In a simple test routine i am curently writing in Fortran90, the string output is longer than the screen. When using the standard write(,) statement, the output in the Instead of simply add a new line and continue on the next line, a second newline is added before continuing the output.
Example code:
write(*,*) "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
Intel Visual Fortran Composer XE 2013 SP1 output:
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
Why that is ? Where does this extra newline come from ?
By using list-directed output, which you do with the second * in the arguments to the write statement, you surrender precise control of output formatting to the whims of the compiler writers. Seize back control with a specific format, something like write(*,'(a128)') (replacing 128 with whatever is appropriate for the length of string you want to write). See what happens then.
It might amuse you to learn to use the repeat function for, well, repetitive strings.
Related
how can i input text in c++ console without breaking the input in one line at a time?
If i use cin i can input one string each time plus i cannot edit the input (except if i edit the string but this wont help)
Is there any way to input strings (with multiple lines) but not to break the string in one line at a time?
I am running ubuntu 12.04
Who is writing? Is it you, or some program??
Your terminology is unusual: generally programmers take the point of view of the computer!
What you write by typing on your keyboard is an input to some program (which reads it).
If you want an editable input (to the program, so "written" or typed by the human user), consider using GNU readline (on Linux), or perhaps ncurses
If you want to format the program's output (which the user would read with his eyes), you'll generally need to code that formatting explicitly. Perhaps ANSI escape codes might be useful (but using them might make readline or ncurses unhappy).
See also this answer and the references I gave there.
Hy everybody, I've found some problems in reading unformatted character strings in a simple file. When the first / is found, everything is missed after it.
This is the example of the text I would like to read: after the first 18 character blocks that are fixed (from #Mod to Flow[kW]), there is a list of chemical species' names, that are variables (in this case 5) within the program I'm writing.
#Mod ID Mod Name Type C. #Coll MF[kg/s] Pres.[Pa] Pres.[bar] Temp.[K] Temp.[C] Ent[kJ/kg K] Power[kW] RPM[rad/s] Heat Flow[kW] METHANE ETHANE PROPANE NITROGEN H2O
I would like to skip, after some formal checks, the first 18 blocks, then read the chemical species. To do the former, I created a character array with dimension of 18, each with a length of 20.
character(20), dimension(18) :: chapp
Then I would like to associate the 18 blocks to the character array
read(1,*) (chapp(i),i=1,18)
...but this is the result: from chapp(1) to chapp(7) are saved the right first 7 strings, but this is chapp(8)
chapp(8) = 'MF[kg '
and from here on, everything is leaved blank!
How could I overcome this reading problem?
The problem is due to your using list-directed input (the * as the format). List-directed input is useful for quick and dirty input, but it has its limitations and quirks.
You stumbled across a quirk: A slash (/) in the input terminates assignment of values to the input list for the READ statement. This is exactly the behavior that you described above.
This is not choice of the compiler writer, but is mandated by all relevant Fortran standards.
The solution is to use formatted input. There are several options for this:
If you know that your labels will always be in the same columns, you can use a format string like '(1X,A4,2X,A2,1X,A3,2X)' (this is not complete) to read in the individual labels. This is error-prone, and is also bad if the program that writes out the data changes format for some reason or other, or if the labes are edited by hand.
If you can control the program that writes the label, you can use tab characters to separate the individual labels (and also, later, the labels). Read in the whole line, split it into tab-separated substrings using INDEX and read in the individual fields using an (A) format. Don't use list-directed format, or you will get hit by the / quirk mentioned above. This has the advantage that your labels can also include spaces, and that the data can be imported from/to Excel rather easily. This is what I usually do in such cases.
Otherwise, you can read in the whole line and split on multiple spaces. A bit more complicated than splitting on single tab characters, but it may be the best option if you cannot control the data source. You cannot have labels containing spaces then.
Suppose I have the following code
program fortran
open(900, FILE='SOMETHING')
write(900, *) '21'
end program fortran
The file form will be
21
that is, there is a space before the number. How to get rid of that space?
