How to convert unicode characters to uppercase in C++ - c++

Question

I'm learning about unicode in C++ and I have a hard time getting it to work properly. I try to treat the individual characters as uint64_t. It works if all I need it for is to print out the characters, but the problem is that I need to convert them to uppercase. I could store the uppercase letters in an array and simply use the same index as I do for the lowercase letters, but I'm looking for a more elegant solution. I found this similar question but most of the answers used wide characters, which is not something I can use. Here is what I have attempted:
#include <iostream>
#include <locale>
#include <string>
#include <cstdint>
#include <algorithm>
// hacky solution to store a multibyte character in a uint64_t
#define E(c) ((((uint64_t) 0 | (uint32_t) c[0]) << 32) | (uint32_t) c[1])
typedef std::string::value_type char_t;
char_t upcase(char_t ch) {
return std::use_facet<std::ctype<char_t>>(std::locale()).toupper(ch);
}
std::string toupper(const std::string &src) {
std::string result;
std::transform(src.begin(), src.end(), std::back_inserter(result), upcase);
return result;
}
const uint64_t VOWS_EXTRA[]
{
E("å") , E("ä"), E("ö"), E("ij"), E("ø"), E("æ")
};
int main(void) {
char name[5];
std::locale::global(std::locale("sv_SE.UTF8"));
name[0] = (VOWS_EXTRA[3] >> 32) & ~((uint32_t)0);
name[1] = VOWS_EXTRA[3] & ~((uint32_t)0);
name[2] = '\0';
std::cout << toupper(name) << std::endl;
}
I expect this to print out the character IJ but in reality it prints out the same character as it was in the beginning (ij).
(EDIT: OK, so I read more about the unicode support in standard C++ here. It seems like my best bet is to use something like ICU or Boost.locale for this task. C++ essentially treats std::string as a blob of binary data so doesn't seem to be an easy task to uppercase unicode letters properly. I think that my hacky solution using uint64_t isn't in any way more useful than the C++ standard library if not even worse. I'd be grateful for an example on how to achieve the behaviour stated above using ICU.)

Answer 1

Have a look at the ICU User Guide. For simple (single-character) case mapping, you can use u_toupper. For full case mapping, use u_strToUpper. Example code:
#include <unicode/uchar.h>
#include <unicode/ustdio.h>
#include <unicode/ustring.h>
int main() {
UChar32 upper = u_toupper(U'ij');
u_printf("%lC\n", upper);
UChar src = u'ß';
UChar dest[3];
UErrorCode err = U_ZERO_ERROR;
u_strToUpper(dest, 3, &src, 1, NULL, &err);
u_printf("%S\n", dest);
return 0;
}

Answer 2

also if anyone else is looking for it, std::towupper and std::towlower seemed to work fine
https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/wide/towupper