I have been trying to fully implement my hashing table, but I don't really understand exactly how the code works. I have my header file setup fine, I am just missing implementing the following:
V * find(K key) - which I want to return a pointer to the value I am looking for, or null obviously.
bool addOrMod(K key, V val) - which adds a new element, returning the status (true or false) for if the value is added.
int size() - which simply returns how many items are in my Dictionary.
I also think I didn't initialize SZ correctly in int hash(string s)
I appreciate your help.
Here is my class:
#include "Dic.h"
#include <string>
int Dic::hash(K key){ //DEPENDS ON K. This one assumes K is string
return -1; //stub code
}
void Dic::deallocate(){ //separate member called by destruc and op=
for(int i=0; i<SZ; i++){
//get rid of chain i
DicNode * p = table[i];
while(p!=0){
DicNode * kill = p;
p = p->nxt;
delete kill;
}
}
delete [] table;
}
V * find(K) {
return *location;
}
bool addOrMod(K, V){
return added;
}
int size(){
return size;
}
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
//BIG 3
Dic::Dic() {
}
int hash(string s) {
int ret=0;
int SZ = s.length();
for (int i=0; i<s.size(); i++) {
ret+=s[i]-'A';
}
return ret%SZ;
}
Dic::~Dic(){this->deallocate();}
Dic::Dic( const Dic & src ){ //copy con
*this = src; //Uses operator= defined for Dic
}
Dic & Dic::operator=( const Dic & rhs ){ //assignment op
if(this == &rhs){ cout<<"goofy"<<endl; return *this; }
// clean up any memory allocated by this
this->deallocate();
// initialize this n,SZ,table to be like rhs
this->n=rhs.n; this->SZ = rhs.SZ; this->table=new DicNode*[SZ];
// duplicate the DicNode chains
for(int i=0;i<SZ;i++){
DicNode * q = rhs.table[i];
if(q==0){
this->table[i]=0;
}else{
this->table[i]=new DicNode; //note: NOT DicNode()
DicNode * p = this->table[i];
while(true){ //loop inv: *p is blank node corresp to *q
p->key = q->key; p->val = q->val;
if(q->nxt==0)break;
q=q->nxt; p->nxt=new DicNode; p=p->nxt;
}
p->nxt=0;
}
}
return *this;
}
Related
I am required to implement a dynamic array that adjusts, dynamically, in accordance with the number of value (temperatures) that are input into the code. I have written the majority of the code for this to be possible, however I have run into a bug and for the life of me, have been unable to locate the issue.
The program is supposed to output the values of temp_a, make temp_b = temp_a, output the value of temp_b, and then clear the value of temp_a, and finally output the values of temp_b once more.
However, when I compile the program, it outputs that the list is full and cannot add any more values, meaning there is a logic error somewhere in the code.
Please forgive me for the lengthy code, as soon as I can locate the error, the code shall be separated into multiple compilations.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class TemperatureList {
private:
int* temp; // pointer to dynamic array
short current_size; // current number of elements
short max_size; // max number of elements allowed in this list
public:
// Overloading assignment operator
void operator =(const TemperatureList& another_list);
// === Constructors ===
// Default constructor
TemperatureList();
// Constructor that accepts an integer parameter that specifies the max length of the list
TemperatureList(int max);
// Copy constructor that accepts another List as parameter
TemperatureList(const TemperatureList& another_list);
// Destructor
~TemperatureList();
// === Modifier functions ===
// add new_value to end of list if there is still space
void add_temperature(int new_value);
// === Accessor functions ===
// return current current_size of the list
short get_current_size();
// === Other functions ===
// return the last element, or 0 if the list is empty, with a warning output
int get_last();
// return element at the position-th position, or 0 if the list is empty, with a warning output
int get_temp(short position);
// returns if current_size == 0
bool set_temp(short position, int value);
// returns if current_size == 0
bool empty();
// returns if current_size == max_size
bool full();
// Output list separated by commas
friend ostream& operator <<(ostream& outs, const TemperatureList& list);
};
int main() {
TemperatureList temp_a;
