How can I convert a hex string to bytes array in Crystal?
Example:
87 A3 69 6E 74 01 A5 66 6C 6F 61 74 CB 3F E0 00 00 00 00 00 00 A7 62 6F 6F 6C 65 61 6E C3 A4 6E 75 6C 6C C0 A6 73 74 72 69 6E 67 A7 66 6F 6F 20 62 61 72 A5 61 72 72 61 79 92 A3 66 6F 6F A3 62 61 72 A6 6F 62 6A 65 63 74 82 A3 66 6F 6F 01 A3 62 61 7A CB 3F E0 00 00 00 00 00 00
Like this:
hexstring = "87 A3 69 6E 74 01 A5 66 6C 6F 61 74 CB 3F E0 00 00 00 00 00 00 A7 62 6F 6F 6C 65 61 6E C3 A4 6E 75 6C 6C C0 A6 73 74 72 69 6E 67 A7 66 6F 6F 20 62 61 72 A5 61 72 72 61 79 92 A3 66 6F 6F A3 62 61 72 A6 6F 62 6A 65 63 74 82 A3 66 6F 6F 01 A3 62 61 7A CB 3F E0 00 00 00 00 00 00"
bytes_array = hexstring.split.map(&.to_u8(16))
pp bytes_array, bytes_array.class
https://play.crystal-lang.org/#/r/19dh
Related
I'm trying to create template with "010 editor" and get the following issue.
The array size is not match with length variable.
The array size is not match with length variable
Template:
typedef struct {
int length;
char value[length];
} MyString ;
typedef struct {
int index;
MyString caption;
} MySection;
typedef struct {
int length;
MySection section[length];
} MySections;
struct FILE {
MySections s;
}file;
Binary:
02 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 1D 00 00 00 71 70 73 72
75 74 77 76 79 78 7B 7A 7D 7C 7F 7E 61 60 63 62
65 64 67 66 69 68 6B 6A 6D 02 00 00 00 21 00 00
00 61 60 63 62 65 64 67 66 69 68 6B 6A 6D 6C 6F
6E 71 70 73 72 75 74 77 76 79 78 7B 7A 7D 7C 7F
7E 41
pl. explain where i'm were wrong.
since the 2000th years we were using a compression-lib called addCRYPT.dll from a company called littleBIGware for our Windows-apps. Lib and company doesn't exists anymore, but users of our apps created lots of files up to now which are compressed with this lib.
Now for a new version I don't want to use this old lib, but must still be able to decompress the existing data.
I tried Zip, GZip and some others, but with no success.
Does anybody now, how to decompress these data? Here is a hex-dump of the first 64 bytes of some compressed blocks. There is a kind of a pattern visible, but what?
015104: 40 9c 00 00 42 5a 68 39 31 41 59 26 53 59 63 98 00 a8 00 30 ba 70 00 7f ff fa 10 8f fb e0 51 7c 77 db ed 7d bb 92 35 77 63 91 75 89 5d 60 65 91 26 b0 bb 32 ed aa 14 b5 a5 35 8d 34 ae dd c6 fa ...
017640: 40 9c 00 00 42 5a 68 39 31 41 59 26 53 59 2d fc 84 c1 00 49 2e 70 00 7f f8 7a 10 ef fb e0 5a ee 3e 9f 1e da ed a5 68 16 d5 ad ad 6b 3d cf 5e a4 f7 6d d6 d3 6b 47 bb ab 76 39 34 d8 ad bd ec ea ...
015760: 40 9c 00 00 42 5a 68 39 31 41 59 26 53 59 a5 a4 8a 00 00 4a 8b f0 00 7f ff fa 14 cf fb e0 51 dd b6 d5 ad 5e d6 fa 9b b9 bb 1a 77 77 6e dd 54 80 52 aa e5 98 cd 6d ad 92 18 bb 7a cb af 53 b1 da ...
015336: 40 9c 00 00 42 5a 68 39 31 41 59 26 53 59 4f 3c 3e 6f 00 2d cd f0 00 7f ff fe 10 8f fb e0 53 9f 6f 66 cb ec f6 6f 64 a2 da da 61 8d 2a 85 6b 4d 04 80 03 2b 1b 20 16 d9 de cf 6a b3 d5 a0 32 52 ...
016240: 40 9c 00 00 42 5a 68 39 31 41 59 26 53 59 af b2 df 80 00 27 bd f0 00 7f fd fa 10 8f fb e0 57 bd 5e 9f 19 f7 67 02 35 b0 dd ba 5d 67 b3 72 ce cd db 7a eb ba ce bd de f6 af 0c d6 ba d7 57 dc 1c ...
I am trying to se if I can use XXTEA in my application.
The code that I found on Wikipedia code is only for encryption and there is no code for decryption.
How can I decrypt with XXTEA?
