Include LEVEL into SysLog log file - c++

Is it possibile to show the level (LOG_INFO, LOG_ERROR, ...) information passed to the "syslog" function into each log line?
Thank you!
Antonio

You can write a wrapper function like this
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <syslog.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int
mysyslog(int __level, const char *const syslogformat, ...)
{
va_list args;
char *format;
size_t length;
char *level;
ssize_t result;
va_start(args,syslogformat);
level = "?";
switch (__level)
{
case LOG_ALERT:
level = "LOG_ALERT";
break;
case LOG_INFO:
level = "LOG_INFO";
break;
case LOG_EMERG:
level = "LOG_EMERG";
break;
case LOG_CRIT:
level = "LOG_CRIT";
break;
case LOG_ERR:
level = "LOG_ERR";
break;
case LOG_WARNING:
level = "LOG_WARNING";
break;
case LOG_NOTICE:
level = "LOG_NOTICE";
break;
case LOG_DEBUG:
level = "LOG_DEBUG";
break;
}
length = strlen(syslogformat) + strlen(level) + 2;
format = malloc(length + 1);
result = snprintf(format, length + 1, "%s: %s", level, syslogformat);
if ((result < 0) || (result >= length + 1))
return -1;
vsyslog(__level, format, args);
va_end(args);
return 0;
}
int main(void)
{
mysyslog(LOG_NOTICE, "This is a log message `%d' with an integer as parameter\n", 100);
return 0;
}

Just use a template for your destination file in which you specifie how your log message will be displayed/written; something like this shows only syslog level and message:
template t_example { template("${LEVEL}" "${MSG}"); };
destination d_example { file("/var/log/example.log" template(t_example) ); };

Related

How can I add options to argument in c/c++ ? ( visual studio Platform 2019 )

I want to add Options to arguments in c/c++. Visual studio console application.
for example:
-f [ File path ]
-e [ "exe" file ]
etc..
thanks ;).
Here is a simple program that parses the input arguments based on the -f and -e flags. The error handling for the invalid arguments must be improved and implemented in such a way that matches your specific application.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
typedef struct arguments {
char *fname;
int file_flag;
char *exename;
int exe_flag;
} arguments;
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
extern char *optarg;
extern int optind;
int c = 0;
arguments *input_args;
input_args = (arguments *)malloc(sizeof(arguments));
if (input_args == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate memory!\n");
return -1;
}
input_args->file_flag = 0;
input_args->exe_flag = 0;
/* You can initialize the arguments with some default values */
input_args->exename = "default_exename";
input_args->fname = "default_filename";
const char *usage = "Usage: %s -f [File path] -e [exe file]\n";
while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "f:e:")) != -1)
switch (c) {
case 'f':
input_args->file_flag = 1;
input_args->fname = optarg;
break;
case 'e':
input_args->exe_flag = 1;
input_args->exename = optarg;
break;
default:
fprintf(stderr, usage, argv[0]);
return -1;
}
if (0 == input_args->file_flag)
{
printf("No file argument provided!\n");
printf("Initializing the file name with default value %s!\n", input_args->fname);
}
if (0 == input_args->exe_flag) {
printf("No exe argument provided!\n");
printf("Initializing the exe name with default value %s!\n\n", input_args->exename);
}
printf("File name = \"%s\"\n", input_args->fname);
printf("Exe name = \"%s\"\n", input_args->exename);
return 0;
}

How to input sample images in libsvm train code

