Related
The problem arise when I am trying to write an insert function that is suppose to move all elements in the array up at the specified location given by the iterator and then insert a new value into the array at the position given by the iterator.
The code is getting errors in the insert function with the following error:
no match for 'operator[]' (operand types are 'std::basic_string [1000]' and 'std::basic_string')
I am new to using iterators, and I think that it is not possible to access array elements with pointers as indices. So I am not sure if there is another way to do this, or do I need to overload the [] operator to make it work some how?
template <class T>
class Vector {
public:
typedef T* iterator;
Vector () { }
T& operator[](unsigned int i) {
return items[i];
}
// T& operator[](iterator i) {
//return items[*i];
//}
iterator begin () {
return &items[0];
}
iterator end () {
return &items[used];
}
int size () { return used; }
iterator insert (iterator position, const T& item) {
for(Vector<T>::iterator i=&items[998]; i>=position; i--)
{
items[*(i+1)]=items[*i];
}
items[*position]= item;
return position;
}
private:
T items[1000];
int used=0;
};
This code is problematic in the sense that it creates 1000 elements of type T, even if logically it is empty. Also, if there are more than 1000 insertions, then the upper elements are discarded.
As for the compilation issues, I have tries to compile the code with Vector<int> and it compiles fine, but crashes. For the same reason it crashes with Vector<int> it does not compile with Vector<std::string>. The Issue is with the type of *i, which is , i.e., std::string in the case of Vector<std::string>. Either use iterator all the way, or use indexes, but don't mix. Using iterators:
for(Vector<T>::iterator i=&items[998]; i>=position; i--)
{
*(i+1)=*i;
}
Edit :
[Just noticed an answer by Scheff that figured this out, after completing this edit]
The above invokes undefined behavior for v.insert(v.begin(), value) since i iterates before items. To avoid that, the iteration should stop before it falls off items:
for(Vector<T>::iterator i=&items[999]; i > position; i--)
{
*i = *(i-1);
}
Also, note that the line following the loop should also be fixed:
items[*position]= item; // <--- BUG: also mixing indexes and iterators
Or using indexes:
for(int i= 998; begin() + i>=position; i--)
{
items[i+1]=items[i];
}
In addition to the answer of Michael Veksler, I tried to get it working (and hence needed a bit longer).
So, with his first proposed fix and additionally
items[*position]= item;
changed to
*position = item;
the following test compiles and runs:
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
Vector<double> vec;
vec.insert(vec.begin(), 1.0);
vec.insert(vec.begin(), 2.0);
vec.insert(vec.begin(), 3.0);
std::cout << "vec.size(): " << vec.size() << '\n';
for (int i = 0; i < vec.size(); ++i) {
std::cout << "vec[" << i << "]: " << vec[i] << '\n';
}
return 0;
}
Output:
vec.size(): 0
Oops!
The update of used is missing in insert() as well:
++used;
And, now it looks better:
vec.size(): 3
vec[0]: 3
vec[1]: 2
vec[2]: 1
The complete MCVE:
#include <iostream>
template <class T>
class Vector {
public:
typedef T* iterator;
Vector () { }
T& operator[](unsigned int i) {
return items[i];
}
// T& operator[](iterator i) {
//return items[*i];
//}
iterator begin () {
return &items[0];
}
iterator end () {
return &items[used];
}
int size () { return used; }
iterator insert (iterator position, const T& item) {
for(Vector<T>::iterator i=&items[998]; i>=position; i--)
{
*(i+1) = *i;
}
*position = item;
++used;
return position;
}
private:
T items[1000];
int used=0;
};
int main()
{
Vector<double> vec;
vec.insert(vec.begin(), 1.0);
vec.insert(vec.begin(), 2.0);
vec.insert(vec.begin(), 3.0);
std::cout << "vec.size(): " << vec.size() << '\n';
for (int i = 0; i < vec.size(); ++i) {
std::cout << "vec[" << i << "]: " << vec[i] << '\n';
}
return 0;
}
Live Demo on coliru
So you can think of an iterator in this context as essentially a glorified pointer to the elements in the array, as you defined in your typedef at the beginning of your class.
When you're trying to access the elements in your array in your insert function, you are essentially dereferencing these pointers to yield the elements themselves and THEN using those elements as indices for your array, hence producing the error that the index is of the wrong type.
So for example suppose you had a Vector<std::string>. Inside the for loop in the insert function, you have this line:
items[*(i+1)]=items[*i];
Because i is an iterator as you defined, i has the type std::string * and hence *i has the type std::string. When you then write items[*i] you are trying to use the std::string as an index for your array which you can't do.
Instead, you should use a line similar to the following:
*(i + 1) = *i
There are also a couple of logical errors in your code, but I'll leave you to find those later on.
Hope this helps!
Have a look at how std::move_backward can be implemented
template< class BidirIt1, class BidirIt2 >
BidirIt2 move_backward(BidirIt1 first, BidirIt1 last, BidirIt2 d_last)
{
while (first != last) {
*(--d_last) = std::move(*(--last));
}
return d_last;
}
You don't need to move any of the elements past end, and we can rewrite your insert to be similar
iterator insert (iterator position, const T& item) {
for(iterator i = end(), d = end() + 1; i != position; )
{
*(--d) = std::move(*(--i));
}
*position = item;
++used;
return position;
}
Note that this is undefined if you try to insert into a full Vector
I'm trying to keep a vector of commands so that it keeps 10 most recent. I have a push_back and a pop_back, but how do I delete the oldest without shifting everything in a for loop? Is erase the only way to do this?
Use std::deque which is a vector-like container that's good at removal and insertion at both ends.
If you're amenable to using boost, I'd recommend looking at circular_buffer, which deals with this exact problem extremely efficiently (it avoids moving elements around unnecessarily, and instead just manipulates a couple of pointers):
// Create a circular buffer with a capacity for 3 integers.
boost::circular_buffer<int> cb(3);
// Insert threee elements into the buffer.
cb.push_back(1);
cb.push_back(2);
cb.push_back(3);
cb.push_back(4);
cb.push_back(5);
The last two ops simply overwrite the elements of the first two.
Write a wrapper around a vector to give yourself a circular buffer. Something like this:
include <vector>
/**
Circular vector wrapper
When the vector is full, old data is overwritten
*/
class cCircularVector
{
public:
// An iterator that points to the physical begining of the vector
typedef std::vector< short >::iterator iterator;
iterator begin() { return myVector.begin(); }
iterator end() { return myVector.end(); }
// The size ( capacity ) of the vector
int size() { return (int) myVector.size(); }
void clear() { myVector.clear(); next = 0; }
void resize( int s ) { myVector.resize( s ); }
// Constructor, specifying the capacity
cCircularVector( int capacity )
: next( 0 )
{
myVector.resize( capacity );
}
// Add new data, over-writing oldest if full
void push_back( short v )
{
myVector[ next] = v;
advance();
}
int getNext()
{
return next;
}
private:
std::vector< short > myVector;
int next;
void advance()
{
next++;
if( next == (int)myVector.size() )
next = 0;
}
};
What about something like this:
http://ideone.com/SLSNpc
Note: It's just a base, you still need to work a bit on it. The idea is that it's easy to use because it has it's own iterator, which will give you the output you want. As you can see the last value inserted is the one shown first, which I'm guessing is what you want.
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
template<class T, size_t MaxSize>
class TopN
{
public:
void push_back(T v)
{
if (m_vector.size() < MaxSize)
m_vector.push_back(v);
else
m_vector[m_pos] = v;
if (++m_pos == MaxSize)
m_pos = 0;
}
class DummyIterator
{
public:
TopN &r; // a direct reference to our boss.
int p, m; // m: how many elements we can pull from vector, p: position of the cursor.
