I am making an empty room with 4 walls, 1 floor and 1 ceiling.
I have added an array of uniform variables in the fragment shader for each wall/floor/ceiling.
I'm adjusting this section of code (below), and trying to get the far wall to appear red but nothing is changing after I execute. It stays blue. Why is that?
static void init(GLFWwindow* window)
{
...
// Wall 1 (Far)
g_materialProperties_plane[1].ambient = glm::vec4(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties_plane[1].diffuse = glm::vec4(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties_plane[1].specular = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.7f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
...
}
Full program
#define MAX_MATERIALS 6
// struct for lighting properties
struct LightProperties
{
vec4 position;
vec4 ambient;
vec4 diffuse;
vec4 specular;
float shininess;
vec3 attenuation;
float cutoffAngle;
vec3 direction;
};
// struct for material properties
struct MaterialProperties
{
vec4 ambient;
vec4 diffuse;
vec4 specular;
};
LightProperties g_lightProperties;
MaterialProperties g_materialProperties_plane[6];
// struct for vertex attributes
struct Vertex_plane
{
GLfloat position[3];
GLfloat normal[3];
};
GLuint g_VBO; // vertex buffer object identifier
GLuint g_VAO = 0; // vertex array object identifier
GLuint g_shaderProgramID = 0; // shader program identifier
// locations in shader
GLuint g_MVP_Index;
GLuint g_M_Index = 0;
GLuint g_viewPointIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightPositionIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightAmbientIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightDiffuseIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightSpecularIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightShininessIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightAttenuationIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightCutoffAngleIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightDirectionIndex = 0;
GLuint g_materialAmbientIndex[MAX_MATERIALS];
GLuint g_materialDiffuseIndex[MAX_MATERIALS];
GLuint g_materialSpecularIndex[MAX_MATERIALS];
glm::mat4 g_modelMatrix_plane[6]; // object's model matrix (4 walls + 1 ceiling + 1 floor)
glm::mat4 g_viewMatrix; // view matrix
glm::mat4 g_projectionMatrix; // projection matrix
glm::vec3 g_viewPoint; // view point
Camera g_camera; // camera
GLuint g_windowWidth = 1200; // window dimensions
GLuint g_windowHeight = 1000;
bool g_wireFrame = false; // wireframe on or off
static void init(GLFWwindow* window)
{
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); // enable depth buffer test
// create and compile our GLSL program from the shader files
g_shaderProgramID = loadShaders("PerFragLightingVS.vert", "PerFragLightingFS.frag");
// find the location of shader variables
GLuint positionIndex = glGetAttribLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "aPosition");
GLuint normalIndex = glGetAttribLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "aNormal");
g_MVP_Index = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uModelViewProjectionMatrix");
g_M_Index = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uModelMatrix");
g_viewPointIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uViewPoint");
// Material
g_materialAmbientIndex[0] = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties[0].ambient");
g_materialDiffuseIndex[0] = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties[0].diffuse");
g_materialSpecularIndex[0] = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties[0].specular");
g_materialAmbientIndex[1] = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties[1].ambient");
g_materialDiffuseIndex[1] = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties[1].diffuse");
g_materialSpecularIndex[1] = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties[1].specular");
g_materialAmbientIndex[2] = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties[2].ambient");
g_materialDiffuseIndex[2] = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties[2].diffuse");
g_materialSpecularIndex[2] = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties[2].specular");
g_materialAmbientIndex[3] = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties[3].ambient");
g_materialDiffuseIndex[3] = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties[3].diffuse");
g_materialSpecularIndex[3] = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties[3].specular");
g_materialAmbientIndex[4] = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties[4].ambient");
g_materialDiffuseIndex[4] = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties[4].diffuse");
g_materialSpecularIndex[4] = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties[4].specular");
g_materialAmbientIndex[5] = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties[5].ambient");
g_materialDiffuseIndex[5] = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties[5].diffuse");
g_materialSpecularIndex[5] = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties[5].specular");
// initialise model matrix to the identity matrix
g_modelMatrix_plane[0] = g_modelMatrix_plane[1] = g_modelMatrix_plane[2] = g_modelMatrix_plane[3]
= g_modelMatrix_plane[4] = g_modelMatrix_plane[5] = g_modelMatrix_plane[6] = glm::mat4(1.0f);
...
// Material Properties - Planes
// Floor
g_materialProperties_plane[0].ambient = glm::vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties_plane[0].diffuse = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.7f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties_plane[0].specular = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.7f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
// Wall 1 (Far)
g_materialProperties_plane[1].ambient = glm::vec4(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties_plane[1].diffuse = glm::vec4(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties_plane[1].specular = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.7f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
// Wall 2 (Left)
g_materialProperties_plane[2].ambient = glm::vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties_plane[2].diffuse = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.7f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties_plane[2].specular = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.7f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
// Wall 3 (Right)
g_materialProperties_plane[3].ambient = glm::vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties_plane[3].diffuse = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.7f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties_plane[3].specular = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.7f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
// Wall 4 (Near)
g_materialProperties_plane[4].ambient = glm::vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties_plane[4].diffuse = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.7f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties_plane[4].specular = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.7f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
// Ceiling
g_materialProperties_plane[5].ambient = glm::vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties_plane[5].diffuse = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.7f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties_plane[5].specular = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.7f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
// generate identifier for VBOs and copy data to GPU
glGenBuffers(1, &g_VBO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(g_vertices_plane), g_vertices_plane, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// generate identifiers for VAO
glGenVertexArrays(1, &g_VAO);
// create VAO and specify VBO data
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO);
glVertexAttribPointer(positionIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex_plane), reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex_plane, position)));
glVertexAttribPointer(normalIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex_plane), reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex_plane, normal)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(positionIndex); // enable vertex attributes
glEnableVertexAttribArray(normalIndex);
}
// function used to render the scene
static void render_scene()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // clear colour buffer and depth buffer
glUseProgram(g_shaderProgramID); // use the shaders associated with the shader program
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO); // make VAO active
// set uniform shader variables
glm::mat4 MVP = glm::mat4(1.0f);
// Floor
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix_plane[0];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_plane[0][0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
// Wall 1 (Far wall)
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix_plane[1];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_plane[1][0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
// Wall 2 (Left wall)
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix_plane[2];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_plane[2][0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
// Wall 3 (Right wall)
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix_plane[3];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_plane[3][0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
// Wall 4 (Near wall)
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix_plane[4];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_plane[4][0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
// Ceiling
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix_plane[5];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_plane[5][0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
glUniform4fv(g_lightPositionIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.position[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_lightAmbientIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.ambient[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_lightDiffuseIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.diffuse[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_lightSpecularIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.specular[0]);
glUniform1fv(g_lightShininessIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.shininess);
glUniform3fv(g_lightAttenuationIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.attenuation[0]);
glUniform1fv(g_lightCutoffAngleIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.cutoffAngle);
glUniform3fv(g_lightDirectionIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.direction[0]);
// Material Properties - Planes
// Floor
glUniform4fv(g_materialAmbientIndex[0], 1, &g_materialProperties_plane[0].ambient[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_materialDiffuseIndex[0], 1, &g_materialProperties_plane[0].diffuse[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_materialSpecularIndex[0], 1, &g_materialProperties_plane[0].specular[0]);
// Wall 1 (Far)
glUniform4fv(g_materialAmbientIndex[1], 1, &g_materialProperties_plane[1].ambient[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_materialDiffuseIndex[1], 1, &g_materialProperties_plane[1].diffuse[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_materialSpecularIndex[1], 1, &g_materialProperties_plane[1].specular[0]);
// Wall 2 (Left)
glUniform4fv(g_materialAmbientIndex[2], 1, &g_materialProperties_plane[2].ambient[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_materialDiffuseIndex[2], 1, &g_materialProperties_plane[2].diffuse[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_materialSpecularIndex[2], 1, &g_materialProperties_plane[2].specular[0]);
// Wall 3 (Right)
glUniform4fv(g_materialAmbientIndex[3], 1, &g_materialProperties_plane[3].ambient[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_materialDiffuseIndex[3], 1, &g_materialProperties_plane[3].diffuse[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_materialSpecularIndex[3], 1, &g_materialProperties_plane[3].specular[0]);
// Wall 4 (Near)
glUniform4fv(g_materialAmbientIndex[4], 1, &g_materialProperties_plane[4].ambient[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_materialDiffuseIndex[4], 1, &g_materialProperties_plane[4].diffuse[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_materialSpecularIndex[4], 1, &g_materialProperties_plane[4].specular[0]);
// Ceiling
glUniform4fv(g_materialAmbientIndex[5], 1, &g_materialProperties_plane[5].ambient[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_materialDiffuseIndex[5], 1, &g_materialProperties_plane[5].diffuse[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_materialSpecularIndex[5], 1, &g_materialProperties_plane[5].specular[0]);
glFlush(); // flush the pipeline
}
int main(void)
{
GLFWwindow* window = NULL; // pointer to a GLFW window handle
TwBar *TweakBar; // pointer to a tweak bar
glfwSetErrorCallback(error_callback); // set error callback function
// initialise GLFW
if (!glfwInit())
{
// if failed to initialise GLFW
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// minimum OpenGL version 3.3
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
// create a window and its OpenGL context
window = glfwCreateWindow(g_windowWidth, g_windowHeight, "Tutorial", NULL, NULL);
// if failed to create window
if (window == NULL)
{
glfwTerminate();
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window); // set window context as the current context
glfwSwapInterval(1); // swap buffer interval
// initialise GLEW
if (glewInit() != GLEW_OK)
{
// if failed to initialise GLEW
cerr << "GLEW initialisation failed" << endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// set key callback function
glfwSetKeyCallback(window, key_callback);
glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, cursor_position_callback);
glfwSetMouseButtonCallback(window, mouse_button_callback);
// use sticky mode to avoid missing state changes from polling
glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_STICKY_KEYS, GL_TRUE);
// use mouse to move camera, hence use disable cursor mode
glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_NORMAL);
// initialise AntTweakBar
TwInit(TW_OPENGL_CORE, NULL);
// give tweak bar the size of graphics window
TwWindowSize(g_windowWidth, g_windowHeight);
TwDefine(" TW_HELP visible=false "); // disable help menu
TwDefine(" GLOBAL fontsize=3 "); // set large font size
// create a tweak bar
TweakBar = TwNewBar("Main");
TwDefine(" Main label='Controls' refresh=0.02 text=light size='220 200' ");
// create display entries
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Wireframe", TW_TYPE_BOOLCPP, &g_wireFrame, " group='Display' ");
// display a separator
TwAddSeparator(TweakBar, NULL, NULL);
// create spotlight entries
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Cutoff", TW_TYPE_FLOAT, &g_lightProperties.cutoffAngle, " group='Spotlight' min=-180.0 max=180.0 step=1.0 ");
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Direction: x", TW_TYPE_FLOAT, &g_lightProperties.direction[0], " group='Spotlight' min=-1.0 max=1.0 step=0.1");
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Direction: y", TW_TYPE_FLOAT, &g_lightProperties.direction[1], " group='Spotlight' min=-1.0 max=1.0 step=0.1");
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Direction: z", TW_TYPE_FLOAT, &g_lightProperties.direction[2], " group='Spotlight' min=-1.0 max=1.0 step=0.1");
// initialise rendering states
init(window);
// the rendering loop
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
g_camera.update(window); // update camera
if (g_wireFrame)
glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);
render_scene(); // render the scene
glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_FILL);
TwDraw(); // draw tweak bar(s)
glfwSwapBuffers(window); // swap buffers
glfwPollEvents(); // poll for events
}
// clean up
glDeleteProgram(g_shaderProgramID);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &g_VBO);
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &g_VAO);
// uninitialise tweak bar
TwTerminate();
// close the window and terminate GLFW
glfwDestroyWindow(window);
glfwTerminate();
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
Fragment Shader
#version 330 core
#define MAX_MATERIALS 6
// interpolated values from the vertex shaders
in vec3 vNormal;
in vec3 vPosition;
// uniform input data
struct LightProperties
{
vec4 position;
vec4 ambient;
vec4 diffuse;
vec4 specular;
float shininess;
vec3 attenuation;
float cutoffAngle;
vec3 direction;
};
struct MaterialProperties
{
vec4 ambient;
vec4 diffuse;
vec4 specular;
};
uniform LightProperties uLightingProperties;
uniform MaterialProperties uMaterialProperties[MAX_MATERIALS];
uniform vec3 uViewPoint;
// output data
out vec3 fColor;
void main()
{
// calculate vectors for lighting
vec3 N = normalize(vNormal);
vec3 L;
float attenuation = 1.0f;
// calculate the attenuation based on distance
L = (uLightingProperties.position).xyz - vPosition;
float distance = length(L);
L = normalize(L);
attenuation = 1/(uLightingProperties.attenuation.x
+ uLightingProperties.attenuation.y * distance
+ uLightingProperties.attenuation.z * distance * distance);
vec3 V = normalize(uViewPoint - vPosition);
vec3 R = reflect(-L, N);
// the direction of the spotlight
vec3 direction = normalize(uLightingProperties.direction);
// the angle between the vector from the light to the fragment’s position and the spotlight’s direction
float angle = degrees(acos(dot(-L, direction)));
vec3 colour = vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
// only compute if angle is less than the cutoff angle
if(angle <= uLightingProperties.cutoffAngle)
{
for(int i = 0; i < MAX_MATERIALS; i++){
// calculate Phong lighting
vec4 ambient = uLightingProperties.ambient * uMaterialProperties[i].ambient;
vec4 diffuse = uLightingProperties.diffuse * uMaterialProperties[i].diffuse * max(dot(L, N), 0.0);
vec4 specular = vec4(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
if(dot(L, N) > 0.0f)
{
specular = uLightingProperties.specular * uMaterialProperties[i].specular
* pow(max(dot(V, R), 0.0), uLightingProperties.shininess);
}
colour = (attenuation * (diffuse + specular)).rgb + ambient.rgb;
// fade the spotlight's intensity linearly with angle
colour *= 1.0f - angle/uLightingProperties.cutoffAngle;
}
}
// set output color
fColor = colour;
}
The issue is inside the Fragment shader:
for(int i = 0; i < MAX_MATERIALS; i++){
....
