scope=crmapi&fromIndex=1&toIndex=2"
# GET Request
request_response = requests.get(
url=api_url
)
print(json.dumps(json.loads(request_response.text), sort_keys=True, indent=4, separators=(",", ": ")))
json_response = json.loads(request_response.text)