DummyIterator(TopN& t) : r(t), p(t.m_pos), m(t.m_vector.size()){}
operator bool() const { return (m > 0); }
T& operator *()
{
static T e = 0; // this could be removed
if (m <= 0) // if someone tries to extract data from an empty vector
return e; // instead of throwing an error, we return a dummy value
m--;
if (--p < 0)
p = MaxSize - 1;
return r.m_vector[p];
}
};
decltype(auto) begin() { return m_vector.begin(); }
decltype(auto) end() { return m_vector.end(); }
DummyIterator get_dummy_iterator()
{
return DummyIterator(*this);
}
private:
std::vector<T> m_vector;
int m_pos = 0;
};
template<typename T, size_t S>
void show(TopN<T,S>& t)
{
for (auto it = t.get_dummy_iterator(); it; )
std::cout << *it << '\t';
std::cout << std::endl;
};
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
TopN<int,10> top10;
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
top10.push_back(5 * i);
show(top10);
top10.push_back(60);
show(top10);
top10.push_back(65);
show(top10);
return 0;
}
What is the most efficient and standard (C++11/14) way to find the max/min item of vector of vectors?
std::vector<std::vector<double>> some_values{{5,0,8},{3,1,9}};
the wanted max element is 9
the wanted min element is 0
Here's a multi-threaded solution that returns an iterator (or throws) to the maximum for general type T (assuming operator< is defined for T). Note the most important optimisation is to perform the inner max operations on the 'columns' to exploit C++'s column-major ordering.
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
template <typename T>
typename std::vector<T>::const_iterator max_element(const std::vector<std::vector<T>>& values)
{
if (values.empty()) throw std::runtime_error {"values cannot be empty"};
std::vector<std::pair<typename std::vector<T>::const_iterator, bool>> maxes(values.size());
threaded_transform(values.cbegin(), values.cend(), maxes.begin(),
[] (const auto& v) {
return std::make_pair(std::max_element(v.cbegin(), v.cend()), v.empty());
});
auto it = std::remove_if(maxes.begin(), maxes.end(), [] (auto p) { return p.second; });
if (it == maxes.begin()) throw std::runtime_error {"values cannot be empty"};
return std::max_element(maxes.begin(), it,
[] (auto lhs, auto rhs) {
return *lhs.first < *rhs.first;
})->first;
}
threaded_transform is not part of the standard library (yet), but here's an implementation you could use.
#include <vector>
#include <thread>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstddef>
template <typename InputIterator, typename OutputIterator, typename UnaryOperation>
OutputIterator threaded_transform(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result, UnaryOperation op, unsigned num_threads)
{
std::size_t num_values_per_threads = std::distance(first, last) / num_threads;
std::vector<std::thread> threads;
threads.reserve(num_threads);
for (int i = 1; i <= num_threads; ++i) {
if (i == num_threads) {
threads.push_back(std::thread(std::transform<InputIterator,
OutputIterator, UnaryOperation>,
first, last, result, op));
} else {
threads.push_back(std::thread(std::transform<InputIterator,
OutputIterator, UnaryOperation>,
first, first + num_values_per_threads,
result, op));
}
first += num_values_per_threads;
result += num_values_per_threads;
}
for (auto& thread : threads) thread.join();
return result;
}
template <typename InputIterator, typename OutputIterator, typename UnaryOperation>
OutputIterator threaded_transform(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result, UnaryOperation op)
{
return threaded_transform<InputIterator, OutputIterator, UnaryOperation>(first, last, result, op, std::thread::hardware_concurrency());
}
If you used a boost::multi_array<double, 2> instead of a std::vector<std::vector<double>> it would be as simple as:
auto minmax = std::minmax_element(values.data(), values.data() + values.num_elements());
Live demo.
The plain for loop way:
T max_e = std::numeric_limits<T>::min();
for(const auto& v: vv) {
for(const auto& e: v) {
max_e = std::max(max_e, e);
}
}
You must at least look at every element, so, as Anony-mouse mentioned, complexity will be at least O(n^2).
#include <vector>
#include <limits>
#include <algorithm>
int main() {
std::vector<std::vector<double>> some_values;
double max = std::numeric_limits<double>::lowest();
for (const auto& v : some_values)
{
double current_max = *std::max_element(v.cbegin(), v.cend());
max = max < current_max ? current_max : max; // max = std::max(current_max, max);
}
}
You can do it pretty easily with Eric Niebler's range-v3 library (which obviously isn't standard yet, but hopefully will be in the not-too-distant future):
vector<vector<double>> some_values{{5,0,8},{3,1,9}};
auto joined = some_values | ranges::view::join;
auto p = std::minmax_element(joined.begin(), joined.end());
p.first is an iterator to the min element; p.second to the max.
(range-v3 does have an implementation of minmax_element, but unfortunately, it requires a ForwardRange and view::join only gives me an InputRange, so I can't use it.)
Any efficient way to calculate the maximum element in a 2-D array(or vector in your case) involves a complexity of O(n^2) irrespective of what you do, as the calculation involves a comparison between n*n elements.Best way in terms of ease of use is to use std::max_element on the vector of vectors.I will not delve into details.Here is the reference.
If you create a custom iterator to iterate over all double of your vector of vector, a simple std::minmax_element do the job
iterator is something like:
class MyIterator : public std::iterator<std::random_access_iterator_tag, double>
{
public:
MyIterator() : container(nullptr), i(0), j(0) {}
MyIterator(const std::vector<std::vector<double>>& container,
std::size_t i,
std::size_t j) : container(&container), i(i), j(j)
{
// Skip empty container
if (i < container.size() && container[i].empty())
{
j = 0;
++(*this);
}
}
MyIterator(const MyIterator& rhs) = default;
MyIterator& operator = (const MyIterator& rhs) = default;
MyIterator& operator ++() {
if (++j >= (*container)[i].size()) {
do {++i;} while (i < (*container).size() && (*container)[i].empty());
j = 0;
}
return *this;
}
MyIterator operator ++(int) { auto it = *this; ++(*this); return it; }
MyIterator& operator --() {
if (j-- == 0) {
do { --i; } while (i != 0 && (*container)[i].empty());
j = (*container)[i].size();
}
return *this;
}
MyIterator operator --(int) { auto it = *this; --(*this); return it; }
double operator *() const { return (*container)[i][j]; }
bool operator == (const MyIterator& rhs) const {
return container == rhs.container && i == rhs.i && j == rhs.j;
}
bool operator != (const MyIterator& rhs) const { return !(*this == rhs); }
private:
const std::vector<std::vector<double>>* container;
std::size_t i;
std::size_t j;
};
And usage may be
// Helper functions for begin/end
MyIterator MyIteratorBegin(const std::vector<std::vector<double>>& container)
{
return MyIterator(container, 0, 0);
}
MyIterator MyIteratorEnd(const std::vector<std::vector<double>>& container)
{
return MyIterator(container, container.size(), 0);
}
int main() {
std::vector<std::vector<double>> values = {{5,0,8}, {}, {3,1,9}};
auto b = MyIteratorBegin(values);
auto e = MyIteratorEnd(values);
auto p = std::minmax_element(b, e);
if (p.first != e) {
std::cout << "min is " << *p.first << " and max is " << *p.second << std::endl;
}
}
Live example
Using the accumulate function you could write:
#include <iostream>
#include <numeric>
#include <vector>
int main()
{
std::vector<std::vector<double>> m{ {5, 0, 8}, {3, 1, 9} };
double x = std::accumulate(m.begin(), m.end(), m[0][0],
[](double max, const std::vector<double> &v)
{
return std::max(max,
*std::max_element(v.begin(),
v.end()));
});
std::cout << x << '\n';
return 0;
}
but I'd prefer the good, old for-loop.