colour = (attenuation * (diffuse + specular)).rgb + ambient.rgb;
// fade the spotlight's intensity linearly with angle
colour *= 1.0f - angle/uLightingProperties.cutoffAngle;
}
In each iteration of the for loop assign the variable color.
At the end the content of color os the was calculated in the last iteration of the loop (i=5).
You don't need a loop, but you have to set the appropriate material index to a uniform variable before you draw a mesh.
// The index of the material which should be applied to the mesh,
// which is currently drawn.
uniform int uMaterialIndex;
.....
void main()
{
.....
vec3 colour = vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
if (angle <= uLightingProperties.cutoffAngle)
{
int i = uMaterialIndex;
// calculate Phong lighting
vec4 ambient = uLightingProperties.ambient * uMaterialProperties[i].ambient;
vec4 diffuse = uLightingProperties.diffuse * uMaterialProperties[i].diffuse * max(dot(L, N), 0.0);
vec4 specular = vec4(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
if (dot(L, N) > 0.0f)
{
specular = uLightingProperties.specular * uMaterialProperties[i].specular
* pow(max(dot(V, R), 0.0), uLightingProperties.shininess);
}
colour = (attenuation * (diffuse + specular)).rgb + ambient.rgb;
// fade the spotlight's intensity linearly with angle
colour *= 1.0f - angle/uLightingProperties.cutoffAngle;
}
.....
}
When you draw a mesh, you need to update the uniform variable:
GLuint g_materialIndex;
g_materialIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialIndex");
glUniform1i(g_materialIndex, materialIndex); // materialIndex in range 0 to 5
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
Related
I have this OpenGL code the draws a cube and pyramid. However, this program rotates the pyramid and cube together. I am tasked with only making the cube itself move not both objects at the same time. I know for this to happen I have to implement shaders for both. I'm not sure how to go about implementing both of the shaders at once. Any tips?
/*
This program demonstrates simple lighting.
A pyramid is lighted by a point light and can be rotated by mouse.
Ying Zhu
Georgia State University
October 2016
*/
// GLEW header
#include <GL/glew.h> // This must appear before freeglut.h
// Freeglut header
#include <GL/freeglut.h>
// GLM header files
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
// #include <glm/gtx/transform2.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_access.hpp>
// #include <glm/gtx/projection.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_inverse.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
// C++ header files
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
using namespace glm;
#define BUFFER_OFFSET(offset) ((GLvoid *) offset)
// VBO buffer IDs
GLuint vertexArrayBufferID = 0;
GLuint normalArrayBufferID = 0;
GLuint cubePosition = 0;
GLuint cubeElements = 0;
GLuint program; // shader program ID
// Shader variable IDs
GLint vPos; // vertex attribute: position
GLint normalID; // vertex attribute: normal
GLint mvpMatrixID; // uniform variable: model, view, projection matrix
GLint modelMatrixID; // uniform variable: model, view matrix
GLint normalMatrixID; // uniform variable: normal matrix for transforming normals
GLint lightSourcePositionID; // uniform variable: for lighting calculation
GLint diffuseLightProductID; // uniform variable: for lighting calculation
GLint ambientID;
GLint attenuationAID;
GLint attenuationBID;
GLint attenuationCID;
// Transformation matrices
mat4 projMatrix;
mat4 mvpMatrix;
mat4 modelMatrix;
mat4 viewMatrix;
mat3 normalMatrix; // Normal matrix for transforming normals
// Light parameters
vec4 lightSourcePosition = vec4(0.0f, 4.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
vec4 diffuseMaterial = vec4(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
vec4 diffuseLightIntensity = vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
vec4 ambient = vec4(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f);
float attenuationA = 1.0f;
float attenuationB = 0.2f;
float attenuationC = 0.0f;
vec4 diffuseLightProduct;
// Camera parameters
vec3 eyePosition = vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 4.0f);
vec3 lookAtCenter = vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
vec3 upVector = vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
float fieldOfView = 30.0f;
float nearPlane = 0.1f;
float farPlane = 1000.0f;
// Mouse controlled rotation angles
float rotateX = 0;
float rotateY = 0;
struct VertexData {
GLfloat vertex[3];
VertexData(GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z) {
vertex[0] = x; vertex[1] = y; vertex[2] = z;
}
};
//---------------------------------------------------------------
// Initialize vertex arrays and VBOs
void prepareVBOs() {
// Define a 3D pyramid.
GLfloat vertices[][4] = {
{1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}, // face 1
{-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f},
{1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f},
{ 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f }, // face 2
{0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f},
{ 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f },
{ 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f }, // face 3
{ 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f },
{-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f},
{ -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f }, // face 4
{ 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f },
{ -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f },
{ 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f }, // face 5
{ 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f },
{ -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f },
{ 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f }, // face 6
{ -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f },
{ -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f }
};
GLfloat normals[][4] = {
{0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, // normal 1
{0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f },
{0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f },
{0.8944f, 0.4472f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, // normal 2
{ 0.8944f, 0.4472f, 0.0f, 1.0f },
{ 0.8944f, 0.4472f, 0.0f, 1.0f },
{-0.0f, 0.4472f, 0.8944f, 1.0f}, // normal 3
{ -0.0f, 0.4472f, 0.8944f, 1.0f },
{ -0.0f, 0.4472f, 0.8944f, 1.0f },
{-0.8944f, 0.4472f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, // normal 4
{ -0.8944f, 0.4472f, 0.0f, 1.0f },
{ -0.8944f, 0.4472f, 0.0f, 1.0f },
{0.0f, 0.4472f, -0.8944f, 1.0f}, // normal 5
{ 0.0f, 0.4472f, -0.8944f, 1.0f },
{ 0.0f, 0.4472f, -0.8944f, 1.0f },
{ 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f }, // normal 6
{ 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f },
{ 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f }
};
// Cube positioins
VertexData vertexData[] = {
VertexData(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), /* Index 0 */
VertexData(0.0, 0.0, 1.0), /* Index 1 */
VertexData(0.0, 1.0, 0.0), /* Index 2 */
VertexData(0.0, 1.0, 1.0), /* Index 3 */
VertexData(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), /* Index 4 */
VertexData(1.0, 0.0, 1.0), /* Index 5 */
VertexData(1.0, 1.0, 0.0), /* Index 6 */
VertexData(1.0, 1.0, 1.0), /* Index 7 */
};
// Cube elements
GLubyte indices[] = {
4, 5, 7, // +X face
4, 7, 6,
0, 2, 3, // ‐X face
0, 3, 1,
2, 6, 7, // +Y face
2, 7, 3,
0, 1, 5, // ‐Y face
0, 5, 4,
0, 4, 6, // +Z face
0, 6, 2,
1, 3, 7, // ‐Z face
1, 7, 5
};
// Get an unused buffer object name. Required after OpenGL 3.1.
glGenBuffers(1, &vertexArrayBufferID);
// If it's the first time the buffer object name is used, create that buffer.
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexArrayBufferID);
// Allocate memory for the active buffer object.
// 1. Allocate memory on the graphics card for the amount specified by the 2nd parameter.
// 2. Copy the data referenced by the third parameter (a pointer) from the main memory to the
// memory on the graphics card.
// 3. If you want to dynamically load the data, then set the third parameter to be NULL.
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glGenBuffers(1, &normalArrayBufferID);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, normalArrayBufferID);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(normals), normals, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glGenBuffers(1, &cubePosition);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubePosition);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertexData),
vertexData, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glGenBuffers(1, &cubeElements);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeElements);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices),
indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------
// Print out the output of the shader compiler
void printLog(GLuint obj)
{
int infologLength = 0;
char infoLog[1024];
if (glIsShader(obj)) {
glGetShaderInfoLog(obj, 1024, &infologLength, infoLog);
}
else {
glGetProgramInfoLog(obj, 1024, &infologLength, infoLog);
}
if (infologLength > 0) {
cout << infoLog;
}
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------
void prepareShaders() {
// Vertex shader source code
// A point light source is implemented.
// For simplicity, only the ambient and diffuse components are implemented.
// The lighting is calculated in world space, not in camera space.
const char* vSource = {
"#version 330\n"
"in vec4 vPos;"
"in vec4 normal;"
"uniform mat4x4 mvpMatrix;"
"uniform mat4x4 modelMatrix;"
"uniform mat3x3 normalMatrix;"
"uniform vec4 lightSourcePosition;"
"uniform vec4 diffuseLightProduct;"
"uniform vec4 ambient;"
"uniform float attenuationA;"
"uniform float attenuationB;"
"uniform float attenuationC;"
"out vec4 color;"
"void main() {"
" gl_Position = mvpMatrix * vPos;"
// Transform the vertex position to the world space.
" vec4 transformedVertex = modelMatrix * vPos;"
// Transform the normal vector to the world space.
" vec3 transformedNormal = normalize(normalMatrix * normal.xyz);"
// Light direction
" vec3 lightVector = normalize(transformedVertex.xyz - lightSourcePosition.xyz);"
// Distance between the light source and vertex
" float dist = distance(lightSourcePosition.xyz, transformedVertex.xyz);"
// Attenuation factor
" float attenuation = 1.0f / (attenuationA + (attenuationB * dist) + (attenuationC * dist * dist));"
// Calculate the diffuse component of the lighting equation.