I am developing c++ in windows (visual studio 2012)
The code snippet in the article apparently uses negative values of n to mean decoding.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
void btea(uint32_t *v, int n, uint32_t const key[4]); /* ... */
int main(void) {
char s[128] = "hello world bla bla bla bla bla bla";
uint32_t key[4] = {1,2,3,4};
int n = 128 / sizeof(uint32_t);
printf("%s\n",s);
btea((uint32_t*)s, n, key);
printf("%s\n",s);
btea((uint32_t*)s, -n, key);
printf("%s\n",s);
}
prints:
$ ./a.out | hexdump -C
00000000 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 20 62 6c 61 20 |hello world bla |
00000010 62 6c 61 20 62 6c 61 20 62 6c 61 20 62 6c 61 20 |bla bla bla bla |
00000020 62 6c 61 0a 2f 44 86 75 d5 16 83 bd 5d 20 af f3 |bla./D.u....] ..|
00000030 a7 dd bf 9f 3a cd a0 13 ef 2b 89 48 2e f6 89 20 |....:....+.H... |
00000040 e2 ba e4 9f ed 38 d1 86 43 82 9e a6 47 6c e4 6d |.....8..C...Gl.m|
00000050 a8 82 22 9e cb 5b d1 a1 18 14 ef 18 ca 23 26 cc |.."..[.......#&.|
00000060 18 1d 4f ba 1b d5 f5 d0 45 72 1c 69 b9 22 a3 08 |..O.....Er.i."..|
00000070 44 71 1f 3b 8f a9 9d 5b 14 93 7b 59 b4 6b e8 1b |Dq.;...[..{Y.k..|
00000080 18 97 1b 74 61 d6 e9 e9 60 96 8e 4c 26 be 21 fc |...ta...`..L&.!.|
00000090 75 9f 4a 18 67 46 f0 95 2b ca 90 d9 f4 ce 3f 2f |u.J.gF..+.....?/|
000000a0 44 82 56 44 c0 0a 39 57 ff 7f 0a 68 65 6c 6c 6f |D.VD..9W...hello|
000000b0 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 20 62 6c 61 20 62 6c 61 20 62 | world bla bla b|
000000c0 6c 61 20 62 6c 61 20 62 6c 61 20 62 6c 61 0a |la bla bla bla.|
000000cf
using FFMPEG API, I try to encode a x264 video to a MP4 file with 0 frame latency and also, in realtime, show the currently encoded frame on screen (with encoding artifacts). The encoding to the file works, but so far I don't get the frames decoded right after writing them to the file. What I try is to feed the packetdata that is returned from avcodec_encode_video() right into avcodec_decode_video2() but the function returns -1 and the cmd output shows:
[h264 # 00000000025F0710] non-existing PPS 0 referenced
[h264 # 00000000025F0710] decode_slice_header error
[h264 # 00000000025F0710] no frame
here is some code i use for encoding:
AVPacket FFMpegEncoder2::write_video_frame(AVFrame* pic, int &numBytes)
{
int out_size, ret;
AVPacket pkt;
/* encode the image */
out_size = avcodec_encode_video(m_cctx, m_outbuf,
m_outbufSize, pic);
/* If size is zero, it means the image was buffered. */
assert(out_size>0) //0 frame delay
av_init_packet(&pkt);
if (m_cctx->coded_frame->pts != AV_NOPTS_VALUE)
pkt.pts = av_rescale_q(m_cctx->coded_frame->pts,m_cctx->time_base, m_video_st->time_base);
if (m_cctx->coded_frame->key_frame)
pkt.flags |= AV_PKT_FLAG_KEY;
pkt.stream_index = m_video_st->index;
pkt.data = m_outbuf;
pkt.size = out_size;
/* Write the compressed frame to the media file. */
ret = av_interleaved_write_frame(m_fctx, &pkt);
if (ret != 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error while writing video frame\n");
exit(1);
}
numBytes = out_size;
return pkt;
}
and then I take this returned packet and feed it into the decoder:
const AVFrame* FFMpegDecoder2::decode(AVPacket* packet){
AVPacket pkt;
av_init_packet(&pkt);
pkt.size = packet->size;
pkt.data = packet->data;
int len=0;
int got_picture=0;
while (pkt.size > 0) {
len = avcodec_decode_video2(m_cctx, m_frame, &got_picture, &pkt);
if (len < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error while decoding frame %d\n", m_f);
exit(1);
}
if (got_picture) {
assert(pkt.size==len);
m_f++;
}
pkt.size -= len;
pkt.data += len;
}
assert(got_picture);
return m_frame;
}
but as stated, avcodec_decode_video2() returns -1
what am I doing wrong? Do i need to feed some headerdata into the decoder first somehow?
//edit:
if i set
m_formatCtx->oformat->flags &= ~AVFMT_GLOBALHEADER;
m_codecctx->flags &= ~CODEC_FLAG_GLOBAL_HEADER;
then i can decode the returned packet without error, but the written mp4 file will be black.