The example can be extended to find both the min and max values:
std::accumulate(m.begin(), m.end(),
std::make_pair(m[0][0], m[0][0]),
[](std::pair<double, double> minmax, const std::vector<double> &v)
{
auto tmp(std::minmax_element(v.begin(), v.end()));
return std::make_pair(
std::min(minmax.first, *tmp.first),
std::max(minmax.second, *tmp.second));
});
(in real code you have to handle the empty-vector case)
Unfortunately a vector of vector isn't stored contiguously in memory, so you haven't a single block containing all the values (this is one of the reasons why a vector of vector isn't a good model for a matrix).
You can take advantage of a vector of vector if it contains a lot of elements.
Since each sub-vector is autonomous, you could use std::async to fill asynchronously a vector of futures containing the max value of each sub-vector.
The simplest method would be to first have a function to determine the max/min elements of one vector, say a function called:
double getMaxInVector(const vector<double>& someVec){}
Passing by reference (for reading purposes only) in this case will be a lot more time and space efficient (you don't want your function copying an entire vector). Thus in your function to determine max/min element of a vector of vectors, you would have a nested loop, such as:
for(size_t x= 0; x < some_values.size(); x++){
for(size_t y = 0; y < x.size(); y++){
// y represents the vectors inside the vector of course
// current max/min = getMax(y)
// update max/min after inner loop finishes and x increments
// by comparing it with previous max/min
The problem with the above solution is its inefficiency. From my knowledge, this algorithm will generally run on O(n^2log(n)) efficiency, which is quite unimpressive. But of course, it is still a solution. Although there might be standard algorithms that can find the max/min of a vector for you, it's always more accomplishing to write your own, and using the given will usually do nothing in terms of improving efficiency because the algorithm will generally be the same (for small functions that determine max/min). In fact, theoretically, standard functions would run marginally slower since those functions are templates which have to determine the type it is dealing with at run-time.
Lets say we have a vector named some_values, as shown below
7 4 2 0
4 8 10 8
3 6 7 6
3 9 19* 14
define a one-dimensional vector as shown below
vector<int> oneDimVector;
for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++){
for(int j = 0; j < 4; j++){
oneDimVector.push_back(some_values[i][j]);
}
}
Then find out a maximum/minimum element in that one-dimensional vector as shown below
vector<int>::iterator maxElement = max_element(oneDimVector.begin(),oneDimVector.end());
vector<int>::iterator minElement = min_element(oneDimVector.begin(),oneDimVector.end());
Now you get the max/min elements as below
cout << "Max element is " << *maxElement << endl;
cout << "Min element is " << *minElement << endl;
vector<vector<int>> vv = { vector<int>{10,12,43,58}, vector<int>{10,14,23,18}, vector<int>{28,47,12,90} };
vector<vector<int>> vv1 = { vector<int>{22,24,43,58}, vector<int>{56,17,23,18}, vector<int>{11,12,12,90} };
int matrix1_elem_sum=0;
int matrix2_elem_sum = 0;
for (size_t i = 0; i < vv.size(); i++)
{
matrix1_elem_sum += std::accumulate(vv[i].begin(), vv[i].end(), 0);
matrix2_elem_sum += std::accumulate(vv1[i].begin(), vv1[i].end(), 0);
}
cout << matrix1_elem_sum <<endl;
cout << matrix2_elem_sum << endl;
int summ = matrix1_elem_sum + matrix2_elem_sum;
cout << summ << endl;
or optimazed variant:
vector<vector<int>> vv = { vector<int>{10,12,43,58}, vector<int>{10,14,23,18}, vector<int>{28,47,12,90} };
vector<vector<int>> vv1 = { vector<int>{22,24,43,58}, vector<int>{56,17,23,18}, vector<int>{11,12,12,90} };
int summ=0;
int matrix2_elem_sum = 0;
for (size_t i = 0; i < vv.size(); i++)
{
summ += std::accumulate(vv[i].begin(), vv[i].end(), 0)+ std::accumulate(vv1[i].begin(), vv1[i].end(), 0);
}
cout << summ << endl;
}
I've a vector of vectors say vector<vector<int> > items of different sizes like as follows
1,2,3
4,5
6,7,8
I want to create combinations in terms of Cartesian product of these vectors like
1,4,6
1,4,7
1,4,8
and so on till
3,5,8
How can I do that ? I've looked up several links and I've also listed them at the end of this post but I'm not able to interpret that as I'm not that familiar with the language. Could some body help me with this.
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
vector<vector<int> > items;
int k = 0;
for ( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) {
items.push_back ( vector<int>() );
for ( int j = 0; j < 5; j++ )
items[i].push_back ( k++ );
}
cartesian ( items ); // I want some function here to do this.
}
This program has equal length vectors and I put this so that it will be easier to understand my data structure. It will be very helpful even if somebody uses others answers from other links and integrate with this to get the result. Thank you very much
Couple of links I looked at
one
Two
Program from : program
First, I'll show you a recursive version.
// Cartesion product of vector of vectors
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
// Types to hold vector-of-ints (Vi) and vector-of-vector-of-ints (Vvi)
typedef std::vector<int> Vi;
typedef std::vector<Vi> Vvi;
// Just for the sample -- populate the intput data set
Vvi build_input() {
Vvi vvi;
for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
Vi vi;
for(int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
vi.push_back(i*10+j);
}
vvi.push_back(vi);
}
return vvi;
}
// just for the sample -- print the data sets
std::ostream&
operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Vi& vi)
{
os << "(";
std::copy(vi.begin(), vi.end(), std::ostream_iterator<int>(os, ", "));
os << ")";
return os;
}
std::ostream&
operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Vvi& vvi)
{
os << "(\n";
for(Vvi::const_iterator it = vvi.begin();
it != vvi.end();
it++) {
os << " " << *it << "\n";
}
os << ")";
return os;
}
// recursive algorithm to to produce cart. prod.
// At any given moment, "me" points to some Vi in the middle of the
// input data set.
// for int i in *me:
// add i to current result
// recurse on next "me"
//
void cart_product(
Vvi& rvvi, // final result
Vi& rvi, // current result
Vvi::const_iterator me, // current input
Vvi::const_iterator end) // final input
{
if(me == end) {
// terminal condition of the recursion. We no longer have
// any input vectors to manipulate. Add the current result (rvi)
// to the total set of results (rvvvi).
rvvi.push_back(rvi);
return;
}
// need an easy name for my vector-of-ints
const Vi& mevi = *me;
for(Vi::const_iterator it = mevi.begin();
it != mevi.end();
it++) {
// final rvi will look like "a, b, c, ME, d, e, f"
// At the moment, rvi already has "a, b, c"
rvi.push_back(*it); // add ME
cart_product(rvvi, rvi, me+1, end); add "d, e, f"
rvi.pop_back(); // clean ME off for next round
}
}
// sample only, to drive the cart_product routine.
int main() {
Vvi input(build_input());
std::cout << input << "\n";
Vvi output;
Vi outputTemp;
cart_product(output, outputTemp, input.begin(), input.end());
std::cout << output << "\n";
}
Now, I'll show you the recursive iterative version that I shamelessly stole from #John :
The rest of the program is pretty much the same, only showing the cart_product function.
// Seems like you'd want a vector of iterators
// which iterate over your individual vector<int>s.
struct Digits {
Vi::const_iterator begin;
Vi::const_iterator end;
Vi::const_iterator me;
};
typedef std::vector<Digits> Vd;
void cart_product(
Vvi& out, // final result
Vvi& in) // final result
{
Vd vd;
// Start all of the iterators at the beginning.
for(Vvi::const_iterator it = in.begin();
it != in.end();
++it) {
Digits d = {(*it).begin(), (*it).end(), (*it).begin()};
vd.push_back(d);
}
while(1) {
// Construct your first product vector by pulling
// out the element of each vector via the iterator.
Vi result;
for(Vd::const_iterator it = vd.begin();
it != vd.end();
it++) {
result.push_back(*(it->me));
}
out.push_back(result);
// Increment the rightmost one, and repeat.