temp_a.add_temperature(23.5);
temp_a.add_temperature(24.6);
cout << temp_a;
TemperatureList temp_b = temp_a;
cout << temp_b;
temp_a = TemperatureList();
cout << "Now there's no temperatures in a.\n";
cout << temp_a;
cout << "How about temperatures in b?\n";
cout << temp_b;
return 0;
}
void TemperatureList::operator =(const TemperatureList& another_list) {
delete[] temp;
current_size = another_list.current_size;
max_size = another_list.max_size;
if (current_size > 0) {
temp = new int[max_size];
for (int i = 0; i < max_size; i++) {
temp[i] = another_list.temp[i];
}
}
else {
temp = NULL;
}
}
TemperatureList::TemperatureList() {
current_size = 0;
max_size = 0;
temp = NULL;
}
TemperatureList::TemperatureList(int max) : max_size(max) {
current_size = 0;
temp = new int[max];
}
TemperatureList::TemperatureList(const TemperatureList& another_list) {
current_size = another_list.current_size;
max_size = another_list.max_size;
if (current_size > 0) {
temp = new int[max_size];
for (int i = 0; i < max_size; i++) {
temp[i] = another_list.temp[i];
}
}
else {
temp = NULL;
}
}
TemperatureList::~TemperatureList() {
//cout << "== I am in destructor ==\n";
delete[] temp;
}
void TemperatureList::add_temperature(int new_value) {
if (current_size < max_size) {
temp[current_size] = new_value;
current_size++;
}
else {
cout << "Cannot add value to the list. It is full.\n";
}
}
int TemperatureList::get_last() {
if (empty()) {
cout << "The list is empty\n";
return 0;
}
else {
return temp[current_size - 1];
}
}
int TemperatureList::get_temp(short position) {
if (current_size >= position) {
return temp[position - 1];
}
else {
cout << "There is no temperature\n";
return 0;
}
}
bool TemperatureList::set_temp(short position, int value) {
if (current_size >= position) {
temp[position - 1] = value;
return true;
}
else {
return false;
}
}
short TemperatureList::get_current_size() {
return current_size;
}
bool TemperatureList::empty() {
return (current_size == 0);
}
bool TemperatureList::full() {
return (current_size == max_size);
}
ostream& operator <<(ostream& outs, const TemperatureList& list) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < (list.current_size - 1); i++) {
outs << list.temp[i] << ",";
}
outs << list.temp[i];
return outs;
}
The logic error seems to stem from the fact that you initialize your current_size and max_size to zero. So, unless your run the overloaded constructor (wherein you’re set the max_size), every call to addTemperature() is going to fail the (current_size < max_size) check because they are both equal to zero.
I wrote a bubble sorting algorithm which sorts a dynamically allocated array using string comparison.
Here is my code:
void AddressBook::bubble_sort_address_book(){
bool swapped = true;
while(swapped){
swapped = false;
for(int i = 0; i < noOfEmployees; i++){
if(employees[i].combined_name() > employees[i+1].combined_name()){
Employee temp_employee = employees[i+1];
employees[i+1] = employees[i];
employees[i] = temp_employee;
}
}
}
}
My problem is pretty obvious, yet I can not seem to figure out how to solve it: The code sometimes fails on the line (in an undefined manner) :
Employee temp_employee = employees[i+1]
Its pretty obvious because if i is equal to the end of the array, accessing memory with i+1 results in undefined behaviour. However, if I stop the for loop with noOfEmployees-1, this does not happen but the first element is never sorted (obviously).
How can I implement bubble sort properly? It seems as such a trivial task. Am I missing something?
The following simplified version in pure C works fine:
int employees[10]= {3,1,7,6,9,7,1,0,2,6};
int noOfEmployees= 10;
void bubble_sort_address_book(void){
bool swapped = true;
int i;
while(swapped){
swapped = false;
for(i = 0; i < noOfEmployees-1; i++){
if(employees[i] > employees[i+1]){
int temp_employee = employees[i+1];
employees[i+1] = employees[i];
employees[i] = temp_employee;
swapped= true;
}
}
}
}
int main()
{
int i;
bubble_sort_address_book();
for (i=0; i<noOfEmployees; i++) {
printf("emp %d= %d\n", i, employees[i]);
}
return 0;
}
As you request, the function of variable swapped is to indicate that following a complete pass through the array no swap occurred and so it indicates the array is now sorted.