//edit: this is how i setup the decoder:
FFMpegDecoder2::FFMpegDecoder2(CodecID id)
: m_codec(NULL)
, m_cctx(NULL)
{
/* Initialize libavcodec, and register all codecs and formats. */
avcodec_register_all();
m_codec = avcodec_find_decoder(id);
if (!m_codec) {
fprintf(stderr, "codec not found\n");
exit(1);
}
m_cctx = avcodec_alloc_context3(m_codec);
m_cctx->codec = m_codec;
m_cctx->pix_fmt = PIX_FMT_YUV420P;
avcodec_open2(m_cctx, m_codec, NULL);
//alloc frame
m_frame = avcodec_alloc_frame();
}
this is what the memory window shows for the first packet (didn't copy all. the size of the first packet is 7859):
0x0000000002E66670 00 00 01 06 05 ff ff 55 dc 45 e9 bd e6 d9 48 b7 96 2c d8 20 d9 23 ee ef 78 32 36 34 20 2d 20 63 6f 72 65 20 31 32 30 20 72 32 31 34 36 20 62 .....ÿÿUÜEé.æÙH·–,Ø Ù#îïx264 - core 120 r2146 b
0x0000000002E6669F 63 64 34 31 64 62 20 2d 20 48 2e 32 36 34 2f 4d 50 45 47 2d 34 20 41 56 43 20 63 6f 64 65 63 20 2d 20 43 6f 70 79 6c 65 66 74 20 32 30 30 33 cd41db - H.264/MPEG-4 AVC codec - Copyleft 2003
0x0000000002E666CE 2d 32 30 31 31 20 2d 20 68 74 74 70 3a 2f 2f 77 77 77 2e 76 69 64 65 6f 6c 61 6e 2e 6f 72 67 2f 78 32 36 34 2e 68 74 6d 6c 20 2d 20 6f 70 74 -2011 - http://www.videolan.org/x264.html - opt
0x0000000002E666FD 69 6f 6e 73 3a 20 63 61 62 61 63 3d 30 20 72 65 66 3d 33 20 64 65 62 6c 6f 63 6b 3d 31 3a 30 3a 30 20 61 6e 61 6c 79 73 65 3d 30 78 33 3a 30 ions: cabac=0 ref=3 deblock=1:0:0 analyse=0x3:0
0x0000000002E6672C 78 31 31 33 20 6d 65 3d 68 65 78 20 73 75 62 6d 65 3d 34 20 70 73 79 3d 31 20 70 73 79 5f 72 64 3d 31 2e 30 30 3a 30 2e 30 30 20 6d 69 78 65 x113 me=hex subme=4 psy=1 psy_rd=1.00:0.00 mixe
0x0000000002E6675B 64 5f 72 65 66 3d 31 20 6d 65 5f 72 61 6e 67 65 3d 31 36 20 63 68 72 6f 6d 61 5f 6d 65 3d 31 20 74 72 65 6c 6c 69 73 3d 30 20 38 78 38 64 63 d_ref=1 me_range=16 chroma_me=1 trellis=0 8x8dc
0x0000000002E6678A 74 3d 31 20 63 71 6d 3d 30 20 64 65 61 64 7a 6f 6e 65 3d 32 31 2c 31 31 20 66 61 73 74 5f 70 73 6b 69 70 3d 31 20 63 68 72 6f 6d 61 5f 71 70 t=1 cqm=0 deadzone=21,11 fast_pskip=1 chroma_qp
0x0000000002E667B9 5f 6f 66 66 73 65 74 3d 30 20 74 68 72 65 61 64 73 3d 31 20 73 6c 69 63 65 64 5f 74 68 72 65 61 64 73 3d 30 20 6e 72 3d 30 20 64 65 63 69 6d _offset=0 threads=1 sliced_threads=0 nr=0 decim
0x0000000002E667E8 61 74 65 3d 31 20 69 6e 74 65 72 6c 61 63 65 64 3d 30 20 62 6c 75 72 61 79 5f 63 6f 6d 70 61 74 3d 30 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 72 61 69 6e 65 64 5f ate=1 interlaced=0 bluray_compat=0 constrained_
0x0000000002E66817 69 6e 74 72 61 3d 30 20 62 66 72 61 6d 65 73 3d 30 20 77 65 69 67 68 74 70 3d 32 20 6b 65 79 69 6e 74 3d 32 35 20 6b 65 79 69 6e 74 5f 6d 69 intra=0 bframes=0 weightp=2 keyint=25 keyint_mi
0x0000000002E66846 6e 3d 32 20 73 63 65 6e 65 63 75 74 3d 34 30 20 69 6e 74 72 61 5f 72 65 66 72 65 73 68 3d 30 20 72 63 3d 61 62 72 20 6d 62 74 72 65 65 3d 30 n=2 scenecut=40 intra_refresh=0 rc=abr mbtree=0
0x0000000002E66875 20 62 69 74 72 61 74 65 3d 34 30 30 20 72 61 74 65 74 6f 6c 3d 31 2e 30 20 71 63 6f 6d 70 3d 30 2e 36 30 20 71 70 6d 69 6e 3d 30 20 71 70 6d bitrate=400 ratetol=1.0 qcomp=0.60 qpmin=0 qpm
0x0000000002E668A4 61 78 3d 36 39 20 71 70 73 74 65 70 3d 34 20 69 70 5f 72 61 74 69 6f 3d 31 2e 34 30 20 61 71 3d 31 3a 31 2e 30 30 00 80 00 00 00 01 65 88 84 ax=69 qpstep=4 ip_ratio=1.40 aq=1:1.00.€....eˆ.
