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#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Stack
{
int items[10];
int sp;
public:
friend class StackIter;
Stack()
{
sp = - 1;
}
void push(int in)
{
items[++sp] = in;
}
int pop()
{
return items[sp--];
}
bool isEmpty()
{
return (sp == - 1);
}
StackIter *createIterator() const // 2. Add a createIterator() member
};
class StackIter
{
// 1. Design an "iterator" class
const Stack *stk;
int index;
public:
StackIter(const Stack *s)
{
stk = s;
}
void first()
{
index = 0;
}
void next()
{
index++;
}
bool isDone()
{
return index == stk->sp + 1;
}
int currentItem()
{
return stk->items[index];
}
};
StackIter *Stack::createIterator() const
{
return new StackIter(this);
}
bool operator == (const Stack &l, const Stack &r)
{
// 3. Clients ask the container object to create an iterator object
StackIter *itl = l.createIterator();
StackIter *itr = r.createIterator();
// 4. Clients use the first(), isDone(), next(), and currentItem() protocol
for (itl->first(), itr->first(); !itl->isDone(); itl->next(), itr->next())
if (itl->currentItem() != itr->currentItem())
break;
bool ans = itl->isDone() && itr->isDone();
delete itl;
delete itr;
return ans;
}
int main()
{
Stack s1;
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++)
s1.push(i);
Stack s2(s1), s3(s1), s4(s1), s5(s1);
s3.pop();
s5.pop();
s4.push(2);
s5.push(9);
cout << "1 == 2 is " << (s1 == s2) << endl;
cout << "1 == 3 is " << (s1 == s3) << endl;
cout << "1 == 4 is " << (s1 == s4) << endl;
cout << "1 == 5 is " << (s1 == s5) << endl;
}
Compilation Error :
main.cpp:25:5: error: 'StackIter' does not name a type
StackIter *createIterator()const // 2. Add a createIterator() member
main.cpp: In function 'bool operator==(const Stack&, const Stack&)':
main.cpp:68:22: error: 'const class Stack' has no member named 'createIterator'
StackIter *itl = l.createIterator();
main.cpp:69:22: error: 'const class Stack' has no member named 'createIterator'
StackIter *itr = r.createIterator();
What am I doing wrong?
You're missing a semicolon after "StackIter *createIterator()const". I added a semicolon. Then the program worked. There is no error.
Related
Well, i implemented a FIFO stack (push,pop) stack in a Class with mem allocated ints.
So i asked to myself: if "int" is a datatype, why i cannot push "ADTs" to my own stack.
Then i came with this code:
#include <iostream>
class Person {
std::string name;
int age;
public:
Person(std::string pName = "", int pAge = 1)
{
name = pName;
age = pAge;
}
void Print()
{
std::cout << name << " " << age << std::endl;
}
};
class Stack {
Person * stack;
int size, top;
int index;
public:
Stack(int stackSize)
{
top = stackSize -1;
index = top;
stack = new Person[stackSize];
}
void push(Person person)
{
if (index < 0)
std::cout << "Stack UNDERFLOW" << "Index is: " << index << std::endl;
stack[index--] = person;
}
Person & pop()
{
if (index > top)
{
std::cout << "Stack OVERFLOW" << std::endl;
}
return stack[++index];
}
};
I know, there are stacks, queues, vectos, etc in the STL lib. I just wanted to do it by myself.
I want the stack push a copy of the object.
I'm not sure i don't know if the compiler is pushing addresses, copying the whole object (what is what i want) or what.
Please enlight me.
Here is my main() code:
int main()
{
Stack stack(100);
Person person("Lucas", 39);
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
{
stack.push(person);
((Person)stack.pop()).Print();
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
To answer your question about copies, this:
stack[index--] = person;
makes a copy, because the type on both sides of the assignment is of type T.
This:
stack.push(person);
also makes a copy, because you are passing person by value. To avoid this (redundant) copy, declare push as:
void push(const T &person)
Well, what i did to solve my question was what #PaulMcKenzie said in his comment.