// When you reach the end, reset that one to the beginning and
// increment the next-to-last one. You can get the "next-to-last"
// iterator by pulling it out of the neighboring element in your
// vector of iterators.
for(Vd::iterator it = vd.begin(); ; ) {
// okay, I started at the left instead. sue me
++(it->me);
if(it->me == it->end) {
if(it+1 == vd.end()) {
// I'm the last digit, and I'm about to roll
return;
} else {
// cascade
it->me = it->begin;
++it;
}
} else {
// normal
break;
}
}
}
}
Here is a solution in C++11.
The indexing of the variable-sized arrays can be done eloquently with modular arithmetic.
The total number of lines in the output is the product of the sizes of the input vectors. That is:
N = v[0].size() * v[1].size() * v[2].size()
Therefore the main loop has n as the iteration variable, from 0 to N-1. In principle, each value of n encodes enough information to extract each of the indices of v for that iteration. This is done in a subloop using repeated modular arithmetic:
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include <numeric>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
void cartesian( vector<vector<int> >& v ) {
auto product = []( long long a, vector<int>& b ) { return a*b.size(); };
const long long N = accumulate( v.begin(), v.end(), 1LL, product );
vector<int> u(v.size());
for( long long n=0 ; n<N ; ++n ) {
lldiv_t q { n, 0 };
for( long long i=v.size()-1 ; 0<=i ; --i ) {
q = div( q.quot, v[i].size() );
u[i] = v[i][q.rem];
}
// Do what you want here with u.
for( int x : u ) cout << x << ' ';
cout << '\n';
}
}
int main() {
vector<vector<int> > v { { 1, 2, 3 },
{ 4, 5 },
{ 6, 7, 8 } };
cartesian(v);
return 0;
}
Output:
1 4 6
1 4 7
1 4 8
...
3 5 8
Shorter code:
vector<vector<int>> cart_product (const vector<vector<int>>& v) {
vector<vector<int>> s = {{}};
for (const auto& u : v) {
vector<vector<int>> r;
for (const auto& x : s) {
for (const auto y : u) {
r.push_back(x);
r.back().push_back(y);
}
}
s = move(r);
}
return s;
}
Seems like you'd want a vector of iterators which iterate over your individual vector<int>s.
Start all of the iterators at the beginning. Construct your first product vector by pulling out the element of each vector via the iterator.
Increment the rightmost one, and repeat.
When you reach the end, reset that one to the beginning and increment the next-to-last one. You can get the "next-to-last" iterator by pulling it out of the neighboring element in your vector of iterators.
Continue cycling through until both the last and next-to-last iterators are at the end. Then, reset them both, increment the third-from-last iterator. In general, this can be cascaded.
It's like an odometer, but with each different digit being in a different base.
Here's my solution. Also iterative, but a little shorter than the above...
void xp(const vector<vector<int>*>& vecs, vector<vector<int>*> *result) {
vector<vector<int>*>* rslts;
for (int ii = 0; ii < vecs.size(); ++ii) {
const vector<int>& vec = *vecs[ii];
if (ii == 0) {
// vecs=[[1,2],...] ==> rslts=[[1],[2]]
rslts = new vector<vector<int>*>;
for (int jj = 0; jj < vec.size(); ++jj) {
vector<int>* v = new vector<int>;
v->push_back(vec[jj]);
rslts->push_back(v);
}
} else {
// vecs=[[1,2],[3,4],...] ==> rslts=[[1,3],[1,4],[2,3],[2,4]]
vector<vector<int>*>* tmp = new vector<vector<int>*>;
for (int jj = 0; jj < vec.size(); ++jj) { // vec[jj]=3 (first iter jj=0)
for (vector<vector<int>*>::const_iterator it = rslts->begin();
it != rslts->end(); ++it) {
vector<int>* v = new vector<int>(**it); // v=[1]
v->push_back(vec[jj]); // v=[1,3]
tmp->push_back(v); // tmp=[[1,3]]
}
}
for (int kk = 0; kk < rslts->size(); ++kk) {
delete (*rslts)[kk];
}
delete rslts;
rslts = tmp;
}
}
result->insert(result->end(), rslts->begin(), rslts->end());
delete rslts;
}
I derived it with some pain from a haskell version I wrote:
xp :: [[a]] -> [[a]]
xp [] = []
xp [l] = map (:[]) l
xp (h:t) = foldr (\x acc -> foldr (\l acc -> (x:l):acc) acc (xp t)) [] h
Since I needed the same functionality, I implemented an iterator which computes the Cartesian product on the fly, as needed, and iterates over it.
It can be used as follows.
#include <forward_list>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include "cartesian.hpp"
int main()
{
// Works with a vector of vectors
std::vector<std::vector<int>> test{{1,2,3}, {4,5,6}, {8,9}};
CartesianProduct<decltype(test)> cp(test);
for(auto const& val: cp) {
std::cout << val.at(0) << ", " << val.at(1) << ", " << val.at(2) << "\n";
}
// Also works with something much less, like a forward_list of forward_lists
std::forward_list<std::forward_list<std::string>> foo{{"boo", "far", "zab"}, {"zoo", "moo"}, {"yohoo", "bohoo", "whoot", "noo"}};
CartesianProduct<decltype(foo)> bar(foo);
for(auto const& val: bar) {
std::cout << val.at(0) << ", " << val.at(1) << ", " << val.at(2) << "\n";
}
}
The file cartesian.hpp looks like this.
#include <cassert>
#include <limits>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <vector>
#include <boost/iterator/iterator_facade.hpp>
//! Class iterating over the Cartesian product of a forward iterable container of forward iterable containers
template<typename T>
class CartesianProductIterator : public boost::iterator_facade<CartesianProductIterator<T>, std::vector<typename T::value_type::value_type> const, boost::forward_traversal_tag>
{
public:
//! Delete default constructor
CartesianProductIterator() = delete;
//! Constructor setting the underlying iterator and position
/*!
* \param[in] structure The underlying structure
* \param[in] pos The position the iterator should be initialized to. std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max()stands for the end, the position after the last element.
*/
explicit CartesianProductIterator(T const& structure, std::size_t pos);
private:
//! Give types more descriptive names
// \{
typedef T OuterContainer;
typedef typename T::value_type Container;
typedef typename T::value_type::value_type Content;
// \}
//! Grant access to boost::iterator_facade
friend class boost::iterator_core_access;
//! Increment iterator
void increment();
//! Check for equality
bool equal(CartesianProductIterator<T> const& other) const;
//! Dereference iterator
std::vector<Content> const& dereference() const;
//! The part we are iterating over
OuterContainer const& structure_;
//! The position in the Cartesian product
/*!
* For each element of structure_, give the position in it.
* The empty vector represents the end position.
* Note that this vector has a size equal to structure->size(), or is empty.
*/
std::vector<typename Container::const_iterator> position_;
//! The position just indexed by an integer
std::size_t absolutePosition_ = 0;
//! The begin iterators, saved for convenience and performance
std::vector<typename Container::const_iterator> cbegins_;
//! The end iterators, saved for convenience and performance
std::vector<typename Container::const_iterator> cends_;
//! Used for returning references
/*!
* We initialize with one empty element, so that we only need to add more elements in increment().