0x0000000002E668D3 11 ef ff f8 22 0f 8a 00 02 09 7e 38 00 08 45 c7 00 01 1d c9 39 3d 87 ff e0 ac 13 03 6d 05 f1 00 10 00 10 12 88 04 00 04 02 60 70 4e 2d cc 38 .ïÿø".Š...~8..EÇ...É9=.ÿà¬..m.ñ.....ˆ....`pN-Ì8
0x0000000002E66902 27 16 e6 07 21 1a e6 1c 84 6b 9f f0 f0 27 15 f2 7b 87 ff c1 58 2a 8a 00 04 b8 80 00 58 00 04 02 62 01 03 c1 c1 04 63 07 04 11 88 90 b1 89 0b '.æ.!.æ..kŸðð'.ò{.ÿÁX*Š..¸€.X...b..ÁÁ.c...ˆ.±..
0x0000000002E66931 1f 2c 11 02 b1 40 00 87 8f a4 f7 0f ff 82 b0 55 06 93 41 c4 10 51 00 00 40 14 00 04 00 a3 b7 35 b7 30 38 26 1e e6 1c 13 0f 73 f2 c1 10 2b 14 .,..±#...¤÷.ÿ.°U.“AÄ.Q..#....£·5·08&.æ...sòÁ.+.
0x0000000002E66960 1f 1f 1c 32 7f 94 11 82 a1 40 01 f1 00 00 40 14 01 22 00 01 e0 1e 22 0a e3 83 1c 19 3d f8 7f e0 b0 16 03 01 22 0f 88 00 02 00 00 16 20 01 17 ...2.”..¡#.ñ..#.."..à.".ãƒ..=ø.à°...".ˆ..... ..
0x0000000002E6698F 03 84 c2 5c 87 09 84 b9 06 4a e4 a4 ae 08 82 d8 e0 00 20 0f 1d 93 df c3 fe 0b 01 54 50 07 88 a8 80 00 64 09 88 58 88 58 83 84 1d 88 38 41 d8 ..Â\.....J䤮..Øà. ..“ßÃþ..TP.ˆ¨€.d.ˆXˆXƒ..ˆ8AØ
0x0000000002E669BE f2 c1 10 2b 14 00 08 f8 e0 00 62 38 64 ff 08 70 13 0a c1 d2 e9 b5 5d ba 10 80 09 a2 01 2e 07 04 c2 dc 87 04 c2 dc 81 c8 66 b9 0e 43 35 cb 0f òÁ.+...øà.b8dÿ.p..ÁÒéµ]º.€.¢....ÂÜ..ÂÜ.Èf..C5Ë.
0x0000000002E669ED ff c1 10 27 2c 00 7e 8e 00 05 64 e4 f6 1f ff 82 28 a0 00 21 99 e3 80 00 99 ac 70 00 11 39 93 93 d8 7f fe 0a c1 40 34 9a 0b e3 40 00 84 40 01 ÿÁ.',.~Ž..däö.ÿ.( .!™ã€.™¬p..9““Ø.þ.Á#4š.ã#..#.
0x0000000002E66A1C 00 01 02 88 fd cd 7d cc 0e 08 a4 dc c3 82 29 37 3f e0 88 14 8b f1 c3 1c 03 27 f0 c3 60 a0 50 62 86 da 36 1f 10 00 0a 80 00 80 14 40 00 20 00 ...ˆýÍ}Ì..¤ÜÃ.)7?àˆ..ñÃ..'ðÃ` Pb.Ú6....€.€.#. .
and this is the encoders output (until after encoding frame 0):
[libx264 # 00000000005ADAA0] using cpu capabilities: MMX2 SSE2Fast SSSE3 FastShu
ffle SSE4.2
[libx264 # 00000000005ADAA0] profile High, level 3.0
[libx264 # 00000000005ADAA0] 264 - core 120 r2146 bcd41db - H.264/MPEG-4 AVC cod
ec - Copyleft 2003-2011 - http://www.videolan.org/x264.html - options: cabac=0 r
ef=3 deblock=1:0:0 analyse=0x3:0x113 me=hex subme=4 psy=1 psy_rd=1.00:0.00 mixed
_ref=1 me_range=16 chroma_me=1 trellis=0 8x8dct=1 cqm=0 deadzone=21,11 fast_pski
p=1 chroma_qp_offset=0 threads=1 sliced_threads=0 nr=0 decimate=1 interlaced=0 b
luray_compat=0 constrained_intra=0 bframes=0 weightp=2 keyint=25 keyint_min=2 sc
enecut=40 intra_refresh=0 rc=abr mbtree=0 bitrate=100 ratetol=1.0 qcomp=0.60 qpm
in=0 qpmax=69 qpstep=4 ip_ratio=1.40 aq=1:1.00
Output #0, mp4, to 'out2.mp4':
Stream #0:0: Video: h264, yuv420p, 640x480, q=-1--1, 100 kb/s, 90k tbn, 25 t
bc
[mp4 # 0000000000467570] Encoder did not produce proper pts, making some up.