I have downloaded the libsvm code for object detection. I am having problems in using the train svm code. I can't input the sample files properly. Anyone please help me how to input positive and negative images.Here is the train code.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include "svm.h"
#define Malloc(type,n) (type *)malloc((n)*sizeof(type))
void print_null(const char *s) {}
void exit_with_help()
{
printf(
"Usage: svm-train [options] training_set_file [model_file]\n"
"options:\n"
"-s svm_type : set type of SVM (default 0)\n"
" 0 -- C-SVC (multi-class classification)\n"
" 1 -- nu-SVC (multi-class classification)\n"
" 2 -- one-class SVM\n"
" 3 -- epsilon-SVR (regression)\n"
" 4 -- nu-SVR (regression)\n"
"-t kernel_type : set type of kernel function (default 2)\n"
" 0 -- linear: u'*v\n"
" 1 -- polynomial: (gamma*u'*v + coef0)^degree\n"
" 2 -- radial basis function: exp(-gamma*|u-v|^2)\n"
" 3 -- sigmoid: tanh(gamma*u'*v + coef0)\n"
" 4 -- precomputed kernel (kernel values in training_set_file)\n"
"-d degree : set degree in kernel function (default 3)\n"
"-g gamma : set gamma in kernel function (default 1/num_features)\n"
"-r coef0 : set coef0 in kernel function (default 0)\n"
"-c cost : set the parameter C of C-SVC, epsilon-SVR, and nu-SVR (default 1)\n"
"-n nu : set the parameter nu of nu-SVC, one-class SVM, and nu-SVR (default 0.5)\n"
"-p epsilon : set the epsilon in loss function of epsilon-SVR (default 0.1)\n"
"-m cachesize : set cache memory size in MB (default 100)\n"
"-e epsilon : set tolerance of termination criterion (default 0.001)\n"
"-h shrinking : whether to use the shrinking heuristics, 0 or 1 (default 1)\n"
"-b probability_estimates : whether to train a SVC or SVR model for probability estimates, 0 or 1 (default 0)\n"
"-wi weight : set the parameter C of class i to weight*C, for C-SVC (default 1)\n"
"-v n: n-fold cross validation mode\n"
"-q : quiet mode (no outputs)\n"
);
exit(1);
}
void exit_input_error(int line_num)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Wrong input format at line %d\n", line_num);
exit(1);
}
void parse_command_line(int argc, char **argv, char *input_file_name, char *model_file_name);
void read_problem(const char *filename);
void do_cross_validation();
struct svm_parameter param; // set by parse_command_line
struct svm_problem prob; // set by read_problem
struct svm_model *model;
struct svm_node *x_space;
int cross_validation;
int nr_fold;
static char *line = NULL;
static int max_line_len;
static char* readline(FILE *input)
{
int len;
if(fgets(line,max_line_len,input) == NULL)
return NULL;
while(strrchr(line,'\n') == NULL)
{
max_line_len *= 2;
line = (char *) realloc(line,max_line_len);
len = (int) strlen(line);
if(fgets(line+len,max_line_len-len,input) == NULL)
break;
}
return line;
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
char input_file_name[1024];
char model_file_name[1024];
const char *error_msg;
parse_command_line(argc, argv, input_file_name, model_file_name);
read_problem(input_file_name);
error_msg = svm_check_parameter(&prob,&param);
if(error_msg)
{
fprintf(stderr,"ERROR: %s\n",error_msg);
exit(1);
}
if(cross_validation)
{
do_cross_validation();
}
else
{
model = svm_train(&prob,&param);
if(svm_save_model(model_file_name,model))
{
fprintf(stderr, "can't save model to file %s\n", model_file_name);
exit(1);
}
svm_free_and_destroy_model(&model);
}
svm_destroy_param(&param);
free(prob.y);
free(prob.x);
free(x_space);
free(line);
return 0;
}
void do_cross_validation()
{
int i;
int total_correct = 0;
double total_error = 0;
double sumv = 0, sumy = 0, sumvv = 0, sumyy = 0, sumvy = 0;
double *target = Malloc(double,prob.l);
svm_cross_validation(&prob,&param,nr_fold,target);