You can use an explicit bound on the outer loop.
You should also split things out into smaller functions.
bool operator <(Employee const & lhs, Employee const & rhs) {
return lhs.combined_name() < rhs.combined_name();
}
// a.k.a. std::swap
void swap(Employee & lhs, Employee & rhs) {
Employee temp(static_cast<Employee&&>(lhs)); // a.k.a. std::move
lhs = static_cast<Employee&&>(rhs);
rhs = static_cast<Employee&&>(temp);
}
void bubble_sort_impl(Employee * begin, Employee * end) {
for (; end != begin; --end) {
for (Employee * it = begin; it+1 != end; ++it) {
if (*(it+1) < *it) {
swap(*it, *(it+1));
}
}
}
}
// do we really need "bubble_" or "_address_book" in this name?
void AddressBook::bubble_sort_address_book() {
bubble_sort_impl(employees, employees + noOfEmployees);
}
another solution:
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
int employees[10] = { 3,1,7,6,9,7,1,0,2,6 };
void bubble_sort_address_book(void) {
bool swapped = true;
int i;
int noOfEmployees = 10;
while (swapped) {
swapped = false;
for (i = 1; i <= noOfEmployees ; i++) {
if (employees[i] > employees[i - 1]) {
int temp_employee = employees[i - 1];
employees[i - 1] = employees[i];
employees[i] = temp_employee;
swapped = true;
}
}
}
}
int main()
{
int i;
int noOfEmployees = 10;
bubble_sort_address_book();
for (i = 0; i<noOfEmployees; i++) {
printf("emp %d= %d\n", i, employees[i]);
}
return 0;
}
The code below a solution to the following requirement:
"Change the representation of Link and List from §27.9 without changing the user interface provided by the functions. Allocate Links in an array of Links and have the members: first, last, prev, and next be ints (indices into the array). " - Exercise 6 Chapter 27 - Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++ B. Stroustrup
The interface is inherited from an ordinary implementation of an Intrusive doubly linked list. I've added the bool array (and the associated functions) to keep track of memory:
#include <iostream>
struct Link
{
int next;
int prev;
};
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
struct List
{
Link** head;
int first; // points to the current first node
int last;
bool* available;
int list_size;
int get_index()
{
for (int i = 0; i < list_size; ++i)
{
if (available[i] == true)
{
available[i] = false;
return i;
}
}
throw std::bad_alloc("bla bla!\n");
}
List()
{
list_size = 30;
head = new Link*[list_size];
available = new bool[list_size];
first = -1;
last = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < list_size; ++i)
{
available[i] = true;
}
}
void List::push_back(Link* l)
{
if (l == nullptr)
{
throw std::invalid_argument("bla bla!\n");
}
int index = get_index();
head[index] = l;
if (last != -1)
{
head[last]->next = index;
head[index]->prev = last;
}
else
{
first = index;
head[index]->prev = -1;
}
last = index;
head[index]->next = -1;
}
void push_front(Link* l)
{
if (l == nullptr)
{
throw std::invalid_argument("bla bla\n");
}
int index = get_index();
head[index] = l;
if (first != -1)
{
head[first]->prev = index;
head[index]->next = first;
}
else
{
last = index;
head[index]->next = -1;
}
first = index;
head[index]->prev = -1;
}
// index = ptr - base
std::ptrdiff_t index_from_address(Link* l) { return l - head[0]; }
Link* front() const { return head[first]; }
};
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int main()
{
List l;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
{
l.push_back(new Link());
}
for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
{
l.push_front(new Link());
}
std::cout <<"first = "<< l.first <<", index = " << l.index_from_address(l.front());
getchar();
}
Expected result:
first = 19, index = 19
Actual result:
first = 19, index = 194
Why?
l - head[0]
Here you compare the values of the two pointers. You let all pointers in the array be default initialized, so their values are indeterminate, and therefore the behaviour of accessing the values is undefined.