*/
mutable std::vector<std::vector<Content>> result_{std::vector<Content>()};
//! The size of the instance of OuterContainer
std::size_t size_ = 0;
};
template<typename T>
CartesianProductIterator<T>::CartesianProductIterator(OuterContainer const& structure, std::size_t pos) : structure_(structure)
{
for(auto & entry: structure_) {
cbegins_.push_back(entry.cbegin());
cends_.push_back(entry.cend());
++size_;
}
if(pos == std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max() || size_ == 0) {
absolutePosition_ = std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max();
return;
}
// Initialize with all cbegin() position
position_.reserve(size_);
for(std::size_t i = 0; i != size_; ++i) {
position_.push_back(cbegins_[i]);
if(cbegins_[i] == cends_[i]) {
// Empty member, so Cartesian product is empty
absolutePosition_ = std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max();
return;
}
}
// Increment to wanted position
for(std::size_t i = 0; i < pos; ++i) {
increment();
}
}
template<typename T>
void CartesianProductIterator<T>::increment()
{
if(absolutePosition_ == std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max()) {
return;
}
std::size_t pos = size_ - 1;
// Descend as far as necessary
while(++(position_[pos]) == cends_[pos] && pos != 0) {
--pos;
}
if(position_[pos] == cends_[pos]) {
assert(pos == 0);
absolutePosition_ = std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max();
return;
}
// Set all to begin behind pos
for(++pos; pos != size_; ++pos) {
position_[pos] = cbegins_[pos];
}
++absolutePosition_;
result_.emplace_back();
}
template<typename T>
std::vector<typename T::value_type::value_type> const& CartesianProductIterator<T>::dereference() const
{
if(absolutePosition_ == std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max()) {
throw new std::out_of_range("Out of bound dereference in CartesianProductIterator\n");
}
auto & result = result_[absolutePosition_];
if(result.empty()) {
result.reserve(size_);
for(auto & iterator: position_) {
result.push_back(*iterator);
}
}
return result;
}
template<typename T>
bool CartesianProductIterator<T>::equal(CartesianProductIterator<T> const& other) const
{
return absolutePosition_ == other.absolutePosition_ && structure_ == other.structure_;
}
//! Class that turns a forward iterable container of forward iterable containers into a forward iterable container which iterates over the Cartesian product of the forward iterable containers
template<typename T>
class CartesianProduct
{
public:
//! Constructor from type T
explicit CartesianProduct(T const& t) : t_(t) {}
//! Iterator to beginning of Cartesian product
CartesianProductIterator<T> begin() const { return CartesianProductIterator<T>(t_, 0); }
//! Iterator behind the last element of the Cartesian product
CartesianProductIterator<T> end() const { return CartesianProductIterator<T>(t_, std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max()); }
private:
T const& t_;
};
If someone has comments how to make it faster or better, I'd highly appreciate them.
I was just forced to implement this for a project I was working on and I came up with the code below. It can be stuck in a header and it's use is very simple but it returns all of the combinations you can get from a vector of vectors. The array that it returns only holds integers. This was a conscious decision because I just wanted the indices. In this way, I could index into each of the vector's vector and then perform the calculations I/anyone would need... best to avoid letting CartesianProduct hold "stuff" itself, it is a mathematical concept based around counting not a data structure. I'm fairly new to c++ but this was tested in a decryption algorithm pretty thoroughly. There is some light recursion but overall this is a simple implementation of a simple counting concept.
// Use of the CartesianProduct class is as follows. Give it the number
// of rows and the sizes of each of the rows. It will output all of the
// permutations of these numbers in their respective rows.
// 1. call cp.permutation() // need to check all 0s.
// 2. while cp.HasNext() // it knows the exit condition form its inputs.
// 3. cp.Increment() // Make the next permutation
// 4. cp.permutation() // get the next permutation
class CartesianProduct{
public:
CartesianProduct(int num_rows, vector<int> sizes_of_rows){
permutation_ = new int[num_rows];
num_rows_ = num_rows;
ZeroOutPermutation();
sizes_of_rows_ = sizes_of_rows;
num_max_permutations_ = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < num_rows; ++i){
num_max_permutations_ *= sizes_of_rows_[i];
}
}
~CartesianProduct(){
delete permutation_;
}
bool HasNext(){
if(num_permutations_processed_ != num_max_permutations_) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
void Increment(){
int row_to_increment = 0;
++num_permutations_processed_;
IncrementAndTest(row_to_increment);
}
int* permutation(){
return permutation_;
}
int num_permutations_processed(){
return num_permutations_processed_;
}
void PrintPermutation(){
cout << "( ";
for (int i = 0; i < num_rows_; ++i){
cout << permutation_[i] << ", ";
}
cout << " )" << endl;
}
private:
int num_permutations_processed_;
int *permutation_;
int num_rows_;
int num_max_permutations_;
vector<int> sizes_of_rows_;
// Because CartesianProduct is called first initially with it's values
// of 0 and because those values are valid and important output
// of the CartesianProduct we increment the number of permutations
// processed here when we populate the permutation_ array with 0s.
void ZeroOutPermutation(){
for (int i = 0; i < num_rows_; ++i){
permutation_[i] = 0;
}
num_permutations_processed_ = 1;
}
void IncrementAndTest(int row_to_increment){
permutation_[row_to_increment] += 1;
int max_index_of_row = sizes_of_rows_[row_to_increment] - 1;
if (permutation_[row_to_increment] > max_index_of_row){
permutation_[row_to_increment] = 0;
IncrementAndTest(row_to_increment + 1);
}
}
};
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
void cartesian (std::vector<std::vector<int>> const& items) {
auto n = items.size();
auto next = [&](std::vector<int> & x) {
for ( int i = 0; i < n; ++ i )
if ( ++x[i] == items[i].size() ) x[i] = 0;
else return true;
return false;
};
auto print = [&](std::vector<int> const& x) {
for ( int i = 0; i < n; ++ i )
std::cout << items[i][x[i]] << ",";
std::cout << "\b \n";
};
std::vector<int> x(n);
do print(x); while (next(x)); // Shazam!
}
int main () {
std::vector<std::vector<int>>
items { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5 }, { 6, 7, 8 } };
cartesian(items);
return 0;
}
The idea behind this is as follows.
Let n := items.size().
Let m_i := items[i].size(), for all i in {0,1,...,n-1}.
Let M := {0,1,...,m_0-1} x {0,1,...,m_1-1} x ... x {0,1,...,m_{n-1}-1}.
We first solve the simpler problem of iterating through M. This is accomplished by the next lambda. The algorithm is simply the "carrying" routine grade schoolers use to add 1, albeit with a mixed radix number system.
We use this to solve the more general problem by transforming a tuple x in M to one of the desired tuples via the formula items[i][x[i]] for all i in {0,1,...,n-1}. We perform this transformation in the print lambda.
We then perform the iteration with do print(x); while (next(x));.
Now some comments on complexity, under the assumption that m_i > 1 for all i:
This algorithm requires O(n) space. Note that explicit construction of the Cartesian product takes O(m_0 m_1 m_2 ... m_{n-1}) >= O(2^n) space. So this is exponentially better on space than any algorithm which requires all tuples to be stored simultaneously in memory.
The next function takes amortized O(1) time (by a geometric series argument).
The print function takes O(n) time.
Hence, altogether, the algorithm has time complexity O(n|M|) and space complexity O(n) (not counting the cost of storing items).
An interesting thing to note is that if print is replaced with a function which inspects on average only O(1) coordinates per tuple rather than all of them, then time complexity falls to O(|M|), that is, it becomes linear time with respect to the size of the Cartesian product. In other words, avoiding the copy of the tuple each iterate can be meaningful in some situations.
This version supports no iterators or ranges, but it is a simple direct implementation that uses the multiplication operator to represent the Cartesian product, and a lambda to perform the action.
The interface is designed with the particular functionality I needed. I needed the flexibility to choose vectors over which to apply the Cartesian product in a way that did not obscure the code.
int main()
{
vector< vector<long> > v{ { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5 }, { 6, 7, 8 } };
(Cartesian<long>(v[0]) * v[1] * v[2]).ForEach(
[](long p_Depth, long *p_LongList)
{
std::cout << p_LongList[0] << " " << p_LongList[1] << " " << p_LongList[2] << std::endl;
}
);
}
The implementation uses recursion up the class structure to implement the embedded for loops over each vector. The algorithm works directly on the input vectors, requiring no large temporary arrays. It is simple to understand and debug.