I created a template for the "Stack" class and any template "T" is the datatype that is passed to the this class.
About the main methond (in my question) it had an unnecesary cast to (Person) since it's implied.
Edit 2:
#Paul Sanders were right too, i was doing a redundant copy at push()
This way i solved my problem:
#include <iostream>
class Person {
std::string name;
int age;
public:
Person(std::string pName = "", int pAge = 1)
{
name = pName;
age = pAge;
}
void Print()
{
std::cout << name << " " << age << std::endl;
}
};
template <class T>
class Stack {
T * stack;
int size, top;
int index;
public:
Stack(int stackSize)
{
top = stackSize -1;
index = top;
stack = new T[stackSize];
}
void push(const T &person)
{
if (index < 0)
std::cout << "Stack UNDERFLOW" << std::endl;
stack[index--] = person;
}
T pop()
{
if (index > top)
{
std::cout << "Stack OVERFLOW" << std::endl;
}
return stack[++index];
}
};
int main()
{
Stack<Person> stack(100);
Person person1("Lucas", 39);
Person person2("Gustavo", 38);
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
{
if (i % 2 == 0)
stack.push(person1);
else
stack.push(person2);
}
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
stack.pop().Print();
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
In the example of the main() function, it creates an stack of Person objects of 100. Then i create 2 people: "Lucas" and "Gustavo" and push it intercalated to the my stack for 100 times (the first for statment).
Then the second and final for statement pop() all values and print them.
I am working on a problem that requires the implementation of two ADT's. After Implementing, I need to test my bag implementations with the following template combinations:
<int, string>-- all functions
<string, int> -- insert and find functions only
My testing so far has been entering integers to test the different functions. I do not understand what it means to test the implementations with the templates.
Here is my bagADT implementation:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "bagADT.h"
template <typename E>
class ABag : public Bag<E> {
private:
int maxSize;
int listSize;
E* listArray;
public:
ABag(int size = defaultSize) { // Constructor
maxSize = size;
listSize = 0;
listArray = new E[maxSize];
}
~ABag() { delete[] listArray; } // Destructor
bool addItem(const E& item) {
if (listSize >= maxSize) {
return false;
}
listArray[listSize] = item;
std::cout << "Add Item: Added " << item << " in spot " << listSize << std::endl;
listSize++;
return true;
}
bool remove(E& item) {
for (int i = 0; i < listSize; i++) {
if (listArray[i] == item) {
std::cout << "Remove: Removed " << item << " from position ";
item = i;
std::cout<< item << " and adjusted the location of all other elements." << std::endl;
for (i= item; i < listSize; i++) {
listArray[i] = listArray[i + 1];
}
listSize--;
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
bool removeTop(E& returnValue) {
if (listSize == 0) {
return false;
}
else {
returnValue = listArray[listSize - 1];
std::cout << "Remove Top: Removed " << returnValue << " from the top of the stack." << std::endl;
for (int i = listSize; i < maxSize; i++) {
listArray[i] = listArray[i + 1];
}
listSize--;
return true;
}
}
bool find(E& returnValue) const {
for (int i = 0; i < (listSize - 1); i++) {
if (listArray[i] == returnValue) {
returnValue = i;
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
bool inspectTop(E& item) const {
if (listSize == 0) {
return false;
}
else {
item = listArray[listSize - 1];
std::cout << "Inspect Top: The value on top is currently " << item << "." << std::endl;
return true;
}
}
void emptyBag() {
delete[] listArray;
listSize = 0;
listArray = new E[maxSize];
std::cout << "Empty Bag: Emptied the bag." << std::endl;
}
bool operator+=(const E& addend) {
if (listSize < maxSize) {
return true;
}
return false;
}
int size() const {
std::cout << "Size: Number of elements in listArray: " << listSize << std::endl;
return (listSize - 1);
}
int bagCapacity() const {
std::cout << "Bag Capacity: The capacity of this bag is " << maxSize << std::endl;
return maxSize;
}
};
Here is another file provided by my professor called kvpairs:
#ifndef KVPAIR_H
#define KVPAIR_H
// Container for a key-value pair
// Key object must be an object for which the == operator is defined.