" vec4 diffuse = attenuation * (max(dot(transformedNormal, lightVector), 0.0) * diffuseLightProduct);"
// Combine the ambient component and diffuse component.
" color = ambient + diffuse;"
"}"
};
// Fragment shader source code
const char* fSource = {
"#version 330\n"
"in vec4 color;"
"out vec4 fragColor;"
"void main() {"
" fragColor = color;"
"}"
};
// Declare shader IDs
GLuint vShader, fShader;
// Create empty shader objects
vShader = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
fShader = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
// Attach shader source code the shader objects
glShaderSource(vShader, 1, &vSource, NULL);
glShaderSource(fShader, 1, &fSource, NULL);
// Compile shader objects
glCompileShader(vShader);
printLog(vShader);
glCompileShader(fShader);
printLog(fShader);
// Create an empty shader program object
program = glCreateProgram();
// Attach vertex and fragment shaders to the shader program
glAttachShader(program, vShader);
glAttachShader(program, fShader);
// Link the shader program
glLinkProgram(program);
printLog(program);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------
// Retrieve the IDs of the shader variables. Later we will
// use these IDs to pass data to the shaders.
void getShaderVariableLocations(GLuint shaderProgram) {
// Retrieve the ID of a vertex attribute, i.e. position
vPos = glGetAttribLocation(shaderProgram, "vPos");
normalID = glGetAttribLocation(shaderProgram, "normal");
mvpMatrixID = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "mvpMatrix");
modelMatrixID = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "modelMatrix");
normalMatrixID = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "normalMatrix");
lightSourcePositionID = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "lightSourcePosition");
diffuseLightProductID = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "diffuseLightProduct");
ambientID = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "ambient");
attenuationAID = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "attenuationA");
attenuationBID = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "attenuationB");
attenuationCID = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "attenuationC");
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------
void setShaderVariables() {
// value_ptr is a glm function
glUniformMatrix4fv(mvpMatrixID, 1, GL_FALSE, value_ptr(mvpMatrix));
glUniformMatrix4fv(modelMatrixID, 1, GL_FALSE, value_ptr(modelMatrix));
glUniformMatrix3fv(normalMatrixID, 1, GL_FALSE, value_ptr(normalMatrix));
glUniform4fv(lightSourcePositionID, 1, value_ptr(lightSourcePosition));
glUniform4fv(diffuseLightProductID, 1, value_ptr(diffuseLightProduct));
glUniform4fv(ambientID, 1, value_ptr(ambient));
glUniform1f(attenuationAID, attenuationA);
glUniform1f(attenuationBID, attenuationB);
glUniform1f(attenuationCID, attenuationC);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------
// Set lighting related parameters
void setLightingParam() {
diffuseLightProduct = diffuseMaterial * diffuseLightIntensity;
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------
// Build the model matrix. This matrix will transform the 3D object to the proper place.
mat4 buildModelMatrix() {
mat4 rotationXMatrix = rotate(mat4(1.0f), radians(rotateX), vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
mat4 rotationYMatrix = rotate(mat4(1.0f), radians(rotateY), vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
mat4 matrix = rotationYMatrix * rotationXMatrix;
return matrix;
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------
void buildMatrices() {
modelMatrix = buildModelMatrix();
mvpMatrix = projMatrix * viewMatrix * modelMatrix;
normalMatrix = column(normalMatrix, 0, vec3(modelMatrix[0][0], modelMatrix[0][1], modelMatrix[0][2]));
normalMatrix = column(normalMatrix, 1, vec3(modelMatrix[1][0], modelMatrix[1][1], modelMatrix[1][2]));
normalMatrix = column(normalMatrix, 2, vec3(modelMatrix[2][0], modelMatrix[2][1], modelMatrix[2][2]));
// Use glm::inverseTranspose() to create a normal matrix, which is used to transform normal vectors.
normalMatrix = inverseTranspose(normalMatrix);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------
// Handles the display event
void display()
{
// Clear the window with the background color
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
buildMatrices();
setShaderVariables();
// Activate the shader program
glUseProgram(program);
// If the buffer object already exists, make that buffer the current active one.
// If the buffer object name is 0, disable buffer objects.
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexArrayBufferID);
// Associate the vertex array in the buffer object with the vertex attribute: "position"
glVertexAttribPointer(vPos, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, BUFFER_OFFSET(0));
// Enable the vertex attribute: "position"
glEnableVertexAttribArray(vPos);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, normalArrayBufferID);
glVertexAttribPointer(normalID, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, BUFFER_OFFSET(0));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(normalID);
// Start the shader program. Draw the object. The third parameter is the number of triangles.
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 18);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubePosition);
glVertexAttribPointer(vPos, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, BUFFER_OFFSET(0));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(vPos);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeElements);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, BUFFER_OFFSET(0));
// Refresh the window
glutSwapBuffers();
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------
// Handles the reshape event
void reshape(int width, int height)
{
// Specify the width and height of the picture within the window
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
projMatrix = perspective(fieldOfView, (float)width / (float)height, nearPlane, farPlane);
viewMatrix = lookAt(eyePosition, lookAtCenter, upVector);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------
// Read mouse motion data and convert them to rotation angles.
void passiveMotion(int x, int y) {
rotateY = (float)x * -0.8f;
rotateX = (float)y * -0.8f;
// Generate a dislay event to force refreshing the window.
glutPostRedisplay();
}
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
void init() {
prepareVBOs();
prepareShaders();
getShaderVariableLocations(program);
setLightingParam();
// Specify the background color
glClearColor(1, 1, 1, 1);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_DEPTH);
glutCreateWindow("Lighting Demo");
glutReshapeWindow(800, 800);
glewInit();
init();
// Register the display callback function
glutDisplayFunc(display);
// Register the reshape callback function
glutReshapeFunc(reshape);
// Register the passive mouse motion call back function
// This function is called when the mouse moves within the window
// while no mouse buttons are pressed.
glutPassiveMotionFunc(passiveMotion);
// Start the event loop
glutMainLoop();
}
Well, the most obvious culprit here would be setting a single ModelMatrix for both - I can't see any logic in your code to set them independently for each object you're rendering.
Since each object has a different rotation (and presumably, unless you're planning to draw one on top of the other, a different translation), you would want to be generating / loading a different model matrix for each draw call.
You dont need to use different shaders, you just need to use different model matricies. Say you have two objects in you scene something like this:
while (!myWindow(shouldClose))
{
myShader.use();
glBindVertexArray(myVao1);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, x); // Draw pyramid
glBindVertaxArray(myVao2);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, x); // Draw cube
}
Say you want only the second model to rotate on the y axis, you could do something like this:
float rotationDegree = 0;
while (!myWindow(shouldClose))
{
myShader.use();
myShader.setMat4(glm::mat4(1.0f)) // Make sure to set it to normal matrix for the pyrmamid
glBindVertexArray(myVao1);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, x); // Draw pyramid
glBindVertaxArray(myVao2);
glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(rotationDegree), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
rotateionDegree += 0.01;
myShader.setMat4("model", model); // Set you model matrix in your shader.
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, x); // Draw cube
}
I'm currently porting an old OpenGL 1.1 application which makes use of wireframe models to OpenGL 3.0.
In 1.1 following code is used to create a dashed line:
glPushAttrib(GL_ENABLE_BIT);
glLineStipple(1, 0x0F0F);
glEnable(GL_LINE_STIPPLE);
Here as usual the parameters are pushed to the stack in order to influence all following drawing operations.
My question: how is this done in OpenGL3 where this stack is no longer used? How can I set up my lines to be dashed (probably before handing the coordinates over to glBufferData()?
For separate line segments, this is not very complicated at all. For example drawing the GL_LINES primitives.
The trick is to know the start of the line segment in the fragment shader. This is quite simple by using the flat interpolation qualifier.
The vertex shader has to pass the normalized device coordinate to the fragment shader. Once with default interpolation and once with no (flat) interpolation. This causes that in the fragment shade, the first input parameter contains the NDC coordinate of the actual position on the line and the later the NDC coordinate of the start of the line.
#version 330
layout (location = 0) in vec3 inPos;
flat out vec3 startPos;
out vec3 vertPos;
uniform mat4 u_mvp;
void main()
{
vec4 pos = u_mvp * vec4(inPos, 1.0);
gl_Position = pos;
vertPos = pos.xyz / pos.w;
startPos = vertPos;
}
Additionally to the varying inputs, the fragment shader has uniform variables. u_resolution contains the width and the height of the viewport. u_dashSize contains the length of the line and u_gapSize the length of a gap in pixel.
So the length of the line from the start to the actual fragment can be calculated:
vec2 dir = (vertPos.xy-startPos.xy) * u_resolution/2.0;
float dist = length(dir);
And fragments on the gap can be discarded, by the discard command.
if (fract(dist / (u_dashSize + u_gapSize)) > u_dashSize/(u_dashSize + u_gapSize))
discard;
Fragment shader:
#version 330
flat in vec3 startPos;
in vec3 vertPos;
out vec4 fragColor;
uniform vec2 u_resolution;
uniform float u_dashSize;
uniform float u_gapSize;
void main()
{
vec2 dir = (vertPos.xy-startPos.xy) * u_resolution/2.0;
float dist = length(dir);
if (fract(dist / (u_dashSize + u_gapSize)) > u_dashSize/(u_dashSize + u_gapSize))
discard;
fragColor = vec4(1.0);
}
For the following simple demo program I've used the GLFW API for creating a window, GLEW for loading OpenGL and GLM -OpenGL Mathematics for the math. I don't provide the code for the function CreateProgram, which just creates a program object, from the vertex shader and fragment shader source code:
#include <GL/glew.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <vector>
#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
if (glfwInit() == GLFW_FALSE)
return 0;
GLFWwindow *window = glfwCreateWindow(400, 300, "OGL window", nullptr, nullptr);
if (window == nullptr)
return 0;
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
glewExperimental = true;
if (glewInit() != GLEW_OK)
return 0;
GLuint program = CreateProgram(vertShader, fragShader);
GLint loc_mvp = glGetUniformLocation(program, "u_mvp");
GLint loc_res = glGetUniformLocation(program, "u_resolution");
GLint loc_dash = glGetUniformLocation(program, "u_dashSize");
GLint loc_gap = glGetUniformLocation(program, "u_gapSize");
glUseProgram(program);
glUniform1f(loc_dash, 10.0f);
glUniform1f(loc_gap, 10.0f);
std::vector<float> varray{
-1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1,
-1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1
};
std::vector<unsigned int> iarray{
0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 0,
4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 4,
0, 4, 1, 5, 2, 6, 3, 7
};
GLuint bo[2], vao;
glGenBuffers(2, bo);
glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao);
glBindVertexArray(vao);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, bo[0] );
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, varray.size()*sizeof(*varray.data()), varray.data(), GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, bo[1]);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, iarray.size()*sizeof(*iarray.data()), iarray.data(), GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glm::mat4 view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 5.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
glm::mat4 project;
int vpSize[2]{0, 0};
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
int w, h;
glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &w, &h);
if (w != vpSize[0] || h != vpSize[1])
{
vpSize[0] = w; vpSize[1] = h;
glViewport(0, 0, vpSize[0], vpSize[1]);
project = glm::perspective(glm::radians(90.0f), (float)w/(float)h, 0.1f, 10.0f);
glUniform2f(loc_res, (float)w, (float)h);
}
static float angle = 1.0f;
glm::mat4 modelview( 1.0f );
modelview = glm::translate(modelview, glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -3.0f) );
modelview = glm::rotate(modelview, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
modelview = glm::rotate(modelview, glm::radians(angle*0.5f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
angle += 0.5f;
glm::mat4 mvp = project * modelview;
glUniformMatrix4fv(loc_mvp, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(mvp));
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
glDrawElements(GL_LINES, (GLsizei)iarray.size(), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, nullptr);
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
glfwPollEvents();
}
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
Things get a bit more complicated, if the goal is to draw a dashed line along a polygon. For example drawing a GL_LINE_STRIP primitive.