if(param.svm_type == EPSILON_SVR ||
param.svm_type == NU_SVR)
{
for(i=0;i<prob.l;i++)
{
double y = prob.y[i];
double v = target[i];
total_error += (v-y)*(v-y);
sumv += v;
sumy += y;
sumvv += v*v;
sumyy += y*y;
sumvy += v*y;
}
printf("Cross Validation Mean squared error = %g\n",total_error/prob.l);
printf("Cross Validation Squared correlation coefficient = %g\n",
((prob.l*sumvy-sumv*sumy)*(prob.l*sumvy-sumv*sumy))/
((prob.l*sumvv-sumv*sumv)*(prob.l*sumyy-sumy*sumy))
);
}
else
{
for(i=0;i<prob.l;i++)
if(target[i] == prob.y[i])
++total_correct;
printf("Cross Validation Accuracy = %g%%\n",100.0*total_correct/prob.l);
}
free(target);
}
void parse_command_line(int argc, char **argv, char *input_file_name, char *model_file_name)
{
int i;
void (*print_func)(const char*) = NULL; // default printing to stdout
// default values
param.svm_type = C_SVC;
param.kernel_type = RBF;
param.degree = 3;
param.gamma = 0; // 1/num_features
param.coef0 = 0;
param.nu = 0.5;
param.cache_size = 100;
param.C = 1;
param.eps = 1e-3;
param.p = 0.1;
param.shrinking = 1;
param.probability = 0;
param.nr_weight = 0;
param.weight_label = NULL;
param.weight = NULL;
cross_validation = 0;
// parse options
for(i=1;i<argc;i++)
{
if(argv[i][0] != '-') break;
if(++i>=argc)
exit_with_help();
switch(argv[i-1][1])
{
case 's':
param.svm_type = atoi(argv[i]);
break;
case 't':
param.kernel_type = atoi(argv[i]);
break;
case 'd':
param.degree = atoi(argv[i]);
break;
case 'g':
param.gamma = atof(argv[i]);
break;
case 'r':
param.coef0 = atof(argv[i]);
break;
case 'n':
param.nu = atof(argv[i]);
break;
case 'm':
param.cache_size = atof(argv[i]);
break;
case 'c':
param.C = atof(argv[i]);
break;
case 'e':
param.eps = atof(argv[i]);
break;
case 'p':
param.p = atof(argv[i]);
break;
case 'h':
param.shrinking = atoi(argv[i]);
break;
case 'b':
param.probability = atoi(argv[i]);
break;
case 'q':
print_func = &print_null;
i--;
break;
case 'v':
cross_validation = 1;
nr_fold = atoi(argv[i]);
if(nr_fold < 2)
{
fprintf(stderr,"n-fold cross validation: n must >= 2\n");
exit_with_help();
}
break;
case 'w':
++param.nr_weight;
param.weight_label = (int *)realloc(param.weight_label,sizeof(int)*param.nr_weight);
param.weight = (double *)realloc(param.weight,sizeof(double)*param.nr_weight);
param.weight_label[param.nr_weight-1] = atoi(&argv[i-1][2]);
param.weight[param.nr_weight-1] = atof(argv[i]);
break;
default:
fprintf(stderr,"Unknown option: -%c\n", argv[i-1][1]);
exit_with_help();
}
}
svm_set_print_string_function(print_func);
// determine filenames
if(i>=argc)
exit_with_help();
strcpy(input_file_name, argv[i]);
if(i<argc-1)
strcpy(model_file_name,argv[i+1]);
else
{
char *p = strrchr(argv[i],'/');
if(p==NULL)
p = argv[i];
else
++p;
sprintf(model_file_name,"%s.model",p);
}
}
// read in a problem (in svmlight format)
void read_problem(const char *filename)
{
int max_index, inst_max_index, i;
size_t elements, j;
FILE *fp = fopen(filename,"r");
char *endptr;
char *idx, *val, *label;
if(fp == NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr,"can't open input file %s\n",filename);
exit(1);
}
prob.l = 0;
elements = 0;
max_line_len = 1024;
line = Malloc(char,max_line_len);
while(readline(fp)!=NULL)
{
char *p = strtok(line," \t"); // label
// features
while(1)
{
p = strtok(NULL," \t");
if(p == NULL || *p == '\n') // check '\n' as ' ' may be after the last feature
break;
++elements;
}
++elements;
++prob.l;
}
rewind(fp);
prob.y = Malloc(double,prob.l);
prob.x = Malloc(struct svm_node *,prob.l);
x_space = Malloc(struct svm_node,elements);
max_index = 0;
j=0;
for(i=0;i<prob.l;i++)
{