You can write it as a string:
PROGRAM fortran
OPEN(900,FILE='SOMETHING')
WRITE(900,'(a)') '21'
END PROGRAM FORTRAN
> cat SOMETHING
21
To respond to the comment:
The more explicit way of doing that would be to write the number into a string (you could also use list-directed I/O for this step), remove whitespaces from the string trim and finally output the left-adjusted adjustl:
program test
character(len=23) :: str
write(str,'(ES23.15 E3)') 1.23d0
write(*,'(a)') adjustl(trim(str))
write(str,'(ES14.7 E2)') 0.12e0
write(*,'(a)') adjustl(trim(str))
end program
> ./a.out
1.230000000000000E+000
1.2000000E-01
This solution is probably more complicated then necessary, but it is a very flexible approach that can be extended easily for arbitrary purposes and formats.
In list-directed format (the * in write(unit,*)) the compiler typically inserts a leading space. The first column used to be used to control line printers but that is now deleted from Fortran.
You can use any explicit format you want to get rid of the leading space. For example the general g0 one or the string specific a or the integer-specific i.
The program can run, I am not sure how to use open() and save the data in another external file name output.txt. My questions are stated below - please have a look and help.
program start
implicit none
integer ::n
real(kind=8)::x,h,k
real(kind=8),external:: taylorq
x=1.0
n=20
h=exp(x)
k=taylorq(x,n)
open(10,'output.txt') ----------- *question1:(when should i put this open file?)*
write(*,*)"The exact value=",h
write(*,*)"The approximate value=",k
write(*,*)"The error=",h-k
end program start
function taylorq(x,n)
implicit none
integer::n,i
real(kind=8):: x,taylor,taylor2,taylorq,h
h=exp(x)
taylor=1.
taylor2=taylor
write(*,*)"i exact appro error"-----------question2:(actually I want to draw a table with subtitle i, exact, appro, error in each column, is there a nice way to arrange them like eg.we can use %5s)
do i=1,n
taylor=taylor*x/i
taylor2=taylor2+taylor
write(10,*)i,h,taylor2,taylor2-h --------question3:*(I want to save the data written here into file output.txt)*
end do
close(10)
taylorq=taylor2
end function taylorq
1. where to open
You should put open(10,...) so it executes before any write(10,...) -- or read(10,...) if this was input.
Since your writes occur in the function taylorq, you should open() before the statement that calls taylorq.
For programs that do very large computations, which Fortran is suited/famous for, it is often best to do
all file open's very near the beginning of the program, so that if there is a problem opening any file,
it is caught and fixed without wasting hours or days of work. But your program is much simpler than that.
2. formatting
Yes, Fortran can do formatted output -- and also formatted input. Instead of a text string with
interpolated specifiers (like C and the C part of C++, and Java, and awk and perl and shell) it uses specifiers
with optionally interpolated text values, and the specifiers are written with the format letter on
the left followed by the width (almost always) and other parameters (sometimes).
You can either put the format directly in the WRITE (or READ) statement, or in a separate FORMAT
statement referred to by its label in the I/O statement.
write (10, '(I4,F10.2,F10.2,F10.2)' ) i,h,taylor2,taylor2-h
or
write (10, 900) i,h,taylor2,taylor2-h
! this next line can be anywhere in the same program-unit
900 format (I4,F10.2,F10.2,F10.2)
Unlike C-family languages, Fortran will always output the specified width; if the value doesn't fit,
it prints asterisks ***** instead of forcing the field wider (and thus misaligned) (or truncating as
COBOL does!). Your series grows fast enough you might want to use scientific notation like E10.3.
(The format letters can be in either case, but I find them easier to read in upper. YMMV.)
There are many, MANY, more options. Any textbook or your compiler manual should cover this.
I want to create a C++ console application that print some text to different parts of the console. For example in QBasic you can use:
locate(8,5)
print "hi"
And hi would be printed in column 8 line 5. In C++ when I use cout it always prints on the next line, and begins printing in the first column.
Is there any way I can do this?
C++ itself does not have this feature, it's I/O model is a fairly simple, sequential one.
If you want to do fancy cursor positioning, you'll need to output (for example) control characters which your terminal will recognise as special commands (such as ANSI or VT escape sequences), or use a library like curses (see ncurses here) which can do a lot of the grunt work for you, not just cursor positioning but also things like text mode windows and so forth.
A library, like ncurses can help you do this.