// For example, int and string will work since they both have == defined,
// but Int will not work since it does not have == defined.
template <typename Key, typename E>
class KVpair {
private:
Key k;
E e;
public:
// Constructors
KVpair() {}
KVpair(Key kval, E eval)
{
k = kval; e = eval;
}
KVpair(const KVpair& o) // Copy constructor
{
k = o.k; e = o.e;
}
void operator =(const KVpair& o) // Assignment operator
{
k = o.k; e = o.e;
}
bool operator==(const KVpair& o) const {
if (o.k == k) {
return true;
}
return false;
}
//The following overload is provided by Adam Morrone, Spring 2016 class.
//Thanks Adam :)
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const KVpair& o) // output print operator
{
os << "Key: " << o.k << " Value: " << o.e;
return os;
}
// Data member access functions
Key key() { return k; }
void setKey(Key ink) { k = ink; }
E value() { return e; }
};
#endif
I am expected to show the test outputs using the above templates, but I have no idea how to do this. Also, ignore the += overload. It is incorrect and I know. I am supposed to overload it to directly add a new int to the array.
I think I understand now. I could be wrong, but this is my guess.
Your bag is singly templated, but it will be holding KVpair. They said they will use KVpair with <int, string> and <string, int>.
When they talk about testing it, that means they will be instantiating it as follows:
int main() {
ABag<KVPair<int, string>> bag;
bag.addItem(KVpair(1, "hi"));
//...
}
This is what I am pretty sure they mean by "testing it with templates".
As a minor edit, I don't know what C++ version you are using but if it's very archaic, you might need to write template instantiation like ABag<KVPair<int, string> > instead of putting them together. I remember vaguely this being an issue a long time ago.
I'm new to programming in C++. Also new to implementing stacks. My objective is creating RPN Calculator using template stack. Cant use the built in stack classes.
I have everything so far and now I am stuck, I can't think of how to fix this problem. I am currently getting these errors:
Error C2109 subscript requires array or pointer type
Warning C4244 'return': conversion from 'double' to 'int', possible loss of data
This is my stack class:
#include<stack>
#define STACK_MAX 500
template<class T>
class RPNCalculator
{
private:
//Insanciating stack class
T data[STACK_MAX];
int size;
//stack<T> rpnstack;
public:
RPNCalculator() {
size = 0;
}
~RPNCalculator();
int Top() {
if (size == 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error: stack empty\n");
return -1;
}
return data[size - 1];
}
void push(T data); // pushes a new operand onto the stack
// the following operations are to be performed as defined for Reverse Polish Notation
// binary operators:
T value(); // returns the topmost value
void pop(); // returns the topmost value and pops it off the top
double add();
double subtract();
double multiply();
double divide();
// unary operators:
double square(); // squares the current value
double negate(); // negates, i.e. 3 becomes -3
bool isEmpty(); // tests to see if there are elements on the stack
void clear(); // clears out the stack
};
template<class T>
inline bool RPNCalculator<T>::isEmpty()
{
bool status;
if (!top)
status = true;
else
status = false;
return status;
}
template<class T>
void RPNCalculator<T>::clear()
{
}
template<class T>
inline RPNCalculator<T>::~RPNCalculator()
{
}
template<class T>
inline void RPNCalculator<T>::push(T data)
{
if (size < STACK_MAX)
data[size++] = data;
else
fprintf(stderr, "Error: stack full\n");
}
template<class T>
inline T RPNCalculator<T>::value()
{
return T();
}
template<class T>
inline void RPNCalculator<T>::pop()
{
if (size == 0)
fprintf(stderr, "Error: stack empty\n");
else
size--;
}
This is my main class:
#include <iostream>
#include "RPNCalculator.h"
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;
bool isOperator(const string& input);
void performOperation(const string& st, RPNCalculator<double>& rpnstack);
int main() {
cout << "Welcome to the RPN Calculator by AbdulFatai Saliu __D00168401" << endl;
cout << "Enter c to clear \n"
<< "s to square \n"
<< "n to negate \n"
<< "p to pop current value \n"
<< "q to quit \n"
;
RPNCalculator<double> rnpstack;
string input;
while (true) {
//Dispaly prompt
cout << ">> ";
//get user input
cin >> input;
//check for numeric values
double numereric;
if (istringstream(input) >> numereric) {