inst_max_index = -1; // strtol gives 0 if wrong format, and precomputed kernel has <index> start from 0
readline(fp);
prob.x[i] = &x_space[j];
label = strtok(line," \t\n");
if(label == NULL) // empty line
exit_input_error(i+1);
prob.y[i] = strtod(label,&endptr);
if(endptr == label || *endptr != '\0')
exit_input_error(i+1);
while(1)
{
idx = strtok(NULL,":");
val = strtok(NULL," \t");
if(val == NULL)
break;
errno = 0;
x_space[j].index = (int) strtol(idx,&endptr,10);
if(endptr == idx || errno != 0 || *endptr != '\0' || x_space[j].index <= inst_max_index)
exit_input_error(i+1);
else
inst_max_index = x_space[j].index;
errno = 0;
x_space[j].value = strtod(val,&endptr);
if(endptr == val || errno != 0 || (*endptr != '\0' && !isspace(*endptr)))
exit_input_error(i+1);
++j;
}
if(inst_max_index > max_index)
max_index = inst_max_index;
x_space[j++].index = -1;
}
if(param.gamma == 0 && max_index > 0)
param.gamma = 1.0/max_index;
if(param.kernel_type == PRECOMPUTED)
for(i=0;i<prob.l;i++)
{
if (prob.x[i][0].index != 0)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Wrong input format: first column must be 0:sample_serial_number\n");
exit(1);
}
if ((int)prob.x[i][0].value <= 0 || (int)prob.x[i][0].value > max_index)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Wrong input format: sample_serial_number out of range\n");
exit(1);
}
}
fclose(fp);
}
UPDATE
can i convert to numerical representation using this code?
#include <opencv2/core/core.hpp>
#include <opencv2/imgproc/imgproc.hpp>
#include <opencv2/highgui/highgui.hpp>
#include <cv.h>
#include <highgui.h>
#include <cvaux.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
using namespace cv;
int main ( int argc, char** argv )
{
cout << "OpenCV Training SVM Automatic Number Plate Recognition\n";
cout << "\n";
char* path_Plates;
char* path_NoPlates;
int numPlates;
int numNoPlates;
int imageWidth=150;
int imageHeight=150;
//Check if user specify image to process
if(1)
{
numPlates= 12;
numNoPlates= 67 ;
path_Plates= "/home/kaushik/opencv_work/Manas6/Pics/Positive_Images/";
path_NoPlates= "/home/kaushik/opencv_work/Manas6/Pics/Negative_Images/i";
}else{
cout << "Usage:\n" << argv[0] << " <num Plate Files> <num Non Plate Files> <path to plate folder files> <path to non plate files> \n";
return 0;
}
Mat classes;//(numPlates+numNoPlates, 1, CV_32FC1);
Mat trainingData;//(numPlates+numNoPlates, imageWidth*imageHeight, CV_32FC1 );
Mat trainingImages;
vector<int> trainingLabels;
for(int i=1; i<= numPlates; i++)
{
stringstream ss(stringstream::in | stringstream::out);
ss<<path_Plates<<i<<".jpg";
try{
const char* a = ss.str().c_str();
printf("\n%s\n",a);
Mat img = imread(ss.str(), CV_LOAD_IMAGE_UNCHANGED);
img= img.clone().reshape(1, 1);
//imshow("Window",img);
//cout<<ss.str();
trainingImages.push_back(img);
trainingLabels.push_back(1);
}
catch(Exception e){;}
}
for(int i=0; i< numNoPlates; i++)
{
stringstream ss(stringstream::in | stringstream::out);
ss << path_NoPlates<<i << ".jpg";
try
{
const char* a = ss.str().c_str();
printf("\n%s\n",a);
Mat img=imread(ss.str(),CV_LOAD_IMAGE_UNCHANGED);
//imshow("Win",img);
img= img.clone().reshape(1, 1);
trainingImages.push_back(img);
trainingLabels.push_back(0);
//cout<<ss.str();
}
catch(Exception e){;}
}
Mat(trainingImages).copyTo(trainingData);
//trainingData = trainingData.reshape(1,trainingData.rows);
trainingData.convertTo(trainingData, CV_32FC1);
Mat(trainingLabels).copyTo(classes);
FileStorage fs("SVM.xml", FileStorage::WRITE);
fs << "TrainingData" << trainingData;
fs << "classes" << classes;
fs.release();
return 0;
}
What I can see from your code is, that you are mixing OpenCV and LIBSVM.