This my packet data:
00 00 00 01 67 64 00 1F AC 56 24 02 80 DA 10 00
00 03 00 10 00 00 03 03 C0 F1 83 18 98 00 00 00
01 68 E8 8E 0B CB 22 C0 00 00 00 01 65 88 82 00
The first a few bytes for a first h264 packet should somewhat look like this.
00 00 00 01 ?7 ... 00 00 00 01 ?8 ... 00 00 00 01 ?5
?7 -> sps
?8 -> pps
?5 -> idr picture
There might be something else like ?6, which is sei, etc. But with SPS, PPS and the idr picture, the decoder should be able to initialize itself properly.
Another case might be the packet contains more than one picture (00 00 00 01 ?5, or 00 00 00 01 ?1). As far as I know, the decoder cannot handle h264 packets with more than one pictures properly.
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Closed 11 years ago.
I've got a program that:
first prints arguments from the command line, with pointers to these arguments, addresses of these pointers and addresses of arguments
then does something similar for the environment variables (however there is a small bug)
after that, all the stack's content is printed starting from buffer "tekst" and going towards the beginning of stack.
At this point, as expected, the program crashes.
The content of the stack is printed as lines:
line number
address in memory
16 consecutive bytes in hexadecimal form
16 consecutive bytes in character form.
Here's a sample output:
ubuntu#ubuntu:~/Desktop$ ./main first_arg second_arg third_arg
argv[0]./main bfd445d1 0xbfd441f4
argv[1]first_arg bfd445d8 0xbfd441f8
argv[2]second_arg bfd445e2 0xbfd441fc
argv[3]third_arg bfd445ed 0xbfd44200
env[0]ORBIT_SOCKETDIR=/tmp/orbit-ubuntu bfd445f7 0xbfd44208
env[1]SSH_AGENT_PID=4294 bfd445f7 0xbfd4420c
env[2]TERM=xterm bfd445f7 0xbfd44210
env[3]SHELL=/bin/bash bfd445f7 0xbfd44214
env[4]XDG_SESSION_COOKIE=b16da184017a223e33dfbc7700000025-1316532826.4763-1998941864 bfd445f7 0xbfd44218
env[5]WINDOWID=60817444 bfd445f7 0xbfd4421c
env[6]GNOME_KEYRING_CONTROL=/tmp/keyring-PF9cWq bfd445f7 0xbfd44220
env[7]GTK_MODULES=canberra-gtk-module bfd445f7 0xbfd44224
env[8]USER=ubuntu bfd445f7 0xbfd44228
env[9]LS_COLORS=rs=0:di=01;34:ln=01;36:mh=00:pi=40;33:so=01;35:do=01;35:bd=40;33;01:cd=40;33;01:or=40;31;01:su=37;41:sg=30;43:ca=30;41:tw=30;42:ow=34;42:st=37;44:ex=01;32:*.tar=01;31:*.tgz=01;31:*.arj=01;31:*.taz=01;31:*.lzh=01;31:*.lzma=01;31:*.tlz=01;31:*.txz=01;31:*.zip=01;31:*.z=01;31:*.Z=01;31:*.dz=01;31:*.gz=01;31:*.lz=01;31:*.xz=01;31:*.bz2=01;31:*.bz=01;31:*.tbz=01;31:*.tbz2=01;31:*.tz=01;31:*.deb=01;31:*.rpm=01;31:*.jar=01;31:*.rar=01;31:*.ace=01;31:*.zoo=01;31:*.cpio=01;31:*.7z=01;31:*.rz=01;31:*.jpg=01;35:*.jpeg=01;35:*.gif=01;35:*.bmp=01;35:*.pbm=01;35:*.pgm=01;35:*.ppm=01;35:*.tga=01;35:*.xbm=01;35:*.xpm=01;35:*.tif=01;35:*.tiff=01;35:*.png=01;35:*.svg=01;35:*.svgz=01;35:*.mng=01;35:*.pcx=01;35:*.mov=01;35:*.mpg=01;35:*.mpeg=01;35:*.m2v=01;35:*.mkv=01;35:*.ogm=01;35:*.mp4=01;35:*.m4v=01;35:*.mp4v=01;35:*.vob=01;35:*.qt=01;35:*.nuv=01;35:*.wmv=01;35:*.asf=01;35:*.rm=01;35:*.rmvb=01;35:*.flc=01;35:*.avi=01;35:*.fli=01;35:*.flv=01;35:*.gl=01;35:*.dl=01;35:*.xcf=01;35:*.xwd=01;35:*.yuv=01;35:*.cgm=01;35:*.emf=01;35:*.axv=01;35:*.anx=01;35:*.ogv=01;35:*.ogx=01;35:*.aac=00;36:*.au=00;36:*.flac=00;36:*.mid=00;36:*.midi=00;36:*.mka=00;36:*.mp3=00;36:*.mpc=00;36:*.ogg=00;36:*.ra=00;36:*.wav=00;36:*.axa=00;36:*.oga=00;36:*.spx=00;36:*.xspf=00;36: bfd445f7 0xbfd4422c