The length of the line cannot be calculated in the shader program, without knowing all the primitives of the line. Even if all the primitives would be known (e.g. SSBO), then the calculation would have to be done in a loop.
I decided to add an additional attribute to the shader program, which contains the "distance" from the start of the line to the vertex coordinate. By "distance" is meant the length of the projected polygon on to the viewport.
This causes that the vertex shader and fragment shader is even simpler:
Vertex shader:
#version 330
layout (location = 0) in vec3 inPos;
layout (location = 1) in float inDist;
out float dist;
uniform mat4 u_mvp;
void main()
{
dist = inDist;
gl_Position = u_mvp * vec4(inPos, 1.0);
}
Fragment shader:
#version 330
in float dist;
out vec4 fragColor;
uniform vec2 u_resolution;
uniform float u_dashSize;
uniform float u_gapSize;
void main()
{
if (fract(dist / (u_dashSize + u_gapSize)) > u_dashSize/(u_dashSize + u_gapSize))
discard;
fragColor = vec4(1.0);
}
In the demo program the inDist attribute is calculated on the CPU. Each vertex coordinate is transformed by the model, view, projection matrix. Finally it is transformed from normalized device space to window space. The XY distance between adjacent coordinates of the line strip is calculated and the lengths are summed along the line strip and assigned to the corresponding attribute value:
int w = [...], h = [...]; // window widht and height
glm::mat4 mpv = [...]; // model view projection matrix
std::vector<glm::vec3> varray{ [...] }; // array of vertex
std::vector<float> darray(varray.size(), 0.0f); // distance attribute - has to be computed
glm::mat4 wndmat = glm::scale(glm::mat4(1.0f), glm::vec3((float)w/2.0f, (float)h/2.0f, 1.0f));
wndmat = glm::translate(wndmat, glm::vec3(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
glm::vec2 vpPt(0.0f, 0.0f);
float dist = 0.0f;
for (size_t i=0; i < varray.size(); ++i)
{
darray[i] = dist;
glm::vec4 clip = mvp * glm::vec4(varray[i], 1.0f);
glm::vec4 ndc = clip / clip.w;
glm::vec4 vpC = wndmat * ndc;
float len = i==0 ? 0.0f : glm::length(vpPt - glm::vec2(vpC));
vpPt = glm::vec2(vpC);
dist += len;
}
Demo program:
int main(void)
{
if (glfwInit() == GLFW_FALSE)
return 0;
GLFWwindow *window = glfwCreateWindow(800, 600, "OGL window", nullptr, nullptr);
if (window == nullptr)
return 0;
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
glewExperimental = true;
if (glewInit() != GLEW_OK)
return 0;
GLuint program = CreateProgram(vertShader, fragShader);
GLint loc_mvp = glGetUniformLocation(program, "u_mvp");
GLint loc_res = glGetUniformLocation(program, "u_resolution");
GLint loc_dash = glGetUniformLocation(program, "u_dashSize");
GLint loc_gap = glGetUniformLocation(program, "u_gapSize");
glUseProgram(program);
glUniform1f(loc_dash, 10.0f);
glUniform1f(loc_gap, 10.0f);
std::vector<glm::vec3> varray;
for (size_t u=0; u <= 360; ++u)
{
double a = u*M_PI/180.0;
double c = cos(a), s = sin(a);
varray.emplace_back(glm::vec3((float)c, (float)s, 0.0f));
}
std::vector<float> darray(varray.size(), 0.0f);
GLuint bo[2], vao;
glGenBuffers(2, bo);
glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao);
glBindVertexArray(vao);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, bo[0] );
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, varray.size()*sizeof(*varray.data()), varray.data(), GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, bo[1] );
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, darray.size()*sizeof(*darray.data()), darray.data(), GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 1, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0);
glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glm::mat4 view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 5.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
glm::mat4 project, wndmat;
int vpSize[2]{0, 0};
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
int w, h;
glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &w, &h);
if (w != vpSize[0] || h != vpSize[1])
{
vpSize[0] = w; vpSize[1] = h;
glViewport(0, 0, vpSize[0], vpSize[1]);
project = glm::perspective(glm::radians(90.0f), (float)w/(float)h, 0.1f, 10.0f);
glUniform2f(loc_res, (float)w, (float)h);
wndmat = glm::scale(glm::mat4(1.0f), glm::vec3((float)w/2.0f, (float)h/2.0f, 1.0f));
wndmat = glm::translate(wndmat, glm::vec3(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
}
static float angle = 1.0f;
glm::mat4 modelview( 1.0f );
modelview = glm::translate(modelview, glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -2.0f) );
modelview = glm::rotate(modelview, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
modelview = glm::rotate(modelview, glm::radians(angle*0.5f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
angle += 0.5f;
glm::mat4 mvp = project * modelview;
glm::vec2 vpPt(0.0f, 0.0f);
float dist = 0.0f;
for (size_t i=0; i < varray.size(); ++i)
{
darray[i] = dist;
glm::vec4 clip = mvp * glm::vec4(varray[i], 1.0f);
glm::vec4 ndc = clip / clip.w;
glm::vec4 vpC = wndmat * ndc;
float len = i==0 ? 0.0f : glm::length(vpPt - glm::vec2(vpC));
vpPt = glm::vec2(vpC);
dist += len;
}
glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, darray.size()*sizeof(*darray.data()), darray.data());
glUniformMatrix4fv(loc_mvp, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(mvp));
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
glDrawArrays(GL_LINE_STRIP, 0, (GLsizei)varray.size());
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
glfwPollEvents();
}
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
See also
glLineStipple deprecated in OpenGL 3.1
OpenGL ES - Dashed Lines
I am trying to combine 2 programs
One is an empty room with a table and 2 chairs
The other draws a mesh of a Taurus
I have combined both and this was the result I got
Some of the surfaces of the table and chairs have disappeared. Can someone tell me why? I have already made an additional VBO and VAO to hold the vertice data of the meshes. However it seems to be affecting the surfaces of the cubes.
Here is my program
#define MAX_CUBES 6
#define MAX_PLANES 6
// struct for lighting properties
struct LightProperties
{
vec4 position;
vec4 ambient;
vec4 diffuse;
vec4 specular;
float shininess;
vec3 attenuation;
float cutoffAngle;
vec3 direction;
};
// struct for material properties
struct MaterialProperties
{
vec4 ambient;
vec4 diffuse;
vec4 specular;
};
LightProperties g_lightProperties;
MaterialProperties g_materialProperties;
// struct for vertex attributes
struct Vertex
{
GLfloat position[3];
GLfloat normal[3];
};
...
Vertex g_vertices_cube[] = {
// vertex 1
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 2
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 3
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 4
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 5
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 6
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,// position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 7
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 8
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
};
GLuint g_indices_cube[] = {
0, 1, 2, // triangle 1
2, 1, 3, // triangle 2
4, 5, 0, // triangle 3
0, 5, 1, // ...
2, 3, 6,
6, 3, 7,
4, 0, 6,
6, 0, 2,
1, 5, 3,
3, 5, 7,
5, 4, 7,
7, 4, 6, // triangle 12
};
// Meshes
Vertex* g_pMeshVertices = NULL; // pointer to mesh vertices
GLint g_numberOfVertices = 0; // number of vertices in the mesh
GLint* g_pMeshIndices = NULL; // pointer to mesh indices
GLint g_numberOfFaces = 0; // number of faces in the mesh
/*
g_VBO[0] - Planes ie. walls, ceiling
g_VBO[1] - Cubes ie. table, stools
g_VBO[2] - Meshes (Taurus)
*/
GLuint g_IBO[2]; // index buffer object identifier
GLuint g_VBO[3]; // vertex buffer object identifier
GLuint g_VAO[3]; // vertex array object identifier
GLuint g_shaderProgramID = 0; // shader program identifier
// locations in shader
GLuint g_MVP_Index;
GLuint g_M_Index = 0;
GLuint g_viewPointIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightPositionIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightAmbientIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightDiffuseIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightSpecularIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightShininessIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightAttenuationIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightCutoffAngleIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightDirectionIndex = 0;
GLuint g_materialAmbientIndex = 0;
GLuint g_materialDiffuseIndex = 0;
GLuint g_materialSpecularIndex = 0;
glm::mat4 g_modelMatrix_plane[MAX_PLANES]; // object's model matrix (4 walls + 1 ceiling + 1 floor)
glm::mat4 g_modelMatrix_cube[MAX_CUBES];// cube for table
glm::mat4 g_modelMatrix_mesh; // for meshes
glm::mat4 g_viewMatrix; // view matrix
glm::mat4 g_projectionMatrix; // projection matrix
glm::vec3 g_viewPoint; // view point
Camera g_camera; // camera
GLuint g_windowWidth = 1600; // window dimensions
GLuint g_windowHeight = 1000;
bool g_wireFrame = false; // wireframe on or off
bool load_mesh(const char* fileName)
{
// load file with assimp
const aiScene* pScene = aiImportFile(fileName, aiProcess_Triangulate
| aiProcess_GenSmoothNormals | aiProcess_JoinIdenticalVertices);
// check whether scene was loaded
if (!pScene)
{
cout << "Could not load mesh." << endl;
return false;
}
// get pointer to mesh 0
const aiMesh* pMesh = pScene->mMeshes[0];
// store number of mesh vertices
g_numberOfVertices = pMesh->mNumVertices;
// if mesh contains vertex coordinates
if (pMesh->HasPositions())
{
// allocate memory for vertices
g_pMeshVertices = new Vertex[pMesh->mNumVertices];
// read vertex coordinates and store in the array
for (int i = 0; i < pMesh->mNumVertices; i++)
{
const aiVector3D* pVertexPos = &(pMesh->mVertices[i]);
g_pMeshVertices[i].position[0] = (GLfloat)pVertexPos->x;
g_pMeshVertices[i].position[1] = (GLfloat)pVertexPos->y;
g_pMeshVertices[i].position[2] = (GLfloat)pVertexPos->z;
}
}
// if mesh contains normals
if (pMesh->HasNormals())
{
// read normals and store in the array
for (int i = 0; i < pMesh->mNumVertices; i++)
{
const aiVector3D* pVertexNormal = &(pMesh->mNormals[i]);
g_pMeshVertices[i].normal[0] = (GLfloat)pVertexNormal->x;
g_pMeshVertices[i].normal[1] = (GLfloat)pVertexNormal->y;
g_pMeshVertices[i].normal[2] = (GLfloat)pVertexNormal->z;
}
}
// if mesh contains faces
if (pMesh->HasFaces())
{
// store number of mesh faces
g_numberOfFaces = pMesh->mNumFaces;
// allocate memory for vertices
g_pMeshIndices = new GLint[pMesh->mNumFaces * 3];
// read normals and store in the array
for (int i = 0; i < pMesh->mNumFaces; i++)
{
const aiFace* pFace = &(pMesh->mFaces[i]);
g_pMeshIndices[i * 3] = (GLint)pFace->mIndices[0];
g_pMeshIndices[i * 3 + 1] = (GLint)pFace->mIndices[1];
g_pMeshIndices[i * 3 + 2] = (GLint)pFace->mIndices[2];
}
}
// release the scene
aiReleaseImport(pScene);
return true;
}
static void init(GLFWwindow* window)
{
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); // enable depth buffer test
// create and compile our GLSL program from the shader files
g_shaderProgramID = loadShaders("PerFragLightingVS.vert", "PerFragLightingFS.frag");
// find the location of shader variables
GLuint positionIndex = glGetAttribLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "aPosition");
GLuint normalIndex = glGetAttribLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "aNormal");
g_MVP_Index = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uModelViewProjectionMatrix");
g_M_Index = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uModelMatrix");
g_viewPointIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uViewPoint");
g_lightPositionIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.position");
g_lightAmbientIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.ambient");
g_lightDiffuseIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.diffuse");
g_lightSpecularIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.specular");
g_lightShininessIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.shininess");
g_lightAttenuationIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.attenuation");
g_lightCutoffAngleIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.cutoffAngle");
g_lightDirectionIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.direction");
g_materialAmbientIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties.ambient");
g_materialDiffuseIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties.diffuse");
g_materialSpecularIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties.specular");
// initialise model matrix to the identity matrix
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_PLANES; i++) { g_modelMatrix_plane[i] = glm::mat4(1.0f); }
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_CUBES; i++) { g_modelMatrix_cube[i] = glm::mat4(1.0f); }
g_modelMatrix_mesh = glm::mat4(1.0f);
...