Basically you can follow one of the following ways. Personally I would suggest to use OpenCV only.
OpenCV
OpenCV is a very powerfull library for working with images. Hence they implement their own machine learning algorithms including SVMs.
As described in a very good way here it is very easy to perform classification with images via OpenCV since the algorithms use a common interface for this purpose.
LIBSVM
LIBSVM a standalone library for SVM classification in various form (e.g. multiclass, two-class, with probability estimates, etc). If you go this way, you have to perform the following steps in order to do successful classification:
Think about how many different classes you want to differentiate (e.g. + / -)
Maybe preprocess your images (filters, ...)
Extract so called "features" rom your images using a feature selection method (for example: Mutual Information). Those methods will tell you, which points are significant for your given classes since we follow the basic assumption, that not every singel pixel in an image is important.
According to your extracted features you transform your images to an vectorial representation.
Write it into an file according to the LIBSVM data format:
label feature_id1:feature_value1 feature_id2:feature_value2
+1 1:0.53265 2:0.5232
-1 1:0.78543 2:0.64326
Proceed with "svm_train" according to its description. Classification would be a combination of 2.) 4.) 5.) and a run of "svm_predict".

c++ caesar cipher program executes wrong character

Here is what I get when I try to encrypt "This is a test sentence!": "Ymnxp���p�����t�������"
I have tested my encryption part before and it worked fine.
Can anyone please tell me what did I do wrong here?
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <fstream>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "unistd.h"
using namespace std;
void displayUsage(){
// Displays how to use this program
// TODO
cout << "Instruction: \n use -r to give rotation number \n use -f to give file name" <<endl;
}
int main(int argc, char **argv){
string text;
char* input_file_name;
int rotation;
bool have_rotation = false;
bool have_input_file_name = false;
// process command-line arguement
int opt = 0;
extern char *optarg;
static const char* opt_string = "r:f:";
opt = getopt( argc, argv, opt_string);
while(opt != -1) // While there are parameters to parse, do so
{
switch(opt)
{
case 'r':
have_rotation = true;
rotation = atoi(optarg);
break;
case 'f':
have_input_file_name = true;
input_file_name = optarg;
break;
default:
displayUsage();
return 1;
}
opt = getopt( argc, argv, opt_string); // Pull the next parameter, or 0 if none.
}
if(!have_rotation)
{
displayUsage();
return 0;
}
if(have_rotation)
{
if(have_input_file_name)
{
ifstream file(input_file_name);
string text2, temp;
while(!file.eof())
{
getline(file, temp);
text2 += temp;
text2 += "\n";
}
text = text2[text2.size()-2];
}
else
{
cout <<"Enter text:"<<endl;
cin >> text;
}
}
char cipher[text.size()];
for(int i=0; i<text.size(); i++)
{
cipher[i] = text[i];
if(islower(cipher[i]))
{
cipher[i] = (cipher[i] - 'a' + rotation)%26 + 'a';
}
else if(isupper(cipher[i]))
{
cipher[i] = (cipher[i] - 'A' + rotation)%26 + 'A';
}
}
cout <<cipher<<endl;
return 0;
}
I guess the error is because you did not terminate your cipher array with a '\0'.