}
else if (isOperator(input)) {
}
else if (input == "q") {
return 0;
}
else {
cout << "Input Not Valid" << endl;
}
//check for operators
//check for exit
// display invalid value message
}
system("PAUSE");
//return 0;
}
bool isOperator(const string& input) {
string operators[] = { "-","+","*","/"};
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
if (input == operators[i]) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
void performOperation(const string& input, RPNCalculator<double>& rpnstack) {
double firstValue, secondValue, result;
firstValue = rpnstack.Top();
rpnstack.pop();
secondValue = rpnstack.Top();
rpnstack.pop();
if (input == "-") {
result = secondValue - firstValue;
}
else if (input == "+") {
result = secondValue + firstValue;
}
else if (input == "*") {
result = secondValue * firstValue;
}
else if (input == "/") {
result = secondValue / firstValue;
}
cout << result << endl;
rpnstack.push(result);
}
the problem seems to be coming from my push() method in the RPNCalculator template class.
Looks like you have a parameter for the function void push(T data); where the parameter has the same name as the class member (data, your storage). Try changing the parameter name in the function implementation that doesn't yield this conflict. You could also be specific which data you want to use if you really want to use that name.
Try this one instead
template<class T>
inline void RPNCalculator<T>::push(T arg)
{
if (size < STACK_MAX)
data[size++] = arg;
else
fprintf(stderr, "Error: stack full\n");
}
or, if you want to be explicit about which data you are assigning
template<class T>
inline void RPNCalculator<T>::push(T data)
{
if (size < STACK_MAX)
this->data[size++] = data; // this->data is the member, data is the function local variable
else
fprintf(stderr, "Error: stack full\n");
}
This is usually avoided by naming the member variables in a way where there can't be conflicts. One way is to prefix your members with m_, where data would become m_data. Feel free to use any style of code that you want, but I'd suggest avoiding conflicts (and the second approach) when possible.
I want to understand what iterators are, how they are made. So int this code iterators are created for Stack.My question are
how we can write Stack s2(s1), if we don't have class named Stack which has explicit constructor, insted we have StackIter class , which has explicit constructor ?
What does this mean: StackIter *Stack::createIterator()const,we have class StackIter, then pointer on stack, I don't understand at all. Maybe when we write Stack s2(s1), it comes from here ?
So the meaning of iterator is shown in bool operator == (const Stack &l, const Stack &r) ?
Thanks a lot in advance .
Any response will be appreciated
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Stack
{
int items[10];
int sp;
public:
friend class StackIter;
Stack()
{
sp = - 1;
}
void push(int in)
{
items[++sp] = in;
}
int pop()
{
return items[sp--];
}
bool isEmpty()
{
return (sp == - 1);
}
StackIter *createIterator()const; // 2. Add a createIterator() member
};
class StackIter
{
// 1. Design an "iterator" class
const Stack *stk;
int index;
public:
StackIter(const Stack *s)
{
stk = s;
}
void first()
{
index = 0;
}
void next()
{
index++;
}
bool isDone()
{
return index == stk->sp + 1;
}
int currentItem()
{
return stk->items[index];
}
};
StackIter *Stack::createIterator()const
{
return new StackIter(this);
}
bool operator == (const Stack &l, const Stack &r)
{
// 3. Clients ask the container object to create an iterator object
StackIter *itl = l.createIterator();
StackIter *itr = r.createIterator();
// 4. Clients use the first(), isDone(), next(), and currentItem() protocol
for (itl->first(), itr->first(); !itl->isDone(); itl->next(), itr->next())
if (itl->currentItem() != itr->currentItem())
break;
bool ans = itl->isDone() && itr->isDone();
delete itl;
delete itr;
return ans;
}
int main()
{
Stack s1;
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++)
s1.push(i);
Stack s2(s1), s3(s1), s4(s1), s5(s1);
s3.pop();
s5.pop();
s4.push(2);
s5.push(9);
cout << "1 == 2 is " << (s1 == s2) << endl;
cout << "1 == 3 is " << (s1 == s3) << endl;
cout << "1 == 4 is " << (s1 == s4) << endl;
cout << "1 == 5 is " << (s1 == s5) << endl;
}
1) Default copy constructor operator:
Stack s2(s1) correcsponds to the Stack s2(const Stack& x) copy constructor, generated by your compiler if you don't tell him to use another one.