// Model Matrices - Cubes
// Table-top
g_modelMatrix_cube[0] = glm::scale(glm::vec3(1.4f, 0.2f, 1.4f));
// Table Leg 1
g_modelMatrix_cube[1] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(-0.5f, -0.55f, 0.5f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.2f, 1.2f, 0.2f));
// Table Leg 2
g_modelMatrix_cube[2] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(0.5f, -0.55f, 0.5f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.2f, 1.2f, 0.2f));
// Table Leg 3
g_modelMatrix_cube[3] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(-0.5f, -0.55f, -0.5f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.2f, 1.2f, 0.2f));
// Table Leg 4
g_modelMatrix_cube[4] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(0.5f, -0.55f, -0.5f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.2f, 1.2f, 0.2f));
// Chair back-rest (note: chair is a table but scaled down. And add a backrest)
g_modelMatrix_cube[5] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.2f, 1.2f, 1.35f));
// Model Matrices - Mesh
g_modelMatrix_mesh = glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f));
// set camera's view matrix
g_camera.setViewMatrix(glm::vec3(0, 0, 3), glm::vec3(0, 0, 2), glm::vec3(0, 1, 0));
int width, height;
glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
float aspectRatio = static_cast<float>(width) / height;
// set camera's projection matrix
g_camera.setProjectionMatrix(glm::perspective(45.0f, aspectRatio, 0.1f, 100.0f));
// load mesh
load_mesh("models/WusonOBJ.obj");
//load_mesh("models/suzanne.obj");
// initialise light and material properties
g_lightProperties.position = glm::vec4(0.0f, 2.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
g_lightProperties.ambient = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f);
g_lightProperties.diffuse = glm::vec4(0.0f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_lightProperties.specular = glm::vec4(0.0f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_lightProperties.shininess = 10.0f;
g_lightProperties.attenuation = glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
//g_lightProperties.cutoffAngle = 45.0f;
g_lightProperties.cutoffAngle = 180.0f;
g_lightProperties.direction = glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f);
// Material Properties - Planes
// Floor
g_materialProperties.ambient = glm::vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties.diffuse = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.7f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties.specular = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.7f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
...
// Cube
// generate identifier for VBOs and copy data to GPU
glGenBuffers(1, &g_VBO[1]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[1]);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(g_vertices_cube), g_vertices_cube, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// generate identifier for IBO and copy data to GPU
glGenBuffers(1, &g_IBO[0]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_IBO[0]);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(g_indices_cube), g_indices_cube, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// generate identifiers for VAO
glGenVertexArrays(1, &g_VAO[1]);
// create VAO and specify VBO data
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[1]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[1]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_IBO[0]);
glVertexAttribPointer(positionIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex, position)));
glVertexAttribPointer(normalIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex, normal)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(positionIndex); // enable vertex attributes
glEnableVertexAttribArray(normalIndex);
// Meshes
// generate identifier for VBOs and copy data to GPU
glGenBuffers(1, &g_VBO[2]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[2]);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(Vertex)*g_numberOfVertices, g_pMeshVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// generate identifier for IBO and copy data to GPU
glGenBuffers(1, &g_IBO[1]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_IBO[1]);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(GLint) * 3 * g_numberOfFaces, g_pMeshIndices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// generate identifiers for VAO
glGenVertexArrays(1, &g_VAO[2]);
// create VAO and specify VBO data
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[2]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[2]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_IBO[1]);
glVertexAttribPointer(positionIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex, position)));
glVertexAttribPointer(normalIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex, normal)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(positionIndex); // enable vertex attributes
glEnableVertexAttribArray(normalIndex);
}
// function used to render the scene
static void render_scene()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // clear colour buffer and depth buffer
glUseProgram(g_shaderProgramID); // use the shaders associated with the shader program
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[0]); // make VAO active
// Material Properties - Planes
glUniform4fv(g_materialAmbientIndex, 1, &g_materialProperties.ambient[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_materialDiffuseIndex, 1, &g_materialProperties.diffuse[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_materialSpecularIndex, 1, &g_materialProperties.specular[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_lightPositionIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.position[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_lightAmbientIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.ambient[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_lightDiffuseIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.diffuse[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_lightSpecularIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.specular[0]);
glUniform1fv(g_lightShininessIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.shininess);
glUniform3fv(g_lightAttenuationIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.attenuation[0]);
glUniform1fv(g_lightCutoffAngleIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.cutoffAngle);
glUniform3fv(g_lightDirectionIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.direction[0]);
// set uniform shader variables
glm::mat4 MVP = glm::mat4(1.0f);
// Draw Planes
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_PLANES; i++)
{
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix_plane[i];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_plane[i][0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
}
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[1]); // make VAO active
// Draw Cubes
// Table top + 4 Table legs
for (int i = 0; i < (MAX_CUBES - 1); i++)
{
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix_cube[i];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_cube[i][0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); // display the vertices based on their indices and primitive type
}
// Chair (Right)
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_CUBES; i++)
{
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix()
* glm::translate(glm::vec3(1.5f, -0.2f, 0.0f)) * glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.7f, 0.7f, 0.7f)) * g_modelMatrix_cube[i];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_cube[i][0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); // display the vertices based on their indices and primitive type
}
// Chair (Left)
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_CUBES; i++)
{
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix()
* glm::rotate(glm::radians(180.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::translate(glm::vec3(1.5f, -0.2f, 0.0f)) * glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.7f, 0.7f, 0.7f)) * g_modelMatrix_cube[i];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_cube[i][0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); // display the vertices based on their indices and primitive type
}
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[2]); // make VAO active
// Draw Meshes
// Taurus
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix_mesh;
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_mesh[0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_numberOfFaces * 3, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); // display the vertices based on their indices and primitive type
glFlush(); // flush the pipeline
}
...
int main(void)
{
GLFWwindow* window = NULL; // pointer to a GLFW window handle
TwBar *TweakBar; // pointer to a tweak bar
glfwSetErrorCallback(error_callback); // set error callback function
// initialise GLFW
if (!glfwInit())
{
// if failed to initialise GLFW
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// minimum OpenGL version 3.3
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
// create a window and its OpenGL context
window = glfwCreateWindow(g_windowWidth, g_windowHeight, "Tutorial", NULL, NULL);
// if failed to create window
if (window == NULL)
{
glfwTerminate();
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window); // set window context as the current context
glfwSwapInterval(1); // swap buffer interval
// initialise GLEW
if (glewInit() != GLEW_OK)
{
// if failed to initialise GLEW
cerr << "GLEW initialisation failed" << endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// set key callback function
glfwSetKeyCallback(window, key_callback);
glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, cursor_position_callback);
glfwSetMouseButtonCallback(window, mouse_button_callback);
// use sticky mode to avoid missing state changes from polling
glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_STICKY_KEYS, GL_TRUE);
// use mouse to move camera, hence use disable cursor mode
glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_NORMAL);
// initialise AntTweakBar
TwInit(TW_OPENGL_CORE, NULL);
// give tweak bar the size of graphics window
TwWindowSize(g_windowWidth, g_windowHeight);
TwDefine(" TW_HELP visible=false "); // disable help menu
TwDefine(" GLOBAL fontsize=3 "); // set large font size
// create a tweak bar
TweakBar = TwNewBar("Main");
TwDefine(" Main label='Controls' refresh=0.02 text=light size='220 200' ");
// create display entries
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Wireframe", TW_TYPE_BOOLCPP, &g_wireFrame, " group='Display' ");
// display a separator
TwAddSeparator(TweakBar, NULL, NULL);
// create spotlight entries
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Cutoff", TW_TYPE_FLOAT, &g_lightProperties.cutoffAngle, " group='Spotlight' min=-180.0 max=180.0 step=1.0 ");
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Direction: x", TW_TYPE_FLOAT, &g_lightProperties.direction[0], " group='Spotlight' min=-1.0 max=1.0 step=0.1");
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Direction: y", TW_TYPE_FLOAT, &g_lightProperties.direction[1], " group='Spotlight' min=-1.0 max=1.0 step=0.1");
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Direction: z", TW_TYPE_FLOAT, &g_lightProperties.direction[2], " group='Spotlight' min=-1.0 max=1.0 step=0.1");
// initialise rendering states
init(window);
// the rendering loop
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
g_camera.update(window); // update camera
if (g_wireFrame)
glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);
render_scene(); // render the scene
glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_FILL);
TwDraw(); // draw tweak bar(s)
glfwSwapBuffers(window); // swap buffers
glfwPollEvents(); // poll for events
}
// clean up
if (g_pMeshVertices)
delete[] g_pMeshVertices;
if (g_pMeshIndices)
delete[] g_pMeshIndices;
glDeleteProgram(g_shaderProgramID);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &g_VBO[0]);
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &g_VAO[0]);
// uninitialise tweak bar
TwTerminate();
// close the window and terminate GLFW
glfwDestroyWindow(window);
glfwTerminate();
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
Fragment shader
#version 330 core
// interpolated values from the vertex shaders
in vec3 vNormal;
in vec3 vPosition;
// uniform input data
struct LightProperties
{
vec4 position;
vec4 ambient;
vec4 diffuse;
vec4 specular;
float shininess;
vec3 attenuation;
float cutoffAngle;
vec3 direction;
};
struct MaterialProperties
{
vec4 ambient;
vec4 diffuse;
vec4 specular;
};
uniform LightProperties uLightingProperties;
uniform MaterialProperties uMaterialProperties;
uniform vec3 uViewPoint;
// output data
out vec3 fColor;
void main()
{
// calculate vectors for lighting
vec3 N = normalize(vNormal);
vec3 L;
float attenuation = 1.0f;
// calculate the attenuation based on distance
L = (uLightingProperties.position).xyz - vPosition;
float distance = length(L);
L = normalize(L);
attenuation = 1/(uLightingProperties.attenuation.x
+ uLightingProperties.attenuation.y * distance
+ uLightingProperties.attenuation.z * distance * distance);
vec3 V = normalize(uViewPoint - vPosition);
vec3 R = reflect(-L, N);
// the direction of the spotlight
vec3 direction = normalize(uLightingProperties.direction);
// the angle between the vector from the light to the fragment’s position and the spotlight’s direction
float angle = degrees(acos(dot(-L, direction)));
vec3 colour = vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
// only compute if angle is less than the cutoff angle
if(angle <= uLightingProperties.cutoffAngle)
{
// calculate Phong lighting
vec4 ambient = uLightingProperties.ambient * uMaterialProperties.ambient;
vec4 diffuse = uLightingProperties.diffuse * uMaterialProperties.diffuse * max(dot(L, N), 0.0);
vec4 specular = vec4(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
if(dot(L, N) > 0.0f)
{
specular = uLightingProperties.specular * uMaterialProperties.specular
* pow(max(dot(V, R), 0.0), uLightingProperties.shininess);
}
colour = (attenuation * (diffuse + specular)).rgb + ambient.rgb;
// fade the spotlight's intensity linearly with angle
colour *= 1.0f - angle/uLightingProperties.cutoffAngle;
}
// set output color
fColor = colour;
}
You are overriding the index buffer of g_VAO[1]. Since you don't unbind the VAO after it its initialization has finished, glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_IBO[1]); will modify it.