The printing function will process characters from an array (and possibly beyond) until it finds a '\0' character.
Your array should be one bigger to account for this terminating character.
Or get rid of the char array and use std::string.
I can get my code run if I type the sentence manually. It doesn't printout anything if I input a text file.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <fstream>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "unistd.h"
using namespace std;
void displayUsage(){
// Displays how to use this program
// TODO
cout << "Instruction: \n use -r to give rotation number \n use -f to give file name" <<endl;
}
char caesar(char c, int r)
{
if(isalpha(c))
{
if(islower(c))
{
c = (((c-97)+r)%26)+97; // 97 is a value of 'a'
}
else if(isupper(c))
{
c = (((c-65)+r)%26)+65; // 65 is a value of 'A'
}
}
return c;
}
int main(int argc, char **argv){
string text;
char* input_file_name;
int rotation;
bool have_rotation = false;
bool have_input_file_name = false;
// process command-line arguement
int opt = 0;
extern char *optarg;
static const char* opt_string = "r:f:";
opt = getopt( argc, argv, opt_string);
while(opt != -1) // While there are parameters to parse, do so
{
switch(opt)
{
case 'r':
have_rotation = true;
rotation = atoi(optarg);
break;
case 'f':
have_input_file_name = true;
input_file_name = optarg;
break;
default:
displayUsage();
return 1;
}
opt = getopt( argc, argv, opt_string); // Pull the next parameter, or 0 if none.
}
if(!have_rotation)
{
displayUsage();
return 0;
}
if(have_rotation)
{
if(have_input_file_name)
{
ifstream file(input_file_name);
string text2, temp;
while(!file.eof())
{
getline(file, temp);
text2 += temp + "\n";
}
text = text2[text2.size()-2];
}
else
{
cout <<"Enter text:"<<endl;
getline(cin, text);
}
}
string output = "";
for(int i = 0; i < text.size(); i++)
{
output += caesar(text[i],rotation);
}
cout<<output<<endl;
return 0;
}

detecting a hard drive in the IDE

I am trying to detect the drive letter in Windows. Drive is a primary drive in second IDE channel. I am using GetLogicalDrives().
But this does not tell me I am accessing IDE primary drive.
Here is an example:
#include <cstdint>
#include <windows.h>
#include <cstdio>
const char* GetTypeOfDrive(const char* Drive)
{
const char* Result = NULL;
unsigned int DriveType = GetDriveType(Drive);
switch(DriveType)
{
case DRIVE_FIXED:
Result = "Hard disk";
break;
case DRIVE_CDROM:
Result = "CD/DVD";
break;
case DRIVE_REMOVABLE:
Result = "Removable";
break;
case DRIVE_REMOTE:
Result = "Network";
break;
default:
Result = "Unknown";
break;
}
return Result;
}
int GetLogicalDrivesList(char Drives[26])
{
int Res = 0;
DWORD DrivesMask = GetLogicalDrives();
for (int I = 0; I < 26; ++I)
{
if (DrivesMask & (1 << I))
{
Drives[Res++] = 'A' + I;
}
}
return Res;
}
int main()
{
char temp[4];
char drives[26];
int drive_count = GetLogicalDrivesList(drives);
for (int i = 0; i < drive_count; ++i)
{
sprintf(temp, "%c:/", drives[i]);
printf("%c is a %s\n", drives[i], GetTypeOfDrive(temp));
}
}

convert string to argv in c++

I have an std::string containing a command to be executed with execv, what is the best "C++" way to convert it to the "char *argv[]" that is required by the second parameter of execv()?
To clarify:
std::string cmd = "mycommand arg1 arg2";
char *cmd_argv[];
StrToArgv(cmd, cmd_argv); // how do I write this function?
execv(cmd_argv[0], cmd_argv);
Very non-unixy answers here. What's wrong with:
std::string cmd = "echo hello world";
execl("/bin/sh", "/bin/sh", "-c", cmd.c_str(), NULL);
Why bother writing a command line parser when there's a perfectly good one already on the system?