You probably intended index_from_address to find the index where a particular pointer object is stored - rather than the object that is pointed to, since the pointed to object is not in the array pointed by head. To do that, you must add a whole bunch of &:
Link*& front() const // return a reference to the pointer object, not a copy
// take a reference to the pointer as an argument, add const for good measure
std::ptrdiff_t index_from_address(Link*& l) const
// compare the addresses of the pointers, rather than values
{ return &l - &head[0]; }
I'm very new to C++ so please excuse the sloppy code.
Here is the code in question:
Bag Class
class Bag {
protected:
Item* _myItems;
int _numItems;
int _size;
public:
Bag();
Bag(int size);
~Bag();
Bag(Bag& original);
void add(Item a);
void remove(int itemnum);
int size();
int numItems();
void operator=(Bag& bag);
Item& operator[] (int i);
};
//Empty constructor
Bag::Bag() {
_numItems = 0;
}
//overloaded constructor
Bag::Bag(int size) {
_numItems = 0;
_myItems = new Item[size];
}
//copy constructor
Bag::Bag(Bag& original) {
//Copies the numItems
_numItems = original._numItems;
//Makes a new copy of the original array
_myItems = new Item[_numItems];
//Copies each element of the original into the new
for (int i = 0; i < _numItems; ++i) {
_myItems[i] = original[i];
}
}
//Destructor
Bag::~Bag(){
delete[] _myItems;
}
//Returns the size of the bag
int Bag::size()
{
return _size;
}
//Returns the number of items in the bag
int Bag::numItems() {
return _numItems;
}
//Add a new item to the bag
void Bag::add(Item a) {
int s = _numItems;
//Create a Item pointer and assign it to the array of the bag
Item* temp = _myItems;
//Assign _myItems to a new, larger array
_myItems = new Item[_numItems++];
//Copy the old array into the new one and nullify all the old array's items
for (int i = 0; i < _numItems - 1; i++) {
_myItems[i] = temp[i];
}
//Destroy the old array
delete[] temp;
//Add the item to the last position
_myItems[_numItems] = a;
}
I am reading a text file line by line. The reading seems to be happening just fine. When I read in I execute this part of the code:
//The main program
int main() {
Pens * onePen = new Pens(1, 2);
Pens * twoPen = new Pens(2, 3);
Bag* bag = new Bag(5);
(*bag).add(onePen);
(*bag).add(twoPen);
bag[0];
bag[1];
int d = 0;
return 0;
}
I keep getting the Read Access Violation (This was 0xc) when I get into the add method. I also notice that when I put in breakpoints to examine the code, _numItems is not 0 but 211. Am I corrupting my memory somehow?
Here is a sample text file that we are using
Simplified version of the Bag and Pen classes (courtesy of PaulMcKenzie):
class Item {
protected:
int code_;
//Sets the method definition for the get/set methods and constructors
public:
Item(int code = -1);
virtual ~Item() {}
int getcode() const;
void setcode(int code);
std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& s);
bool operator== (const Item& a) const;
};
Item::Item(int code) : code_(code) {}
int Item::getcode() const { return code_; }
void Item::setcode(int code) { code_ = code; }
std::ostream & Item::operator<<(std::ostream& s)
{
s << " Code - " << code_ << "\n";
return s;
}
bool Item::operator==(const Item & a) const
{
return (code_ == a.getcode());
}
class Pens : public Item
{
private: int packetsize_;
public:
Pens();
Pens(int code, int packetsize);
int getpacketsize() const;
void setpacketsize(int packetsize);
bool operator== (const Pens& a) const;
};
Pens::Pens() :Item() { }
Pens::Pens(int code, int packetsize) : Item(code), packetsize_(packetsize) {}
int Pens::getpacketsize() const { return packetsize_; }
void Pens::setpacketsize(int packetsize) { packetsize_ = packetsize; }
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const Pens& pen)
{
s << " Packet size: " << pen.getpacketsize() << "\n";
return s;
}
bool Pens::operator==(const Pens & a) const
{
return code_ == a.getcode() && packetsize_ == a.getpacketsize();
}
I did not look in depth but this segment caught my eye:
//Add a new item to the bag
void Bag::add(Item a) {
int s = _numItems;
//Create a Item pointer and assign it to the array of the bag
Item* temp = _myItems;
//Assign _myItems to a new, larger array
_myItems = new Item[_numItems++];
//Copy the old array into the new one and nullify all the old array's items
for (int i = 0; i < _numItems - 1; i++) {
_myItems[i] = temp[i];
}
//Destroy the old array
delete[] temp;
//Add the item to the last position
_myItems[_numItems] = a;
}
Please look at this line:
_myItems = new Item[_numItems++];
You create new array with size of _numItems and then increase the _numItems by 1.