env[a]SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/keyring-PF9cWq/ssh bfd445f7 0xbfd44230
env[b]SESSION_MANAGER=local/ubuntu:#/tmp/.ICE-unix/4253,unix/ubuntu:/tmp/.ICE-unix/4253 bfd445f7 0xbfd44234
env[c]USERNAME=ubuntu bfd445f7 0xbfd44238
env[d]DEFAULTS_PATH=/usr/share/gconf/gnome.default.path bfd445f7 0xbfd4423c
env[e]XDG_CONFIG_DIRS=/etc/xdg/xdg-gnome:/etc/xdg bfd445f7 0xbfd44240
env[f]PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games bfd445f7 0xbfd44244
env[10]DESKTOP_SESSION=gnome bfd445f7 0xbfd44248
env[11]PWD=/home/ubuntu/Desktop bfd445f7 0xbfd4424c
env[12]GDM_KEYBOARD_LAYOUT=us bfd445f7 0xbfd44250
env[13]LANG=en_US.UTF-8 bfd445f7 0xbfd44254
env[14]GDM_LANG=en_US.UTF-8 bfd445f7 0xbfd44258
env[15]MANDATORY_PATH=/usr/share/gconf/gnome.mandatory.path bfd445f7 0xbfd4425c
env[16]UBUNTU_MENUPROXY=libappmenu.so bfd445f7 0xbfd44260
env[17]COMPIZ_CONFIG_PROFILE=ubuntu bfd445f7 0xbfd44264
env[18]GDMSESSION=gnome bfd445f7 0xbfd44268
env[19]SHLVL=1 bfd445f7 0xbfd4426c
env[1a]HOME=/home/ubuntu bfd445f7 0xbfd44270
env[1b]LANGUAGE=en_US:en bfd445f7 0xbfd44274
env[1c]GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID=this-is-deprecated bfd445f7 0xbfd44278
env[1d]LOGNAME=ubuntu bfd445f7 0xbfd4427c
env[1e]XDG_DATA_DIRS=/usr/share/gnome:/usr/local/share/:/usr/share/ bfd445f7 0xbfd44280
env[1f]DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:abstract=/tmp/dbus-DTbn1HNZFU,guid=3b2a0c2f55352a2d70678ffc000000a3 bfd445f7 0xbfd44284
env[20]LESSOPEN=| /usr/bin/lesspipe %s bfd445f7 0xbfd44288
env[21]WINDOWPATH=7 bfd445f7 0xbfd4428c
env[22]DISPLAY=:0.0 bfd445f7 0xbfd44290
env[23]LESSCLOSE=/usr/bin/lesspipe %s %s bfd445f7 0xbfd44294
env[24]RUNNING_UNDER_GDM=yes bfd445f7 0xbfd44298
env[25]COLORTERM=gnome-terminal bfd445f7 0xbfd4429c
env[26]XAUTHORITY=/var/run/gdm/auth-for-ubuntu-Za0Xwx/database bfd445f7 0xbfd442a0
env[27]_=./main bfd445f7 0xbfd442a4
env[28]OLDPWD=/home/ubuntu bfd445f7 0xbfd442a8
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076 0xbfd445ce 00 00 00 2e 2f 6d 61 69 6e 00 66 69 72 73 74 5f ???./main?first_
077 0xbfd445de 61 72 67 00 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 5f 61 72 67 00 74 arg?second_arg?t
078 0xbfd445ee 68 69 72 64 5f 61 72 67 00 4f 52 42 49 54 5f 53 hird_arg?ORBIT_S
079 0xbfd445fe 4f 43 4b 45 54 44 49 52 3d 2f 74 6d 70 2f 6f 72 OCKETDIR=/tmp/or
080 0xbfd4460e 62 69 74 2d 75 62 75 6e 74 75 00 53 53 48 5f 41 bit-ubuntu?SSH_A
081 0xbfd4461e 47 45 4e 54 5f 50 49 44 3d 34 32 39 34 00 54 45 GENT_PID=4294?TE
082 0xbfd4462e 52 4d 3d 78 74 65 72 6d 00 53 48 45 4c 4c 3d 2f RM=xterm?SHELL=/
083 0xbfd4463e 62 69 6e 2f 62 61 73 68 00 58 44 47 5f 53 45 53 bin/bash?XDG_SES
084 0xbfd4464e 53 49 4f 4e 5f 43 4f 4f 4b 49 45 3d 62 31 36 64 SION_COOKIE=b16d
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092 0xbfd446ce 63 57 71 00 47 54 4b 5f 4d 4f 44 55 4c 45 53 3d cWq?GTK_MODULES=
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094 0xbfd446ee 75 6c 65 00 55 53 45 52 3d 75 62 75 6e 74 75 00 ule?USER=ubuntu?