(Note: one good reason is because you don't trust the string you're about to execute. One hopes that this is already true, but the shell will do "more" with that string than a naive whitespace-splitter will and thus open more security holes if you aren't careful.)
std::vector<char *> args;
std::istringstream iss(cmd);
std::string token;
while(iss >> token) {
char *arg = new char[token.size() + 1];
copy(token.begin(), token.end(), arg);
arg[token.size()] = '\0';
args.push_back(arg);
}
args.push_back(0);
// now exec with &args[0], and then:
for(size_t i = 0; i < args.size(); i++)
delete[] args[i];
Of course, this won't work with commans that use quoting like rm "a file.mp3". You can consider the POSIX function wordexp which cares about that and much more.
Perhaps split_winmain from Boost.ProgramOptions. Boost is a good choice in most cases.
http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_40_0/doc/html/program_options/howto.html#id1396212
If you are only interested in Windows (other kernels generally don't know about command lines in the Windows sense), you can use the API function CommandLineToArgvW which uses the same conventions as the MS C runtime.
In general it depends on the quoting style of the platform and/or the shell. The Microsoft C Runtime uses a quite different style than e.g. bash!
A combination of the c_str() string method and strtok() to split it up by spaces should get you the array of strings you need to pass to exec() and its related functions.
OK, I've been stumbling over this myself enough times. This is straight "C", so it can be plugged into either C or C++. It treats single and double quote strings differently. The caller is responsible for deallocating argv[0] (if not NULL) and argv.
#include
#include
#include
#include
typedef enum {
STR2AV_OK = 0,
STR2AV_UNBALANCED_QUOTE
} str_to_argv_err_t;
#ifndef NUL
#define NUL '\0'
#endif
static char const nomem[] = "no memory for %d byte allocation\n";
static str_to_argv_err_t
copy_raw_string(char ** dest_p, char ** src_p);
static str_to_argv_err_t
copy_cooked_string(char ** dest_p, char ** src_p);
static inline void *
Xmalloc(size_t sz)
{
void * res = malloc(sz);
if (res == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, nomem, sz);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
return res;
}
static inline void *
Xrealloc(void * ptr, size_t sz)
{
void * res = realloc(ptr, sz);
if (res == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, nomem, sz);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
return res;
}
str_to_argv_err_t
string_to_argv(char const * str, int * argc_p, char *** argv_p)
{
int argc = 0;
int act = 10;
char ** res = Xmalloc(sizeof(char *) * 10);
char ** argv = res;
char * scan;
char * dest;
str_to_argv_err_t err;
while (isspace((unsigned char)*str)) str++;
str = scan = strdup(str);
for (;;) {
while (isspace((unsigned char)*scan)) scan++;
if (*scan == NUL)
break;
if (++argc >= act) {
act += act / 2;
res = Xrealloc(res, act * sizeof(char *));
argv = res + (argc - 1);
}
*(argv++) = dest = scan;
for (;;) {
char ch = *(scan++);
switch (ch) {
case NUL:
goto done;
case '\\':
if ( (*(dest++) = *(scan++)) == NUL)
goto done;
break;
case '\'':
err = copy_raw_string(&dest, &scan);
if (err != STR2AV_OK)
goto error_leave;
break;
case '"':
err = copy_cooked_string(&dest, &scan);
if (err != STR2AV_OK)
goto error_leave;
break;
case ' ':
case '\t':
case '\n':
case '\f':
case '\r':
case '\v':
case '\b':
goto token_done;
default:
*(dest++) = ch;
}
}
token_done:
*dest = NUL;
}
done:
*argv_p = res;
*argc_p = argc;
*argv = NULL;
if (argc == 0)
free((void *)str);
return STR2AV_OK;
error_leave:
free(res);
free((void *)str);
return err;
}
static str_to_argv_err_t
copy_raw_string(char ** dest_p, char ** src_p)
{
for (;;) {
char ch = *((*src_p)++);
switch (ch) {
case NUL: return STR2AV_UNBALANCED_QUOTE;
case '\'':
*(*dest_p) = NUL;
return STR2AV_OK;
case '\\':
ch = *((*src_p)++);
switch (ch) {
case NUL:
return STR2AV_UNBALANCED_QUOTE;
default:
/*
* unknown/invalid escape. Copy escape character.