The use of std::function p_Action instead of void p_Action(long p_Depth, T *p_ParamList) for the lambda parameter would allow me to capture local variables, if I wanted to. In the above call, I don't.
But you knew that, didn't you. "function" is a template class which takes the type parameter of a function and makes it callable.
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
#include <functional>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
template <class T>
class Cartesian
{
private:
vector<T> &m_Vector;
Cartesian<T> *m_Cartesian;
public:
Cartesian(vector<T> &p_Vector, Cartesian<T> *p_Cartesian=NULL)
: m_Vector(p_Vector), m_Cartesian(p_Cartesian)
{};
virtual ~Cartesian() {};
Cartesian<T> *Clone()
{
return new Cartesian<T>(m_Vector, m_Cartesian ? m_Cartesian->Clone() : NULL);
};
Cartesian<T> &operator *=(vector<T> &p_Vector)
{
if (m_Cartesian)
(*m_Cartesian) *= p_Vector;
else
m_Cartesian = new Cartesian(p_Vector);
return *this;
};
Cartesian<T> operator *(vector<T> &p_Vector)
{
return (*Clone()) *= p_Vector;
};
long Depth()
{
return m_Cartesian ? 1 + m_Cartesian->Depth() : 1;
};
void ForEach(function<void (long p_Depth, T *p_ParamList)> p_Action)
{
Loop(0, new T[Depth()], p_Action);
};
private:
void Loop(long p_Depth, T *p_ParamList, function<void (long p_Depth, T *p_ParamList)> p_Action)
{
for (T &element : m_Vector)
{
p_ParamList[p_Depth] = element;
if (m_Cartesian)
m_Cartesian->Loop(p_Depth + 1, p_ParamList, p_Action);
else
p_Action(Depth(), p_ParamList);
}
};
};
I've a vector of vectors say vector<vector<int> > items of different sizes like as follows
1,2,3
4,5
6,7,8
I want to create combinations in terms of Cartesian product of these vectors like
1,4,6
1,4,7
1,4,8
and so on till
3,5,8
How can I do that ? I've looked up several links and I've also listed them at the end of this post but I'm not able to interpret that as I'm not that familiar with the language. Could some body help me with this.
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
vector<vector<int> > items;
int k = 0;
for ( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) {
items.push_back ( vector<int>() );
for ( int j = 0; j < 5; j++ )
items[i].push_back ( k++ );
}
cartesian ( items ); // I want some function here to do this.
}
This program has equal length vectors and I put this so that it will be easier to understand my data structure. It will be very helpful even if somebody uses others answers from other links and integrate with this to get the result. Thank you very much
Couple of links I looked at
one
Two
Program from : program
First, I'll show you a recursive version.
// Cartesion product of vector of vectors
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
// Types to hold vector-of-ints (Vi) and vector-of-vector-of-ints (Vvi)
typedef std::vector<int> Vi;
typedef std::vector<Vi> Vvi;
// Just for the sample -- populate the intput data set
Vvi build_input() {
Vvi vvi;
for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
Vi vi;
for(int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
vi.push_back(i*10+j);
}
vvi.push_back(vi);
}
return vvi;
}
// just for the sample -- print the data sets
std::ostream&
operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Vi& vi)
{
os << "(";
std::copy(vi.begin(), vi.end(), std::ostream_iterator<int>(os, ", "));
os << ")";
return os;
}
std::ostream&
operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Vvi& vvi)
{
os << "(\n";
for(Vvi::const_iterator it = vvi.begin();
it != vvi.end();
it++) {
os << " " << *it << "\n";
}
os << ")";
return os;
}
// recursive algorithm to to produce cart. prod.
// At any given moment, "me" points to some Vi in the middle of the
// input data set.
// for int i in *me:
// add i to current result
// recurse on next "me"
//
void cart_product(
Vvi& rvvi, // final result
Vi& rvi, // current result
Vvi::const_iterator me, // current input
Vvi::const_iterator end) // final input
{
if(me == end) {
// terminal condition of the recursion. We no longer have
// any input vectors to manipulate. Add the current result (rvi)
// to the total set of results (rvvvi).
rvvi.push_back(rvi);
return;
}
// need an easy name for my vector-of-ints
const Vi& mevi = *me;
for(Vi::const_iterator it = mevi.begin();
it != mevi.end();
it++) {
// final rvi will look like "a, b, c, ME, d, e, f"
// At the moment, rvi already has "a, b, c"
rvi.push_back(*it); // add ME
cart_product(rvvi, rvi, me+1, end); add "d, e, f"
rvi.pop_back(); // clean ME off for next round
}
}
// sample only, to drive the cart_product routine.
int main() {
Vvi input(build_input());
std::cout << input << "\n";
Vvi output;
Vi outputTemp;
cart_product(output, outputTemp, input.begin(), input.end());
std::cout << output << "\n";
}
Now, I'll show you the recursive iterative version that I shamelessly stole from #John :
The rest of the program is pretty much the same, only showing the cart_product function.
// Seems like you'd want a vector of iterators
// which iterate over your individual vector<int>s.
struct Digits {
Vi::const_iterator begin;
Vi::const_iterator end;
Vi::const_iterator me;
};
typedef std::vector<Digits> Vd;
void cart_product(
Vvi& out, // final result
Vvi& in) // final result
{
Vd vd;
// Start all of the iterators at the beginning.
for(Vvi::const_iterator it = in.begin();
it != in.end();
++it) {
Digits d = {(*it).begin(), (*it).end(), (*it).begin()};
vd.push_back(d);
}
while(1) {
// Construct your first product vector by pulling
// out the element of each vector via the iterator.
Vi result;
for(Vd::const_iterator it = vd.begin();
it != vd.end();
it++) {
result.push_back(*(it->me));
}
out.push_back(result);
// Increment the rightmost one, and repeat.
// When you reach the end, reset that one to the beginning and
// increment the next-to-last one. You can get the "next-to-last"
// iterator by pulling it out of the neighboring element in your
// vector of iterators.
for(Vd::iterator it = vd.begin(); ; ) {
// okay, I started at the left instead. sue me
++(it->me);
if(it->me == it->end) {
if(it+1 == vd.end()) {
// I'm the last digit, and I'm about to roll
return;
} else {
// cascade
it->me = it->begin;
++it;
}
} else {
// normal
break;
}
}
}
}
Here is a solution in C++11.
The indexing of the variable-sized arrays can be done eloquently with modular arithmetic.
The total number of lines in the output is the product of the sizes of the input vectors. That is:
N = v[0].size() * v[1].size() * v[2].size()
Therefore the main loop has n as the iteration variable, from 0 to N-1. In principle, each value of n encodes enough information to extract each of the indices of v for that iteration. This is done in a subloop using repeated modular arithmetic:
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include <numeric>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
void cartesian( vector<vector<int> >& v ) {
auto product = []( long long a, vector<int>& b ) { return a*b.size(); };
const long long N = accumulate( v.begin(), v.end(), 1LL, product );
vector<int> u(v.size());
for( long long n=0 ; n<N ; ++n ) {
lldiv_t q { n, 0 };
for( long long i=v.size()-1 ; 0<=i ; --i ) {
q = div( q.quot, v[i].size() );
u[i] = v[i][q.rem];
}
// Do what you want here with u.
for( int x : u ) cout << x << ' ';
cout << '\n';
}
}
int main() {
vector<vector<int> > v { { 1, 2, 3 },
{ 4, 5 },
{ 6, 7, 8 } };
cartesian(v);
return 0;
}
Output:
1 4 6
1 4 7
1 4 8
...