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174 0xbfd44bee 53 53 48 5f 41 55 54 48 5f 53 4f 43 4b 3d 2f 74 SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/t
175 0xbfd44bfe 6d 70 2f 6b 65 79 72 69 6e 67 2d 50 46 39 63 57 mp/keyring-PF9cW
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177 0xbfd44c1e 4e 41 47 45 52 3d 6c 6f 63 61 6c 2f 75 62 75 6e NAGER=local/ubun
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181 0xbfd44c5e 69 78 2f 34 32 35 33 00 55 53 45 52 4e 41 4d 45 ix/4253?USERNAME
182 0xbfd44c6e 3d 75 62 75 6e 74 75 00 44 45 46 41 55 4c 54 53 =ubuntu?DEFAULTS
183 0xbfd44c7e 5f 50 41 54 48 3d 2f 75 73 72 2f 73 68 61 72 65 _PATH=/usr/share
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185 0xbfd44c9e 61 75 6c 74 2e 70 61 74 68 00 58 44 47 5f 43 4f ault.path?XDG_CO
186 0xbfd44cae 4e 46 49 47 5f 44 49 52 53 3d 2f 65 74 63 2f 78 NFIG_DIRS=/etc/x
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191 0xbfd44cfe 62 69 6e 3a 2f 75 73 72 2f 62 69 6e 3a 2f 73 62 bin:/usr/bin:/sb
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193 0xbfd44d1e 65 73 00 44 45 53 4b 54 4f 50 5f 53 45 53 53 49 es?DESKTOP_SESSI
194 0xbfd44d2e 4f 4e 3d 67 6e 6f 6d 65 00 50 57 44 3d 2f 68 6f ON=gnome?PWD=/ho
195 0xbfd44d3e 6d 65 2f 75 62 75 6e 74 75 2f 44 65 73 6b 74 6f me/ubuntu/Deskto
196 0xbfd44d4e 70 00 47 44 4d 5f 4b 45 59 42 4f 41 52 44 5f 4c p?GDM_KEYBOARD_L
197 0xbfd44d5e 41 59 4f 55 54 3d 75 73 00 4c 41 4e 47 3d 65 6e AYOUT=us?LANG=en
198 0xbfd44d6e 5f 55 53 2e 55 54 46 2d 38 00 47 44 4d 5f 4c 41 _US.UTF-8?GDM_LA
199 0xbfd44d7e 4e 47 3d 65 6e 5f 55 53 2e 55 54 46 2d 38 00 4d NG=en_US.UTF-8?M
200 0xbfd44d8e 41 4e 44 41 54 4f 52 59 5f 50 41 54 48 3d 2f 75 ANDATORY_PATH=/u
201 0xbfd44d9e 73 72 2f 73 68 61 72 65 2f 67 63 6f 6e 66 2f 67 sr/share/gconf/g
202 0xbfd44dae 6e 6f 6d 65 2e 6d 61 6e 64 61 74 6f 72 79 2e 70 nome.mandatory.p
203 0xbfd44dbe 61 74 68 00 55 42 55 4e 54 55 5f 4d 45 4e 55 50 ath?UBUNTU_MENUP
204 0xbfd44dce 52 4f 58 59 3d 6c 69 62 61 70 70 6d 65 6e 75 2e ROXY=libappmenu.
205 0xbfd44dde 73 6f 00 43 4f 4d 50 49 5a 5f 43 4f 4e 46 49 47 so?COMPIZ_CONFIG
206 0xbfd44dee 5f 50 52 4f 46 49 4c 45 3d 75 62 75 6e 74 75 00 _PROFILE=ubuntu?
207 0xbfd44dfe 47 44 4d 53 45 53 53 49 4f 4e 3d 67 6e 6f 6d 65 GDMSESSION=gnome
208 0xbfd44e0e 00 53 48 4c 56 4c 3d 31 00 48 4f 4d 45 3d 2f 68 ?SHLVL=1?HOME=/h
209 0xbfd44e1e 6f 6d 65 2f 75 62 75 6e 74 75 00 4c 41 4e 47 55 ome/ubuntu?LANGU
210 0xbfd44e2e 41 47 45 3d 65 6e 5f 55 53 3a 65 6e 00 47 4e 4f AGE=en_US:en?GNO
211 0xbfd44e3e 4d 45 5f 44 45 53 4b 54 4f 50 5f 53 45 53 53 49 ME_DESKTOP_SESSI
212 0xbfd44e4e 4f 4e 5f 49 44 3d 74 68 69 73 2d 69 73 2d 64 65 ON_ID=this-is-de
213 0xbfd44e5e 70 72 65 63 61 74 65 64 00 4c 4f 47 4e 41 4d 45 precated?LOGNAME
214 0xbfd44e6e 3d 75 62 75 6e 74 75 00 58 44 47 5f 44 41 54 41 =ubuntu?XDG_DATA
215 0xbfd44e7e 5f 44 49 52 53 3d 2f 75 73 72 2f 73 68 61 72 65 _DIRS=/usr/share
216 0xbfd44e8e 2f 67 6e 6f 6d 65 3a 2f 75 73 72 2f 6c 6f 63 61 /gnome:/usr/loca
217 0xbfd44e9e 6c 2f 73 68 61 72 65 2f 3a 2f 75 73 72 2f 73 68 l/share/:/usr/sh
218 0xbfd44eae 61 72 65 2f 00 44 42 55 53 5f 53 45 53 53 49 4f are/?DBUS_SESSIO
219 0xbfd44ebe 4e 5f 42 55 53 5f 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 3d 75 6e N_BUS_ADDRESS=un
220 0xbfd44ece 69 78 3a 61 62 73 74 72 61 63 74 3d 2f 74 6d 70 ix:abstract=/tmp
221 0xbfd44ede 2f 64 62 75 73 2d 44 54 62 6e 31 48 4e 5a 46 55 /dbus-DTbn1HNZFU
222 0xbfd44eee 2c 67 75 69 64 3d 33 62 32 61 30 63 32 66 35 35 ,guid=3b2a0c2f55
