This is a simple c++ program using valarrays:
#include <iostream>
#include <valarray>
int main() {
using ratios_t = std::valarray<float>;
ratios_t a{0.5, 1, 2};
const auto& res ( ratios_t::value_type(256) / a );
for(const auto& r : ratios_t{res})
std::cout << r << " " << std::endl;
return 0;
}
If I compile and run it like this:
g++ -O0 main.cpp && ./a.out
The output is as expected:
512 256 128
However, if I compile and run it like this:
g++ -O3 main.cpp && ./a.out
The output is:
0 0 0
Same happens if I use -O1 optimization parameter.
GCC version is (latest in Archlinux):
$ g++ --version
g++ (GCC) 6.1.1 20160707
However, if I try with clang, both
clang++ -std=gnu++14 -O0 main.cpp && ./a.out
and
clang++ -std=gnu++14 -O3 main.cpp && ./a.out
produce the same correct result:
512 256 128
Clang version is:
$ clang++ --version
clang version 3.8.0 (tags/RELEASE_380/final)
I've also tried with GCC 4.9.2 on Debian, where executable produces the correct result.
Is this a possible bug in GCC or am I doing something wrong? Can anyone reproduce this?
EDIT: I managed to reproduce the issue also on Homebrew version of GCC 6 on Mac OS.
valarray and auto do not mix well.
This creates a temporary object, then applies operator/ to it:
const auto& res ( ratios_t::value_type(256) / a );
The libstdc++ valarray uses expression templates so that operator/ returns a lightweight object that refers to the original arguments and evaluates them lazily. You use const auto& which causes the expression template to be bound to the reference, but doesn't extend the lifetime of the temporary that the expression template refers to, so when the evaluation happens the temporary has gone out of scope, and its memory has been reused.
It will work fine if you do:
ratios_t res = ratios_t::value_type(256) / a;
Update: as of today, GCC trunk will give the expected result for this example. I've modified our valarray expression templates to be a bit less error-prone, so that it's harder (but still not impossible) to create dangling references. The new implementation should be included in GCC 9 next year.
It's the result of careless implementation of operator/ (const T& val, const std::valarray<T>& rhs) (and most probably other operators over valarrays) using lazy evaluation:
#include <iostream>
#include <valarray>
int main() {
using ratios_t = std::valarray<float>;
ratios_t a{0.5, 1, 2};
float x = 256;
const auto& res ( x / a );
// x = 512; // <-- uncommenting this line affects the output
for(const auto& r : ratios_t{res})
std::cout << r << " ";
return 0;
}
With the "x = 512" line commented out, the output is
512 256 128
Uncomment that line and the output changes to
1024 512 256
Since in your example the left-hand side argument of the division operator is a temporary, the result is undefined.
UPDATE
As Jonathan Wakely correctly pointed out, the lazy-evaluation based implementation becomes a problem in this example due to the usage of auto.
Related
After a compiler update from g++ v7.5 (Ubuntu 18.04) to v11.2 (Ubuntu 22.04), the following code triggers the maybe-uninitialized warning:
#include <cstdint>
void f(std::uint16_t v)
{
(void) v;
}
int main()
{
unsigned int pixel = 0;
std::uint16_t *f16p = reinterpret_cast<std::uint16_t*>(&pixel);
f(*f16p);
}
Compiling on Ubuntu 22.04, g++ v11.2 with -O3 -Wall -Werror.
The example code is a reduced form of a real use case, and its ugliness is not the issue here.
Since we have -Werror enabled, it leads to a build error, so I'm trying figure out how to deal with it right now. Is this an instance of this gcc bug, or is there an other explanation for the warning?
https://godbolt.org/z/baaMTxhae
You don't initialize an object of type std::uint16_t, so it is used uninitialized.
This error is suppressed by -fno-strict-aliasing, allowing pixel to be accessed through a uint16_t lvalue.
Note that -fstrict-aliasing is the default at -O2 or higher.
It could also be fixed with a may_alias pointer:
using aliasing_uint16_t = std::uint16_t [[gnu::may_alias]];
aliasing_uint16_t* f16p = reinterpret_cast<std::uint16_t*>(&pixel);
f(*f16p);
Or you can use std::start_lifetime_as:
static_assert(sizeof(int) >= sizeof(std::uint16_t) && alignof(int) >= alignof(std::uint16_t));
// (C++23, not implemented in g++11 or 12 yet)
auto *f16p = std::start_lifetime_as<std::uint16_t>(&pixel);
// (C++17)
auto *f16p = std::launder(reinterpret_cast<std::uint16_t*>(new (&pixel) char[sizeof(std::uint16_t)]));
Take the following code
#include <iostream>
template<typename T>
T f(T x, unsigned y) {
if (y < 0) return x;
return static_cast<T>(0);
}
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a = f(2, 3);
std::cout << a << std::endl;
return 0;
}
where function f clearly always returns 0. Compiling it with g++-7.2.0 -Wall -Wextra gives no hint about pointless comparison. However, clang warns us nicely:
a.cpp:7:11: warning: comparison of unsigned expression < 0 is always false [-Wtautological-compare]
if (y < 0) return x;
~ ^ ~
1 warning generated.