2) Definition of a member function
StackIter *Stack::createIterator()const { ...} is the definition of the member function createIterator() that is declared in you class but was not yet defined. Basically it returns a pointer to a StackIter.
3) definition of an operator
Not sure about your question.
bool operator == (const Stack &l, const Stack &r) defines the comparison between two stacks. So a priori not directly related to iterators.
But indeed, this function demonstrates the use of the iterators.
P.S: I think you are working on an example of this tutorial. I'd however warmly recommend you to read "The C++ Programming Language" or some similar books who give you full insight on working with iterator and address all the prerequisites.
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I'm basically trying to reverse the stack by passing it to a function. However, the program just crashes when I run it and I can find no logical errors as I have even overloaded the assignment operator to deal with pointer data members.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
/***************************************************************************/
class AStack {
public:
AStack();
AStack(int);
~AStack();
AStack operator = (AStack s);
void push(int);
int pop();
int top();
bool isEmpty();
void flush();
private:
int capacity;
int* a;
int index = -1; // Index of the top most element
};
AStack::AStack() {
a = new int[25];
capacity = 25;
}
AStack::AStack(int size) {
a = new int[size];
capacity = size;
}
AStack::~AStack() {
delete[] a;
}
AStack AStack::operator = (AStack s) {
capacity = s.capacity;
int* a = new int[capacity];
for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
a[i] = s.a[i];
}
index = s.index;
return *this;
}
void AStack::push(int x) {
if (index == capacity - 1) {
cout << "\n\nThe stack is full. Couldn't insert " << x << "\n\n";
return;
}
a[++index] = x;
}
int AStack::pop() {
if (index == -1) {
cout << "\n\nNo elements to pop\n\n";
return -1;
}
return a[index--];
}
int AStack::top() {
if (index == -1) {
cout << "\n\nNo elements in the Stack\n\n";
return -1;
}
return a[index];
}
bool AStack::isEmpty() {
return (index == -1);
}
void AStack::flush() {
if (index == -1) {
cout << "\n\nNo elements in the Stack to flush\n\n";
return;
}
cout << "\n\nFlushing the Stack: ";
while (index != -1) {
cout << a[index--] << " ";
}
cout << endl << endl;
}
/***************************************************************************/
void reverseStack(AStack& s1) {
AStack s2;
while (!s1.isEmpty()) {
s2.push(s1.pop());
}
s1 = s2;
}
/***************************************************************************/
int main() {
AStack s1;
s1.push(1);
s1.push(2);
s1.push(3);
s1.push(4);
s1.push(5);
reverseStack(s1);
cout << "\n\nFlushing s1:\n";
s1.flush();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
You are not providing a copy-constructor, and your assignment operator takes the argument by value. The statement s1 = s2 creates a copy of s2 by calling the implicitly defined copy constructor that copies the pointer, then assigns to s1. At the end of the expression the copy is destroyed, calling delete [] on the pointer. At the end of the function the destructor for s2 runs and attempts to delete [] the same pointer again.
You need to provide a copy constructor that does the right thing.