*/
*((*dest_p)++) = '\\';
break;
case '\\':
case '\'':
break;
}
/* FALLTHROUGH */
default:
*((*dest_p)++) = ch;
break;
}
}
}
static char
escape_convt(char ** src_p)
{
char ch = *((*src_p)++);
/*
* Escape character is always eaten. The next character is sometimes
* treated specially.
*/
switch (ch) {
case 'a': ch = '\a'; break;
case 'b': ch = '\b'; break;
case 't': ch = '\t'; break;
case 'n': ch = '\n'; break;
case 'v': ch = '\v'; break;
case 'f': ch = '\f'; break;
case 'r': ch = '\r'; break;
}
return ch;
}
static str_to_argv_err_t
copy_cooked_string(char ** dest_p, char ** src_p)
{
for (;;) {
char ch = *((*src_p)++);
switch (ch) {
case NUL: return STR2AV_UNBALANCED_QUOTE;
case '"':
*(*dest_p) = NUL;
return STR2AV_OK;
case '\\':
ch = escape_convt(src_p);
if (ch == NUL)
return STR2AV_UNBALANCED_QUOTE;
/* FALLTHROUGH */
default:
*((*dest_p)++) = ch;
break;
}
}
}
This is a variation on litb's answer, but without all the manual memory allocation. It still won't handle quoting.
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
std::string cmd = "mycommand arg1 arg2";
std::istringstream ss(cmd);
std::string arg;
std::list<std::string> ls;
std::vector<char*> v;
while (ss >> arg)
{
ls.push_back(arg);
v.push_back(const_cast<char*>(ls.back().c_str()));
}
v.push_back(0); // need terminating null pointer
execv(v[0], &v[0]);
I feel kind of dirty about the const_cast<>, but programs really shouldn't be modifying the contents of the argv strings.
You can use the c_str() function of std::string to convert to char*.
The strtok function will split the string using the ' ' delimiter.
Matt Peitrek's LIBTINYC has a module called argcargv.cpp that takes a string and parses it out to the argument array taking quoted arguments into account. Note that it's Windows-specific, but it's pretty simple so should be easy to move to whatever platform you want.
If you do that, also change it to take as parameters the loaction to put the count and the a pointer to the argv array instead of using externs (just my little bit of advice). Matt didn't need that because LIBTINYC was the runtime.
Alternatively, you can look in your compiler's runtime source (nearly all provide it) to see what they do to parse the commandline and either call that directly (if that turns out to be workable) or borrow the ideas from that bit of code.
May be it is too late to answer on this question but you could use standart POSIX functions glob or wordexp:
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <wordexp.h>
int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
wordexp_t p;
char *exec_path = "/bin/ls";
p.we_offs = 1;
wordexp("-l -t /etc", &p, WRDE_DOOFFS);
p.we_wordv[ 0 ] = exec_path;
execv(exec_path, p.we_wordv);
/* This code is unreachable */
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
It would prepare 3 parameters: -l (long listing format), -t (sort by modification time) and directory /etc to list, and run /bin/ls. Call wordexp() gives you exactly the same result as call /bin/sh -c recomended previously but spawaned process would have parent process not /bin/sh.
As it turned out a function exist somewhat hidden in boost program options for this.
The split_unix() function works with escaped and quoted command lines.
#include "boost/program_options/parsers.hpp"
auto parts = boost::program_options::split_unix(commandLine);
std::vector<char*> cstrings ;
for(auto& str : parts){
cstrings.push_back(const_cast<char*> (str.c_str()));
}
int argc = (int)cstrings.size();
char** argv = cstrings.data();