To solve your problem: Unbind VAOs before binding any buffers that are not related to them.
current state:
What I am trying to achieve is to create a fading effect (periodically black to full color) on the second cube/model matrix, without changing any of the global vertices. What I have gathered so far is the need to declare a uniform variable in the fragment shader and play with the float values. I have since added to the fragment shader:
uniform float uAlpha;
void main()
{
// set output color
fColor = vec4(vColor, uAlpha);
}
I don't know what to do next with my source code. Add something along the lines of this?
GLuint g_uAlpha = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uAlpha");
vec4 color = vec4(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
GLfloat alpha = color.a;
glUniform1fv(g_uAlpha, 1, &alpha);
It really doesn't do anything I know. I'm really clueless about how to implement this and I'm hoping someone can shed some light, thanks.
Source code:
#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
#include <cstddef>
#include <Windows.h>
#include <time.h>
using namespace std;
#define GLEW_STATIC
#include <GLEW/glew.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtx/transform.hpp>
#include "shader.h"
#include "Camera.h"
struct Vertex
{
GLfloat position[3];
GLfloat color[3];
};
Vertex g_vertices[] = {
// vertex 1
-0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f,
1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
// vertex 2
-0.2f, -0.2f, 0.2f,
1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
// vertex 3
0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f,
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
// vertex 4
0.2f, -0.2f, 0.2f,
1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
// vertex 5
-0.2f, 0.2f, -0.2f,
0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
// vertex 6
-0.2f, -0.2f, -0.2f,
0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
// vertex 7
0.2f, 0.2f, -0.2f,
0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
// vertex 8
0.2f, -0.2f, -0.2f,
0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
};
GLuint g_indices[] = {
0, 1, 2,
2, 1, 3,
4, 5, 0,
0, 5, 1,
2, 3, 6,
6, 3, 7,
4, 0, 6,
6, 0, 2,
1, 5, 3,
3, 5, 7,
5, 4, 7,
7, 4, 6,
};
GLuint g_IBO[1];
GLuint g_VBO[1];
GLuint g_VAO[1];
GLuint g_shaderProgramID = 0;
GLuint g_MVP_Index = 0;
mat4 g_modelMatrix[2];
mat4 g_viewMatrix;
mat4 g_projectionMatrix;
Camera g_camera;
static void init(GLFWwindow* window)
{
srand(time(NULL));
glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
g_shaderProgramID = loadShaders("Vertex_Shader.vert", "Fragment_Shader.frag");
glBlendFuncSeparate(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE, GL_ZERO);
// find the location of shader variables
GLuint positionIndex = glGetAttribLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "aPosition");
GLuint colorIndex = glGetAttribLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "aColor");
g_MVP_Index = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uModelViewProjectionMatrix");
// initialise model matrix to the identity matrix
g_modelMatrix[0] = mat4(1.0f);
g_modelMatrix[1] = mat4(1.0f);
// set camera's view matrix
g_camera.setViewMatrix(vec3(0, 1, 5), vec3(0, 0, 2), vec3(0, 1, 0));
// get the framebuffer width and height in order to calculate the aspect ratio
int width, height;
glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
float aspectRatio = static_cast<float>(width) / height;
// initialise the projection matrix
g_camera.setProjectionMatrix(perspective(45.0f, aspectRatio, 0.1f, 100.0f));
glGenBuffers(1, g_VBO);
glGenVertexArrays(1, g_VAO);
glGenBuffers(1, g_IBO);
// draw cubes
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[0]);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(g_vertices), g_vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_IBO[0]);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(g_indices), g_indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[0]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[0]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_IBO[0]);
glVertexAttribPointer(positionIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex, position)));
glVertexAttribPointer(colorIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex, color)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(positionIndex);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(colorIndex);
}
static void render_scene()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glUseProgram(g_shaderProgramID);
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[0]);
mat4 MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix[0];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
mat4 MVP1 = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix[1];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP1[0][0]);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
glFlush();
}
static void update_scene(GLFWwindow* window)
{
g_modelMatrix[1] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
}
static void key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mods)
{
if (key == GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE && action == GLFW_PRESS)
{
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, GL_TRUE);
return;
}
}
int main(void)
{
GLFWwindow* window = NULL;
if (!glfwInit())
{
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
window = glfwCreateWindow(1028, 768, "Test", NULL, NULL);
if (window == NULL)
{
glfwTerminate();
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
glfwSwapInterval(1);
if (glewInit() != GLEW_OK)
{
cerr << "GLEW initialisation failed" << endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
glfwSetKeyCallback(window, key_callback);
glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_STICKY_KEYS, GL_TRUE);
init(window);
float lastUpdateTime = glfwGetTime();
float currentTime = lastUpdateTime;
// rendering loop
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
currentTime = glfwGetTime();
if (currentTime - lastUpdateTime > 0.02)
{
g_camera.update(window);
update_scene(window);
render_scene();
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
glfwPollEvents();
lastUpdateTime = currentTime;
}
}
// clean up
glDeleteProgram(g_shaderProgramID);
glDeleteBuffers(1, g_IBO);
glDeleteBuffers(1, g_VBO);
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, g_VAO);
// close the window and terminate GLFW
glfwDestroyWindow(window);
glfwTerminate();
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
Camera.h
#ifndef __CAMERA_H
#define __CAMERA_H
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h> // include GLFW (which includes the OpenGL header)
#include <glm/glm.hpp> // include GLM (ideally should only use the GLM headers that are actually used)
#include <glm/gtx/transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtx/rotate_vector.hpp>
using namespace glm; // to avoid having to use glm::
#define MOVEMENT_SENSITIVITY 0.05f // camera movement sensitivity
#define ROTATION_SENSITIVITY 0.05f // camera rotation sensitivity
class Camera {
public:
Camera();
~Camera();
void update(GLFWwindow* window);
void updateYaw(float yaw);
void updatePitch(float pitch);
void setViewMatrix(glm::vec3 position, glm::vec3 lookAt, glm::vec3 up);
void setProjectionMatrix(glm::mat4& matrix);
glm::mat4 getViewMatrix();
glm::mat4 getProjectionMatrix();
private:
float mYaw;
float mPitch;
glm::vec3 mPosition;
glm::vec3 mLookAt;
glm::vec3 mUp;
glm::mat4 mViewMatrix;
glm::mat4 mProjectionMatrix;
};
#endif
Camera.cpp
#include "Camera.h"
Camera::Camera()
{
// initialise camera member variables
mPosition = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
mLookAt = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
mUp = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
mYaw = 0.0f;
mPitch = 0.0f;
mViewMatrix = glm::lookAt(mPosition, mLookAt, mUp);
mProjectionMatrix = glm::perspective(45.0f, 1.0f, 0.1f, 100.0f);
}
Camera::~Camera()
{}
void Camera::update(GLFWwindow* window)
{
// variables to store forward/back and strafe movement
float moveForward = 0;
float strafeRight = 0;
// update variables based on keyboard input
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
moveForward += MOVEMENT_SENSITIVITY;
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
moveForward -= MOVEMENT_SENSITIVITY;
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
strafeRight -= MOVEMENT_SENSITIVITY;
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
strafeRight += MOVEMENT_SENSITIVITY;
// rotate the respective unit vectors about the y-axis
glm::vec3 rotatedForwardVec = glm::rotateY(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f), mYaw);
glm::vec3 rotatedRightVec = glm::rotateY(glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), mYaw);
// rotate the rotated forward vector about the rotated right vector
rotatedForwardVec = glm::vec3(glm::rotate(mPitch, rotatedRightVec)*glm::vec4(rotatedForwardVec, 0.0f));
// update position, look-at and up vectors
mPosition += rotatedForwardVec * moveForward + rotatedRightVec * strafeRight;
mLookAt = mPosition + rotatedForwardVec;
mUp = glm::cross(rotatedRightVec, rotatedForwardVec); // cross product
// compute the new view matrix
mViewMatrix = glm::lookAt(mPosition, mLookAt, mUp);
}
void Camera::updateYaw(float yaw)
{
mYaw -= yaw * ROTATION_SENSITIVITY;
}
void Camera::updatePitch(float pitch)
{
mPitch -= pitch * ROTATION_SENSITIVITY;
}
void Camera::setViewMatrix(glm::vec3 position, glm::vec3 lookAt, glm::vec3 up)
{
mPosition = position;
mLookAt = lookAt;
mUp = up;
mViewMatrix = glm::lookAt(mPosition, mLookAt, mUp);
}
void Camera::setProjectionMatrix(glm::mat4& matrix)
{
mProjectionMatrix = matrix;
}
glm::mat4 Camera::getViewMatrix()
{
return mViewMatrix;
}
glm::mat4 Camera::getProjectionMatrix()
{
return mProjectionMatrix;
}
Vertex Shader
#version 330 core
// input data (different for all executions of this shader)
in vec3 aPosition;
in vec3 aColor;
// ModelViewProjection matrix
uniform mat4 uModelViewProjectionMatrix;
// output data (will be interpolated for each fragment)
out vec3 vColor;
void main()
{
// set vertex position
gl_Position = uModelViewProjectionMatrix * vec4(aPosition, 1.0);
// the color of each vertex will be interpolated
// to produce the color of each fragment
vColor = aColor;
}
Fragment Shader
#version 330 core
// interpolated values from the vertex shaders
in vec3 vColor;
// output data
out vec4 fColor;
uniform float uAlpha;
void main()
{
// set output color
fColor = vec4(vColor, uAlpha);
}
You need to control the fade in the Host Code, and pass the state along to the shader[s] at runtime. Since you're using GLFW as your window manager, that's relatively simple:
while(!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
glfwPollEvents();
constexpr float factor = 30; //Higher == faster fade, lower == slower fade
float alpha = (float(std::sin(glfwGetTime() * factor) + 1) / 2; //Generates a Sine Wave in range [0, 1].
//float alpha = float(glfwGetTime() * factor - std::floor(glfwGetTime() * factor); //Sawtooth fade
glUniform1f(glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uAlpha"), alpha);
update_scene(window);
render_scene();
/*Whatever else needs to happen*/
}
The other thing I'm going to recommend is that you do the blending manually in the [fragment] shader, not automatically using OpenGL blending.
#version 330 core
// interpolated values from the vertex shaders
in vec3 vColor;
// output data
out vec4 fColor;
uniform float uAlpha;
void main()
{
// set output color
vec4 fade_color = vec4(0,0,0,1); //Black fade
fColor = mix(vec4(vcolor, 1), fade_color, uAlpha);
}
The GLSL function mix will blend two vectors together using a float value to choose how much of either color to use. Using this function, you can set the "fade" color to be whatever you want.