Why is this so (I presume templates are the root of the problem) and can gcc be forced to output the warning in this case?
This is a regression bug in some versions of GCC (including 8.x and 9.x - which are still the default compilers on many distributions at the time of writing).
The bug was tracked here (#jureslak file it again, but that was marked as dupe) and has been resolved. See the warning with GCC 10.1 (Godbolt).
I have the following SSCCE:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
void foo(const std::string &a) {
std::cout << a << std::endl;
}
template <typename... Args>
void bar(Args &&... args) {
[&]() {
[&]() {
foo(args...);
}();
}();
}
int main() {
const std::string x("Hello World!");
bar(x);
}
Under clang++ (3.9.1) this compiles and emits "Hello World". Gcc 6.3 fails with a segmentation fault under -O3.
I can fix the problem by explicitly passing the pointer and the pack by reference, replacing [&]() with [&args...](). However, up to now, I thought that [&] would do the same as listing all arguments one by one.
So what is going wrong here?
P.S:
This is not limited to -O3. -O0 does not segfault but does not return the expected result ("Hello World!"):
[:~/tmp] $ g++-6 -std=c++1z param.cpp && ./a.out
[:~/tmp] $
P.P.S: Further reduced SSCCE. Now I don't even get a diagnostic with -Wall -Wextra anymore.
I strongly suspect a g++ bug.
Here are some notes:
replacing std::string with any elementary type, e.g., int still does not work
clang and VC++ will work just as intended
not passing parameter pack by reference causes an internal compiler error with g++ 7.0.1 with the following output:
internal compiler error: in make_decl_rtl, at varasm.c:1304
...
Please
submit a full bug report, with preprocessed source if appropriate.
Please include the complete backtrace with any bug report. See
http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs.html for instructions.
I have the following SSCCE:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
void foo(const std::string &a) {
std::cout << a << std::endl;
}
template <typename... Args>
void bar(Args &&... args) {
[&]() {
[&]() {
foo(args...);
}();
}();
}
int main() {
const std::string x("Hello World!");
bar(x);
}
Under clang++ (3.9.1) this compiles and emits "Hello World". Gcc 6.3 fails with a segmentation fault under -O3.
I can fix the problem by explicitly passing the pointer and the pack by reference, replacing [&]() with [&args...](). However, up to now, I thought that [&] would do the same as listing all arguments one by one.
So what is going wrong here?
P.S:
This is not limited to -O3. -O0 does not segfault but does not return the expected result ("Hello World!"):
[:~/tmp] $ g++-6 -std=c++1z param.cpp && ./a.out
[:~/tmp] $
P.P.S: Further reduced SSCCE. Now I don't even get a diagnostic with -Wall -Wextra anymore.
I strongly suspect a g++ bug.
Here are some notes:
replacing std::string with any elementary type, e.g., int still does not work
clang and VC++ will work just as intended
not passing parameter pack by reference causes an internal compiler error with g++ 7.0.1 with the following output:
internal compiler error: in make_decl_rtl, at varasm.c:1304
...
Please
submit a full bug report, with preprocessed source if appropriate.
Please include the complete backtrace with any bug report. See
http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs.html for instructions.
The cppreference website has a (work in progress) page describing transactional memory c++ code. This is the first example on the page
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <thread>
int f()
{
static int i = 0;
synchronized { // begin synchronized block
std::cout << i << " -> ";
++i; // each call to f() obtains a unique value of i
std::cout << i << '\n';
return i; // end synchronized block
}
}
int main()
{
std::vector<std::thread> v(10);
for(auto& t: v)
t = std::thread([]{ for(int n = 0; n < 10; ++n) f(); });
for(auto& t: v)
t.join();
}
Toward the bottom of that page, there is an indication that this builds on gcc (// GCC assembly with the attribute:).
I can't get this to build on g++ 5.3.1:
$ g++ --std=c++11 -fgnu-tm -lpthread trx.cpp
trx.cpp: In function ‘int f()’:
trx.cpp:7:5: error: ‘synchronized’ was not declared in this scope
synchronized { // begin synchronized block
^
$ g++ --help | grep transaction
$ g++ --version
g++ (Ubuntu 5.3.1-14ubuntu2.1) 5.3.1 20160413
gcc documentation does have a page on transactional memory, but the primitives are different (e.g., the atomic block is __transaction_atomic). The page on cppreference.com conversely appears to be related to N3919, and uses the primitives from there.
How can this code be built with g++?
The transactional_memory link you mention first says:
Compiler support
This technical specification is supported by GCC as of version 6.1 (requires -fgnu-tm to enable).
So you need GCC 6 (and probably also -std=c++1z in addition to -fgnu-tm ....)