3 5 8
Shorter code:
vector<vector<int>> cart_product (const vector<vector<int>>& v) {
vector<vector<int>> s = {{}};
for (const auto& u : v) {
vector<vector<int>> r;
for (const auto& x : s) {
for (const auto y : u) {
r.push_back(x);
r.back().push_back(y);
}
}
s = move(r);
}
return s;
}
Seems like you'd want a vector of iterators which iterate over your individual vector<int>s.
Start all of the iterators at the beginning. Construct your first product vector by pulling out the element of each vector via the iterator.
Increment the rightmost one, and repeat.
When you reach the end, reset that one to the beginning and increment the next-to-last one. You can get the "next-to-last" iterator by pulling it out of the neighboring element in your vector of iterators.
Continue cycling through until both the last and next-to-last iterators are at the end. Then, reset them both, increment the third-from-last iterator. In general, this can be cascaded.
It's like an odometer, but with each different digit being in a different base.
Here's my solution. Also iterative, but a little shorter than the above...
void xp(const vector<vector<int>*>& vecs, vector<vector<int>*> *result) {
vector<vector<int>*>* rslts;
for (int ii = 0; ii < vecs.size(); ++ii) {
const vector<int>& vec = *vecs[ii];
if (ii == 0) {
// vecs=[[1,2],...] ==> rslts=[[1],[2]]
rslts = new vector<vector<int>*>;
for (int jj = 0; jj < vec.size(); ++jj) {
vector<int>* v = new vector<int>;
v->push_back(vec[jj]);
rslts->push_back(v);
}
} else {
// vecs=[[1,2],[3,4],...] ==> rslts=[[1,3],[1,4],[2,3],[2,4]]
vector<vector<int>*>* tmp = new vector<vector<int>*>;
for (int jj = 0; jj < vec.size(); ++jj) { // vec[jj]=3 (first iter jj=0)
for (vector<vector<int>*>::const_iterator it = rslts->begin();
it != rslts->end(); ++it) {
vector<int>* v = new vector<int>(**it); // v=[1]
v->push_back(vec[jj]); // v=[1,3]
tmp->push_back(v); // tmp=[[1,3]]
}
}
for (int kk = 0; kk < rslts->size(); ++kk) {
delete (*rslts)[kk];
}
delete rslts;
rslts = tmp;
}
}
result->insert(result->end(), rslts->begin(), rslts->end());
delete rslts;
}
I derived it with some pain from a haskell version I wrote:
xp :: [[a]] -> [[a]]
xp [] = []
xp [l] = map (:[]) l
xp (h:t) = foldr (\x acc -> foldr (\l acc -> (x:l):acc) acc (xp t)) [] h
Since I needed the same functionality, I implemented an iterator which computes the Cartesian product on the fly, as needed, and iterates over it.
It can be used as follows.
#include <forward_list>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include "cartesian.hpp"
int main()
{
// Works with a vector of vectors
std::vector<std::vector<int>> test{{1,2,3}, {4,5,6}, {8,9}};
CartesianProduct<decltype(test)> cp(test);
for(auto const& val: cp) {
std::cout << val.at(0) << ", " << val.at(1) << ", " << val.at(2) << "\n";
}
// Also works with something much less, like a forward_list of forward_lists
std::forward_list<std::forward_list<std::string>> foo{{"boo", "far", "zab"}, {"zoo", "moo"}, {"yohoo", "bohoo", "whoot", "noo"}};
CartesianProduct<decltype(foo)> bar(foo);
for(auto const& val: bar) {
std::cout << val.at(0) << ", " << val.at(1) << ", " << val.at(2) << "\n";
}
}
The file cartesian.hpp looks like this.
#include <cassert>
#include <limits>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <vector>
#include <boost/iterator/iterator_facade.hpp>
//! Class iterating over the Cartesian product of a forward iterable container of forward iterable containers
template<typename T>
class CartesianProductIterator : public boost::iterator_facade<CartesianProductIterator<T>, std::vector<typename T::value_type::value_type> const, boost::forward_traversal_tag>
{
public:
//! Delete default constructor
CartesianProductIterator() = delete;
//! Constructor setting the underlying iterator and position
/*!
* \param[in] structure The underlying structure
* \param[in] pos The position the iterator should be initialized to. std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max()stands for the end, the position after the last element.
*/
explicit CartesianProductIterator(T const& structure, std::size_t pos);
private:
//! Give types more descriptive names
// \{
typedef T OuterContainer;
typedef typename T::value_type Container;
typedef typename T::value_type::value_type Content;
// \}
//! Grant access to boost::iterator_facade
friend class boost::iterator_core_access;
//! Increment iterator
void increment();
//! Check for equality
bool equal(CartesianProductIterator<T> const& other) const;
//! Dereference iterator
std::vector<Content> const& dereference() const;
//! The part we are iterating over
OuterContainer const& structure_;
//! The position in the Cartesian product
/*!
* For each element of structure_, give the position in it.
* The empty vector represents the end position.
* Note that this vector has a size equal to structure->size(), or is empty.
*/
std::vector<typename Container::const_iterator> position_;
//! The position just indexed by an integer
std::size_t absolutePosition_ = 0;
//! The begin iterators, saved for convenience and performance
std::vector<typename Container::const_iterator> cbegins_;
//! The end iterators, saved for convenience and performance
std::vector<typename Container::const_iterator> cends_;
//! Used for returning references
/*!
* We initialize with one empty element, so that we only need to add more elements in increment().
*/
mutable std::vector<std::vector<Content>> result_{std::vector<Content>()};
//! The size of the instance of OuterContainer
std::size_t size_ = 0;
};
template<typename T>
CartesianProductIterator<T>::CartesianProductIterator(OuterContainer const& structure, std::size_t pos) : structure_(structure)
{
for(auto & entry: structure_) {
cbegins_.push_back(entry.cbegin());
cends_.push_back(entry.cend());
++size_;
}
if(pos == std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max() || size_ == 0) {
absolutePosition_ = std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max();
return;
}
// Initialize with all cbegin() position
position_.reserve(size_);
for(std::size_t i = 0; i != size_; ++i) {
position_.push_back(cbegins_[i]);
if(cbegins_[i] == cends_[i]) {
// Empty member, so Cartesian product is empty
absolutePosition_ = std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max();
return;
}
}
// Increment to wanted position
for(std::size_t i = 0; i < pos; ++i) {
increment();
}
}
template<typename T>
void CartesianProductIterator<T>::increment()
{
if(absolutePosition_ == std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max()) {
return;
}
std::size_t pos = size_ - 1;
// Descend as far as necessary
while(++(position_[pos]) == cends_[pos] && pos != 0) {
--pos;
}
if(position_[pos] == cends_[pos]) {
assert(pos == 0);
absolutePosition_ = std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max();
return;
}
// Set all to begin behind pos
for(++pos; pos != size_; ++pos) {
position_[pos] = cbegins_[pos];
}
++absolutePosition_;
result_.emplace_back();
}
template<typename T>
std::vector<typename T::value_type::value_type> const& CartesianProductIterator<T>::dereference() const
{
if(absolutePosition_ == std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max()) {
throw new std::out_of_range("Out of bound dereference in CartesianProductIterator\n");
}
auto & result = result_[absolutePosition_];
if(result.empty()) {
result.reserve(size_);
for(auto & iterator: position_) {
result.push_back(*iterator);
}
}
return result;
}
template<typename T>
bool CartesianProductIterator<T>::equal(CartesianProductIterator<T> const& other) const
{
return absolutePosition_ == other.absolutePosition_ && structure_ == other.structure_;
}
//! Class that turns a forward iterable container of forward iterable containers into a forward iterable container which iterates over the Cartesian product of the forward iterable containers
template<typename T>
class CartesianProduct
{
public:
//! Constructor from type T
explicit CartesianProduct(T const& t) : t_(t) {}
//! Iterator to beginning of Cartesian product
CartesianProductIterator<T> begin() const { return CartesianProductIterator<T>(t_, 0); }
//! Iterator behind the last element of the Cartesian product
CartesianProductIterator<T> end() const { return CartesianProductIterator<T>(t_, std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max()); }
private:
T const& t_;
};
If someone has comments how to make it faster or better, I'd highly appreciate them.