#version 330 core
// interpolated values from the vertex shaders
in vec3 vColor;
// output data
out vec4 fColor;
uniform float uAlpha;
uniform vec4 fade_color;
void main()
{
// set output color
fColor = mix(vec4(vcolor, 1), fade_color, uAlpha);
}
If you actually intend the object to be transparent when fading (which is how the alpha parameter is usually used), then you can use the same host code I provided, with an additional function call in the setup code:
glEnable(GL_BLEND);
And then you can use your original Fragment Shader code. The only restriction is that if you do this (like any rendering involving transparency) the ordering of draw calls becomes extremely important. I would advise you look around for tutorials on how to do transparency using alpha-blending, since getting into the dirt of that is beyond the scope of this question.
My program is a moving "planet system".
I want to get the furthest planet (cube) to "fade" alternately from transparent to fully opaque.
I understand that this has to do with adjusting the alpha values of vertices. However, I am unfamiliar with blending and transparency.
I was given some code that could alter the alpha values of an object. I have integrated it into my program but now my program keeps crashing. Can someone tell me why it is crashing and how I can change my code to get the planet to fade in and out?
Here is the code I added to my program
GLuint g_alphaIndex; // for transparency of 4th planet
float g_alpha = 0.5f; // transparency of 4th planet
static void init(GLFWwindow* window)
{
....
glEnable(GL_BLEND);
glBlendEquationSeparate(GL_FUNC_ADD, GL_FUNC_ADD);
glBlendFuncSeparate(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE, GL_ZERO);
.....
.....
g_alphaIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uAlpha");
....
}
static void render_scene()
{
......
// Object 4
glUniform1fv(g_alphaIndex, 2, &g_alpha);
......
}
/*
In Fragment shader
*/
uniform float uAlpha;
void main()
{
// set output color
fColor = vec4(vColor, uAlpha);
}
Here is my full program
#include <cstdio> // for C++ i/o
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cstddef>
using namespace std; // to avoid having to use std::
#define GLEW_STATIC // include GLEW as a static library
#include <GLEW/glew.h> // include GLEW
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h> // include GLFW (which includes the OpenGL header)
#include <glm/glm.hpp> // include GLM (ideally should only use the GLM headers that are actually used)
#include <glm/gtx/transform.hpp>
using namespace glm; // to avoid having to use glm::
#include "shader.h"
#include "camera.h"
#define PI 3.14159265
#define MAX_SLICES 50
#define MIN_SLICES 8
#define MAX_VERTICES (MAX_SLICES+2)*3 // a triangle fan should have a minimum of 3 vertices
#define CIRCLE_RADIUS 3.0
#define WINDOW_WIDTH 1000
#define WINDOW_HEIGHT 1000
// struct for vertex attributes
struct Vertex
{
GLfloat position[3];
GLfloat color[3];
};
// global variables
GLfloat g_vertices_circle[MAX_VERTICES] = {
0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f
};
GLfloat g_colors_circle[MAX_VERTICES] = {
1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f
};
GLuint g_slices = MAX_SLICES; // number of circle slices
Vertex g_vertices[] = {
// vertex 1
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, // position
1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // colour
// vertex 2
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, // position
1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // colour
// vertex 3
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // colour
// vertex 4
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // colour
// vertex 5
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, // position
0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // colour
// vertex 6
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,// position
0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // colour
// vertex 7
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, // position
0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // colour
// vertex 8
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, // position
0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // colour
};
GLuint g_indices[] = {
0, 1, 2, // triangle 1
2, 1, 3, // triangle 2
4, 5, 0, // triangle 3
0, 5, 1, // ...
2, 3, 6,
6, 3, 7,
4, 0, 6,
6, 0, 2,
1, 5, 3,
3, 5, 7,
5, 4, 7,
7, 4, 6, // triangle 12
};
GLuint g_IBO = 0; // index buffer object identifier
GLuint g_VBO[3]; // vertex buffer object identifier
GLuint g_VAO[2]; // vertex array object identifier
GLuint g_shaderProgramID = 0; // shader program identifier
GLuint g_MVP_Index = 0; // location in shader
GLuint g_alphaIndex; // for transparency of 4th planet
glm::mat4 g_modelMatrix[5]; // planets object model matrices
glm::mat4 g_modelMatrixCircle[5];// circle model matrices
glm::mat4 g_modelMatrixSubPlanets[5];// object matrices for sub-planets (moon, disc etc)
glm::mat4 g_viewMatrix; // view matrix
glm::mat4 g_projectionMatrix; // projection matrix
Camera g_camera; // camera
float g_orbitSpeed[5] = { 0.3f, 0.5f, 0.4f, 0.2f, 0.1f }; // for speed of rotation around sun
float g_rotationSpeed[5] = { 0.07f, 0.7f, 3.0f, 5.0f, 1.0f }; // for speed of rotation on own axis
float g_scaleSize[5] = { 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f }; // for scaling the orbiting planets
float g_axisOfRotation[5] = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, }; // for offsetting the axis of rotation
float g_alpha = 0.5f; // transparency of 4th planet
bool g_enableAnimation = true;
void generate_circle()
{
float angle = PI * 2 / static_cast<float>(g_slices); // used to generate x and y coordinates
float scale_factor = static_cast<float>(WINDOW_HEIGHT) / WINDOW_WIDTH; // scale to make it a circle instead of an elipse
int index = 0; // vertex index
g_vertices_circle[3] = CIRCLE_RADIUS * scale_factor; // set x coordinate of vertex 1
// generate vertex coordinates for triangle fan
for (int i = 2; i < g_slices + 2; i++)
{
// multiply by 3 because a vertex has x, y, z coordinates
index = i * 3;
g_vertices_circle[index] = CIRCLE_RADIUS * cos(angle) * scale_factor;
g_vertices_circle[index + 1] = CIRCLE_RADIUS * sin(angle);
g_vertices_circle[index + 2] = 0.0f;
//Color for edges. See stackoverflow
g_colors_circle[index] = 1.0f;
g_colors_circle[index + 1] = 0.0f;
g_colors_circle[index + 2] = 0.0f;
// update to next angle
angle += PI * 2 / static_cast<float>(g_slices);
}
// Gets rid of line from middle of circle
g_vertices_circle[0] = g_vertices_circle[3];
g_vertices_circle[1] = g_vertices_circle[4];
g_vertices_circle[2] = g_vertices_circle[5];
}
static void init(GLFWwindow* window)
{
glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); // set clear background colour
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); // enable depth buffer test
glEnable(GL_BLEND);
glBlendEquationSeparate(GL_FUNC_ADD, GL_FUNC_ADD);
glBlendFuncSeparate(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE, GL_ZERO);
// create and compile our GLSL program from the shader files
g_shaderProgramID = loadShaders("MVP_VS.vert", "ColorFS.frag");
// find the location of shader variables
GLuint positionIndex = glGetAttribLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "aPosition");
GLuint colorIndex = glGetAttribLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "aColor");
g_MVP_Index = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uModelViewProjectionMatrix");
g_alphaIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uAlpha");
// initialise model matrix to the identity matrix
g_modelMatrix[0] = g_modelMatrix[1] = g_modelMatrix[2] = g_modelMatrix[3] = g_modelMatrix[4] = glm::mat4(1.0f);
g_modelMatrixCircle[0] = g_modelMatrixCircle[1] = g_modelMatrixCircle[2] = g_modelMatrixCircle[3] = g_modelMatrixCircle[4] = glm::mat4(1.0f);
g_modelMatrixSubPlanets[2] = g_modelMatrixSubPlanets[3] = glm::mat4(1.0f);;
// set camera's view matrix
g_camera.setViewMatrix(glm::vec3(0, 3, 14), glm::vec3(0, 0, 0), glm::vec3(0, 1, 0));
int width, height;
glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
float aspectRatio = static_cast<float>(width) / height;
// set camera's projection matrix
g_camera.setProjectionMatrix(glm::perspective(45.0f, aspectRatio, 0.1f, 100.0f));
// initialise projection matrix
g_projectionMatrix = glm::perspective(45.0f, aspectRatio, 0.1f, 100.0f);
// generate identifier for VBO and copy data to GPU
glGenBuffers(1, &g_VBO[0]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[0]);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(g_vertices), g_vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// generate identifier for IBO and copy data to GPU
glGenBuffers(1, &g_IBO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_IBO);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(g_indices), g_indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// generate identifiers for VAO
glGenVertexArrays(1, &g_VAO[0]);
// create VAO and specify VBO data
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[0]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[0]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_IBO);
// interleaved attributes
glVertexAttribPointer(positionIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex, position)));
glVertexAttribPointer(colorIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex, color)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(positionIndex); // enable vertex attributes
glEnableVertexAttribArray(colorIndex);
/*------------------------Circle----------------------*/
// generate vertices of triangle fan
generate_circle();
// create VBO and buffer the data
glGenBuffers(1, &g_VBO[1]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[1]);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(float) * 3 * (g_slices + 2), g_vertices_circle, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glGenBuffers(1, &g_VBO[2]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[2]);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(float) * 3 * (g_slices + 2), g_colors_circle, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// create VAO and specify VBO data
glGenVertexArrays(1, &g_VAO[1]);
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[1]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[1]);
glVertexAttribPointer(positionIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0); // specify the form of the data
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[2]);
glVertexAttribPointer(colorIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0); // specify the form of the data
glEnableVertexAttribArray(positionIndex); // enable vertex attributes
glEnableVertexAttribArray(colorIndex);
/*----------------------------------------------------*/
}
//Generates a random value between 0.1 and 0.9
double generateRandomFloat(float min, float max)
{
return min + static_cast <float> (rand()) / (static_cast <float> (RAND_MAX / (max - min)));
}
// function used to update the scene
static void update_scene()
{
// static variables for rotation angles
static float orbitAngle[5] = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, };
static float rotationAngle[5] = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
float scaleFactor = 0.05;
orbitAngle[0] += g_orbitSpeed[0] * scaleFactor;
orbitAngle[1] += g_orbitSpeed[1] * scaleFactor;
orbitAngle[2] += g_orbitSpeed[2] * scaleFactor;
orbitAngle[3] += g_orbitSpeed[3] * scaleFactor;
orbitAngle[4] += g_orbitSpeed[4] * scaleFactor;
// update rotation angles
rotationAngle[0] += g_rotationSpeed[0] * scaleFactor;
rotationAngle[1] += g_rotationSpeed[1] * scaleFactor;
rotationAngle[2] += g_rotationSpeed[2] * scaleFactor;
rotationAngle[3] += g_rotationSpeed[3] * scaleFactor;
rotationAngle[4] += g_rotationSpeed[4] * scaleFactor;
// update model matrix (planets)
g_modelMatrix[0] = glm::rotate(rotationAngle[0], glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
g_modelMatrix[1] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(g_axisOfRotation[1], 0.0f, 0.0f)) //moves the axis of rotation along x-axis
* glm::rotate(orbitAngle[1], glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::translate(glm::vec3(2.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::rotate(rotationAngle[1], glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f)) //enables rotation on own axis. try comment
* glm::rotate(glm::radians(45.0f), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f)) //rotates into a diamond shape
* glm::rotate(glm::radians(45.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f)) //rotates into a diamond shape
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(g_scaleSize[1], g_scaleSize[1], g_scaleSize[1]));
g_modelMatrix[2] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(g_axisOfRotation[2], 0.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::rotate(orbitAngle[2], glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::translate(glm::vec3(4.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::rotate(rotationAngle[2], glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(g_scaleSize[2], g_scaleSize[2], g_scaleSize[2]));
g_modelMatrix[3] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(g_axisOfRotation[3], 0.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::rotate(orbitAngle[3], glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::translate(glm::vec3(6.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::rotate(rotationAngle[3], glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(g_scaleSize[3], g_scaleSize[3], g_scaleSize[3]));