223 0xbfd44efe 33 35 32 61 32 64 37 30 36 37 38 66 66 63 30 30 352a2d70678ffc00
224 0xbfd44f0e 30 30 30 30 61 33 00 4c 45 53 53 4f 50 45 4e 3d 0000a3?LESSOPEN=
225 0xbfd44f1e 7c 20 2f 75 73 72 2f 62 69 6e 2f 6c 65 73 73 70 | /usr/bin/lessp
226 0xbfd44f2e 69 70 65 20 25 73 00 57 49 4e 44 4f 57 50 41 54 ipe %s?WINDOWPAT
227 0xbfd44f3e 48 3d 37 00 44 49 53 50 4c 41 59 3d 3a 30 2e 30 H=7?DISPLAY=:0.0
228 0xbfd44f4e 00 4c 45 53 53 43 4c 4f 53 45 3d 2f 75 73 72 2f ?LESSCLOSE=/usr/
229 0xbfd44f5e 62 69 6e 2f 6c 65 73 73 70 69 70 65 20 25 73 20 bin/lesspipe %s
230 0xbfd44f6e 25 73 00 52 55 4e 4e 49 4e 47 5f 55 4e 44 45 52 %s?RUNNING_UNDER
231 0xbfd44f7e 5f 47 44 4d 3d 79 65 73 00 43 4f 4c 4f 52 54 45 _GDM=yes?COLORTE
232 0xbfd44f8e 52 4d 3d 67 6e 6f 6d 65 2d 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 RM=gnome-termina
233 0xbfd44f9e 6c 00 58 41 55 54 48 4f 52 49 54 59 3d 2f 76 61 l?XAUTHORITY=/va
234 0xbfd44fae 72 2f 72 75 6e 2f 67 64 6d 2f 61 75 74 68 2d 66 r/run/gdm/auth-f
235 0xbfd44fbe 6f 72 2d 75 62 75 6e 74 75 2d 5a 61 30 58 77 78 or-ubuntu-Za0Xwx
236 0xbfd44fce 2f 64 61 74 61 62 61 73 65 00 5f 3d 2e 2f 6d 61 /database?_=./ma
237 0xbfd44fde 69 6e 00 4f 4c 44 50 57 44 3d 2f 68 6f 6d 65 2f in?OLDPWD=/home/
238 0xbfd44fee 75 62 75 6e 74 75 00 2e 2f 6d 61 69 6e 00 00 00 ubuntu?./main???
239 0xbfd44ffe 00 00 Segmentation fault (core dumped)
At the moment, I have figured out following things (starting from line 001):
001 buffer tekst
014 argc
014-015 pointers to argv[i]
015 4x null byte
015-025 pointers to env[i]
025-026 4x null byte
038-076 many 0 bytes
076-078 strings of command line arguments
078-238 strings of environments variables
238 name of program
238-239 4x null byte
I have two questions:
What is the other content of stack?
What are used these multiple zeroes between lines 038 and 076 for?
For reference, here's the code I'm using:
#include <iostream>
#include <locale>
#include <unistd.h>
int main(int argc, char* argv[], char* env[]) {
char tekst[] = "HERE_IS_START";
for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
std::cout << "argv[" << i << "]" << argv[i] << " " << std::hex <<
(int) argv[i] << " " << &argv[i] << std::endl;
}
int z = 0;
for (char** env_ = env; *env_ != 0; env_++) {
std::cout << "env[" << z++ << "]" << *env_ << " " << std::hex <<
(int) *env << " " << &(*env_) << std::endl;
}
int row = 16;
char* wsk = tekst;
for (int i = 0;; i++) {
if (i + 1 < 10)std::cout << 0;
if (i + 1 < 100)std::cout << 0;
std::cout << std::dec << (i + 1) << " 0x" << std::hex << (int) wsk << " ";
for (int j = 0; j < row; j++) {
if ((unsigned int) (unsigned char) (wsk[j]) < 16)
std::cout << 0;
std::cout << (unsigned int) (unsigned char) (wsk[j]) <<
" " << std::flush;
}
for (int j = 0; j < row; j++) {
if (isprint((char) (wsk[j])))
std::cout << (char) (wsk[j]);
else
std::cout << '?';
}
std::cout << std::endl;
wsk = wsk + row;
}
return 0;
}
This program was compiled and tested in Ubuntu 11.04.
How do you ever expect to break out of that for loop? You don't give it a repeat condition, and you don't have an explicit break or return anywhere inside the loop. Presumably this segmentation fault is caused by going past the end of the stack into memory you're not allowed to access.
There are two things that will put stuff on the stack before main starts: the operating system itself, and the run-time library and startup code generated by your compiler. You aren't expected to use any of this information directly so it is generally not documented.