I was just forced to implement this for a project I was working on and I came up with the code below. It can be stuck in a header and it's use is very simple but it returns all of the combinations you can get from a vector of vectors. The array that it returns only holds integers. This was a conscious decision because I just wanted the indices. In this way, I could index into each of the vector's vector and then perform the calculations I/anyone would need... best to avoid letting CartesianProduct hold "stuff" itself, it is a mathematical concept based around counting not a data structure. I'm fairly new to c++ but this was tested in a decryption algorithm pretty thoroughly. There is some light recursion but overall this is a simple implementation of a simple counting concept.
// Use of the CartesianProduct class is as follows. Give it the number
// of rows and the sizes of each of the rows. It will output all of the
// permutations of these numbers in their respective rows.
// 1. call cp.permutation() // need to check all 0s.
// 2. while cp.HasNext() // it knows the exit condition form its inputs.
// 3. cp.Increment() // Make the next permutation
// 4. cp.permutation() // get the next permutation
class CartesianProduct{
public:
CartesianProduct(int num_rows, vector<int> sizes_of_rows){
permutation_ = new int[num_rows];
num_rows_ = num_rows;
ZeroOutPermutation();
sizes_of_rows_ = sizes_of_rows;
num_max_permutations_ = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < num_rows; ++i){
num_max_permutations_ *= sizes_of_rows_[i];
}
}
~CartesianProduct(){
delete permutation_;
}
bool HasNext(){
if(num_permutations_processed_ != num_max_permutations_) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
void Increment(){
int row_to_increment = 0;
++num_permutations_processed_;
IncrementAndTest(row_to_increment);
}
int* permutation(){
return permutation_;
}
int num_permutations_processed(){
return num_permutations_processed_;
}
void PrintPermutation(){
cout << "( ";
for (int i = 0; i < num_rows_; ++i){
cout << permutation_[i] << ", ";
}
cout << " )" << endl;
}
private:
int num_permutations_processed_;
int *permutation_;
int num_rows_;
int num_max_permutations_;
vector<int> sizes_of_rows_;
// Because CartesianProduct is called first initially with it's values
// of 0 and because those values are valid and important output
// of the CartesianProduct we increment the number of permutations
// processed here when we populate the permutation_ array with 0s.
void ZeroOutPermutation(){
for (int i = 0; i < num_rows_; ++i){
permutation_[i] = 0;
}
num_permutations_processed_ = 1;
}
void IncrementAndTest(int row_to_increment){
permutation_[row_to_increment] += 1;
int max_index_of_row = sizes_of_rows_[row_to_increment] - 1;
if (permutation_[row_to_increment] > max_index_of_row){
permutation_[row_to_increment] = 0;
IncrementAndTest(row_to_increment + 1);
}
}
};
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
void cartesian (std::vector<std::vector<int>> const& items) {
auto n = items.size();
auto next = [&](std::vector<int> & x) {
for ( int i = 0; i < n; ++ i )
if ( ++x[i] == items[i].size() ) x[i] = 0;
else return true;
return false;
};
auto print = [&](std::vector<int> const& x) {
for ( int i = 0; i < n; ++ i )
std::cout << items[i][x[i]] << ",";
std::cout << "\b \n";
};
std::vector<int> x(n);
do print(x); while (next(x)); // Shazam!
}
int main () {
std::vector<std::vector<int>>
items { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5 }, { 6, 7, 8 } };
cartesian(items);
return 0;
}
The idea behind this is as follows.
Let n := items.size().
Let m_i := items[i].size(), for all i in {0,1,...,n-1}.
Let M := {0,1,...,m_0-1} x {0,1,...,m_1-1} x ... x {0,1,...,m_{n-1}-1}.
We first solve the simpler problem of iterating through M. This is accomplished by the next lambda. The algorithm is simply the "carrying" routine grade schoolers use to add 1, albeit with a mixed radix number system.
We use this to solve the more general problem by transforming a tuple x in M to one of the desired tuples via the formula items[i][x[i]] for all i in {0,1,...,n-1}. We perform this transformation in the print lambda.
We then perform the iteration with do print(x); while (next(x));.
Now some comments on complexity, under the assumption that m_i > 1 for all i:
This algorithm requires O(n) space. Note that explicit construction of the Cartesian product takes O(m_0 m_1 m_2 ... m_{n-1}) >= O(2^n) space. So this is exponentially better on space than any algorithm which requires all tuples to be stored simultaneously in memory.
The next function takes amortized O(1) time (by a geometric series argument).
The print function takes O(n) time.
Hence, altogether, the algorithm has time complexity O(n|M|) and space complexity O(n) (not counting the cost of storing items).
An interesting thing to note is that if print is replaced with a function which inspects on average only O(1) coordinates per tuple rather than all of them, then time complexity falls to O(|M|), that is, it becomes linear time with respect to the size of the Cartesian product. In other words, avoiding the copy of the tuple each iterate can be meaningful in some situations.
This version supports no iterators or ranges, but it is a simple direct implementation that uses the multiplication operator to represent the Cartesian product, and a lambda to perform the action.
The interface is designed with the particular functionality I needed. I needed the flexibility to choose vectors over which to apply the Cartesian product in a way that did not obscure the code.
int main()
{
vector< vector<long> > v{ { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5 }, { 6, 7, 8 } };
(Cartesian<long>(v[0]) * v[1] * v[2]).ForEach(
[](long p_Depth, long *p_LongList)
{
std::cout << p_LongList[0] << " " << p_LongList[1] << " " << p_LongList[2] << std::endl;
}
);
}
The implementation uses recursion up the class structure to implement the embedded for loops over each vector. The algorithm works directly on the input vectors, requiring no large temporary arrays. It is simple to understand and debug.
The use of std::function p_Action instead of void p_Action(long p_Depth, T *p_ParamList) for the lambda parameter would allow me to capture local variables, if I wanted to. In the above call, I don't.
But you knew that, didn't you. "function" is a template class which takes the type parameter of a function and makes it callable.
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
#include <functional>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
template <class T>
class Cartesian
{
private:
vector<T> &m_Vector;
Cartesian<T> *m_Cartesian;
public:
Cartesian(vector<T> &p_Vector, Cartesian<T> *p_Cartesian=NULL)
: m_Vector(p_Vector), m_Cartesian(p_Cartesian)
{};
virtual ~Cartesian() {};
Cartesian<T> *Clone()
{
return new Cartesian<T>(m_Vector, m_Cartesian ? m_Cartesian->Clone() : NULL);
};
Cartesian<T> &operator *=(vector<T> &p_Vector)
{
if (m_Cartesian)
(*m_Cartesian) *= p_Vector;
else
m_Cartesian = new Cartesian(p_Vector);
return *this;
};
Cartesian<T> operator *(vector<T> &p_Vector)
{
return (*Clone()) *= p_Vector;
};
long Depth()
{
return m_Cartesian ? 1 + m_Cartesian->Depth() : 1;
};
void ForEach(function<void (long p_Depth, T *p_ParamList)> p_Action)
{
Loop(0, new T[Depth()], p_Action);
};
private:
void Loop(long p_Depth, T *p_ParamList, function<void (long p_Depth, T *p_ParamList)> p_Action)
{
for (T &element : m_Vector)
{
p_ParamList[p_Depth] = element;
if (m_Cartesian)
m_Cartesian->Loop(p_Depth + 1, p_ParamList, p_Action);
else
p_Action(Depth(), p_ParamList);
}
};
};