g_modelMatrix[4] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(g_axisOfRotation[4], 0.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::rotate(orbitAngle[4], glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f)) // -y changes orbit to clock-wise
* glm::translate(glm::vec3(8.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::rotate(rotationAngle[4], glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(g_scaleSize[4], g_scaleSize[4], g_scaleSize[4]));
// update model matrix (orbit paths ie.circles)
g_modelMatrixCircle[1] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(g_axisOfRotation[1], 0.0f, 0.0f)) * glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.68f, 0.68f, 0.68f)) * glm::rotate(glm::radians(90.0f), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
g_modelMatrixCircle[2] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(g_axisOfRotation[2], 0.0f, 0.0f)) * glm::scale(glm::vec3(1.35f, 1.35f, 1.35f)) * glm::rotate(glm::radians(90.0f), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
g_modelMatrixCircle[3] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(g_axisOfRotation[3], 0.0f, 0.0f)) * glm::scale(glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f)) * glm::rotate(glm::radians(90.0f), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
g_modelMatrixCircle[4] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(g_axisOfRotation[4], 0.0f, 0.0f)) * glm::scale(glm::vec3(2.7f, 2.7f, 2.7f)) * glm::rotate(glm::radians(90.0f), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
// update model matrix (mini planets eg. moon)
g_modelMatrixSubPlanets[2] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(g_axisOfRotation[1], 0.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.35f, 0.35f, 0.35f))
* glm::rotate(glm::radians(90.0f), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
g_modelMatrixSubPlanets[3] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(g_axisOfRotation[3], 0.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::rotate(orbitAngle[3], glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::translate(glm::vec3(6.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::rotate(rotationAngle[3], glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(g_scaleSize[3], g_scaleSize[3], g_scaleSize[3]));
}
// function used to render the scene
static void render_scene()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // clear colour buffer and depth buffer
glUseProgram(g_shaderProgramID); // use the shaders associated with the shader program
glm::mat4 MVP = glm::mat4(1.0f); //ModelViewProjection matrix to be shared. Initialized to identity
//Circle 1
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrixCircle[1];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[1]); // make VAO active
glDrawArrays(GL_LINE_LOOP, 0, g_slices + 2); // display the vertices based on the primitive type
//Circle 2
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrixCircle[2];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glDrawArrays(GL_LINE_LOOP, 0, g_slices + 2); // display the vertices based on the primitive type
//Circle 3
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrixCircle[3];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glDrawArrays(GL_LINE_LOOP, 0, g_slices + 2); // display the vertices based on the primitive type
//Circle 4
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrixCircle[4];;
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glDrawArrays(GL_LINE_LOOP, 0, g_slices + 2); // display the vertices based on the primitive type
// Circle for Object 2
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix[2] * g_modelMatrixSubPlanets[2];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN, 0, g_slices + 2); // display the vertices based on the primitive type
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[0]); // make VAO active
// Object 1
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix[0];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); // display the vertices based on their indices and primitive type
// Object 2
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix[1];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); // display the vertices based on their indices and primitive type
// Object 3
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix[2];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); // display the vertices based on their indices and primitive type
// Object 4
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix[3];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniform1fv(g_alphaIndex, 2, &g_alpha);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); // display the vertices based on their indices and primitive type
// Object 5
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix[4];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); // display the vertices based on their indices and primitive type
// Moon for Object 3
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrixSubPlanets[3] * g_modelMatrix[4];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); // display the vertices based on their indices and primitive type
glFlush(); // flush the pipeline
}
static void cursor_position_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
// variables to store mouse cursor coordinates
static double previous_xpos = xpos;
static double previous_ypos = ypos;
double delta_x = xpos - previous_xpos;
double delta_y = ypos - previous_ypos;
// pass mouse movement to camera class
g_camera.updateYaw(delta_x);
g_camera.updatePitch(delta_y);
// update previous mouse coordinates
previous_xpos = xpos;
previous_ypos = ypos;
}
// key press or release callback function
static void key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mods)
{
// quit if the ESCAPE key was press
if (key == GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE && action == GLFW_PRESS)
{
// set flag to close the window
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, GL_TRUE);
return;
}
// toggle animation
else if (key == GLFW_KEY_P && action == GLFW_PRESS) {
static int count = 1;
if(count % 2 == 0)
g_enableAnimation = true;
else
g_enableAnimation = false;
count++;
}
// render in perspective view
else if (key == GLFW_KEY_1 && action == GLFW_PRESS) {
cout << "Perspective-View" << endl << endl;
// set camera's view matrix
g_camera.setViewMatrix(glm::vec3(0, 3, 14), glm::vec3(0, 0, 0), glm::vec3(0, 1, 0));
render_scene();
}
// render from top view
else if (key == GLFW_KEY_2 && action == GLFW_PRESS) {
cout << "Top-View" << endl << endl;
// set camera's view matrix
g_camera.setViewMatrix(glm::vec3(0, 15.0f, 0), glm::vec3(0, 0, 0), glm::vec3(0, 0, -1.0f));
render_scene();
}
// render from eye-level view
else if (key == GLFW_KEY_3 && action == GLFW_PRESS) {
cout << "Eye-level View" << endl << endl;
// set camera's view matrix
g_camera.setViewMatrix(glm::vec3(0, 0, 10), glm::vec3(0, 0, 0), glm::vec3(0, 1, 0));
render_scene();
}
// Randomize size, orbit speed, axis rotation speed of planets
else if (key == GLFW_KEY_R && action == GLFW_PRESS) {
// Randomize planet size
g_scaleSize[1] = generateRandomFloat(0.1, 0.75);
g_scaleSize[2] = generateRandomFloat(0.1, 0.75);
g_scaleSize[3] = generateRandomFloat(0.1, 0.75);
g_scaleSize[4] = generateRandomFloat(0.1, 0.75);
// Randomize speed of rotation (on planets own axis)
g_rotationSpeed[1] = generateRandomFloat(0.1, 2.0);
g_rotationSpeed[2] = generateRandomFloat(0.1, 2.0);
g_rotationSpeed[3] = generateRandomFloat(0.1, 2.0);
g_rotationSpeed[4] = generateRandomFloat(0.1, 2.0);
// Randomize speed of rotation around sun
g_orbitSpeed[1] = generateRandomFloat(0.1, 0.7);
g_orbitSpeed[2] = generateRandomFloat(0.1, 0.7);
g_orbitSpeed[3] = generateRandomFloat(0.1, 0.7);
g_orbitSpeed[4] = generateRandomFloat(0.1, 0.7);
// Randomize offset for axis of rotation
g_axisOfRotation[1] = generateRandomFloat(-0.5, 0.5);
g_axisOfRotation[2] = generateRandomFloat(-0.5, 0.5);
g_axisOfRotation[3] = generateRandomFloat(-0.5, 0.5);
g_axisOfRotation[4] = generateRandomFloat(-0.5, 0.5);
// Display info for each planet
cout << "PLANET 1 - \tSize: " << g_scaleSize[1] << "\tSpeed: " << g_rotationSpeed[1]
<< "\tOrbit Speed: " << g_orbitSpeed[1] << "\tAxis offset: " << g_axisOfRotation[1] << endl;
cout << "PLANET 2 - \tSize: " << g_scaleSize[2] << "\tSpeed: " << g_rotationSpeed[2]
<< "\tOrbit Speed: " << g_orbitSpeed[2] << "\tAxis offset: " << g_axisOfRotation[2] << endl;
cout << "PLANET 3 - \tSize: " << g_scaleSize[3] << "\tSpeed: " << g_rotationSpeed[3]
<< "\tOrbit Speed: " << g_orbitSpeed[3] << "\tAxis offset: " << g_axisOfRotation[3] << endl;
cout << "PLANET 4 - \tSize: " << g_scaleSize[4] << "\tSpeed: " << g_rotationSpeed[4]
<< "\tOrbit Speed: " << g_orbitSpeed[4] << "\tAxis offset: " << g_axisOfRotation[4] << endl;
cout << endl;
render_scene();
}
}
// error callback function
static void error_callback(int error, const char* description)
{
cerr << description << endl; // output error description
}
int main(void)
{
GLFWwindow* window = NULL; // pointer to a GLFW window handle
glfwSetErrorCallback(error_callback); // set error callback function
// initialise GLFW
if (!glfwInit())
{
// if failed to initialise GLFW
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// minimum OpenGL version 3.3
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
// create a window and its OpenGL context
window = glfwCreateWindow(1500, 1000, "Assignment 2", NULL, NULL);
// if failed to create window
if (window == NULL)
{
glfwTerminate();
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window); // set window context as the current context
glfwSwapInterval(1); // swap buffer interval
// initialise GLEW
if (glewInit() != GLEW_OK)
{
// if failed to initialise GLEW
cerr << "GLEW initialisation failed" << endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// set key callback function
glfwSetKeyCallback(window, key_callback);
glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, cursor_position_callback);
// use sticky mode to avoid missing state changes from polling
glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_STICKY_KEYS, GL_TRUE);
// use mouse to move camera, hence use disable cursor mode
glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);
// initialise rendering states
init(window);
// variables for simple time management
float lastUpdateTime = glfwGetTime();
float currentTime = lastUpdateTime;
// the rendering loop
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
currentTime = glfwGetTime();
g_camera.update(window); // update camera
// only update if more than 0.02 seconds since last update
if (currentTime - lastUpdateTime > 0.02)
{
if (g_enableAnimation) { update_scene(); } // update the scene
render_scene(); // render the scene
glfwSwapBuffers(window); // swap buffers
glfwPollEvents(); // poll for events
lastUpdateTime = currentTime; // update last update time
}
}
// clean up
glDeleteProgram(g_shaderProgramID);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &g_IBO);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &g_VBO[0]);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &g_VBO[1]);
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &g_VAO[0]);
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &g_VAO[1]);
// close the window and terminate GLFW
glfwDestroyWindow(window);
glfwTerminate();
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
Fragment Shader
#version 330 core
// interpolated values from the vertex shaders
in vec3 vColor;
// uniform input data
uniform float uAlpha;
// output data
out vec3 fColor;
void main()
{
// set output color
fColor = vec4(vColor, uAlpha);
}
Vertex Shader
#version 330 core
// input data (different for all executions of this shader)
in vec3 aPosition;
in vec3 aColor;
// ModelViewProjection matrix
uniform mat4 uModelViewProjectionMatrix;
// output data (will be interpolated for each fragment)
out vec3 vColor;
void main()
{
// set vertex position
gl_Position = uModelViewProjectionMatrix * vec4(aPosition, 1.0);
// the color of each vertex will be interpolated
// to produce the color of each fragment
vColor = aColor;
}
In the vertex shader program you have declared the uniform uAlpha with type float.
uniform float uAlpha;
You correctly read the uniform location index of uAlpha:
g_alphaIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uAlpha");
Your mistake is when specifying the value of a uniform variable:
glUniform1fv(g_alphaIndex, 2, &g_alpha);
Note, the second paramter of glUniform1fv is the number of elements.
The OpenGL Reference page
of Khronos Group clearly says about the 2nd parameter count:
For the vector (glUniform*v) commands, specifies the number of elements that are to be modified.
This should be 1 if the targeted uniform variable is not an array, and 1 or more if it is an array.
Note, you try to set the 1st and the 2nd element of an uniform array with type of float,
but you only declared a single uniform variable of type float.
This is an undefined behavior and may cause a crash.
Change your code somehow like that:
glUniform1fv(g_alphaIndex, 1, &g_alpha);
In your fragment shader, out color is "vec3" while you asign it with "vec4".
There are sevral ways to debug the opengl code and shaders, which might help you.
0.after compiling or linking shaders, you can get compile result or link result via glGetShaderInfoLog()
1.use glGetError() to fetch the error code, witch contains specific error information if error exists.Once you call this function, the error state in the context will be cleared.
2.out put intermediate result in shader, to see if there is something wrong in the shading calculations