Which in my humble opinion leaves you with array of size _numItems-1.
And then you try to use element _myItems[_numItems] so this may be the reason of memory corruption.
Alright, so without going into detail on why I'm writing this class, here it is.
template<class aType>
class nArray
{
public:
aType& operator[](int i)
{
return Array[i];
}
nArray()
{
aType * Array = new aType[0];
_Size = 0;
_MaxSize = 0;
_Count = 0;
}
nArray(int Count)
{
aType * Array = new aType[Count*2]();
_Size = Count;
_MaxSize = Count * 2;
_Count = 0;
}
int Resize(int newSize)
{
aType *temp = new aType[newSize*2];
for(int i=0;i<_Count;i++)
{
temp[i] = Array[i];
}
delete[] Array;
aType * Array = new aType[newSize*2];
for(int i=0;i<_Count;i++)
{
Array[i] = temp[i];
}
delete [] temp;
_Size = newSize;
_MaxSize = newSize*2;
return 0;
}
int Push_Back(aType Item)
{
if(_Count+1 >= _Size)
{
Resize(_MaxSize);
}
Array[_Count] = Item;
_Count++;
return _Count - 1;
}
aType GetAt(int Index, int &ret)
{
if(Index > _Size-1)
ret = 1;
return aType();
ret = 0;
return Array[Index];
}
private:
int _Size;
int _Count;
int _MaxSize;
aType * Array;
};
It is supposed to be a std::Vector type object, without all the bells and whistles.
Problem is, it doesn't seem to work.
I basically start by going
nArray<string> ca = nArray<string>(5);
ca.Push_Back("asdf");
ca.Push_Back("asdf2");
int intret = 0;
cout << ca.GetAt(1,intret);
I get an Access Violation Reading Location error and it hits on the line
Array[_Count] = Item
in the Push_back function.
The problem seems to be that it's not treating the Array object as an array in memory.
I've spent time going through the code step by step, and I don't know what else to say, it's not operating right. I don't know how to word it right. I'm just hoping someone will read my code and point out a stupid mistake I've made, because I'm sure that's all it amounts to.
Update
So now I changed 3 initializations of Array in nArray(), nArray(int Count), and Resize(int newSize)
template<class aType>
class nArray
{
public:
aType& operator[](int i)
{
return Array[i];
}
nArray()
{
Array = new aType[0];
_Size = 0;
_MaxSize = 0;
_Count = 0;
}
nArray(int Count)
{
Array = new aType[Count*2]();
_Size = Count;
_MaxSize = Count * 2;
_Count = 0;
}
int Resize(int newSize)
{
aType *temp = new aType[newSize*2];
for(int i=0;i<_Count;i++)
{
temp[i] = Array[i];
}
delete[] Array;
Array = new aType[newSize*2];
for(int i=0;i<_Count;i++)
{
Array[i] = temp[i];
}
delete [] temp;
_Size = newSize;
_MaxSize = newSize*2;
return 0;
}
int Push_Back(aType Item)
{
if(_Count+1 >= _Size)
{
Resize(_MaxSize);
}
Array[_Count] = Item;
_Count++;
return _Count - 1;
}
aType GetAt(int Index, int &ret)
{
if(Index > _Size-1)
ret = 1;
return aType();
ret = 0;
return Array[Index];
}
private:
int _Size;
int _Count;
int _MaxSize;
aType * Array;
};
This is how my code was before. Anyway, the original problem was the fact that when I try to access a specific element in the array, it just accesses the first element, and it doesn't seem to add elements eather. It doesn't seem to be treating Array as an array.
int Resize(int newSize)
{
.
.
aType * Array = new aType[newSize*2];
At this point, instead of updating the member variable as you intended, you've actually created a local variable called Array whose value is discarded when you exit from Resize(). Change the line to
Array = new aType[newSize*2];
The same thing is happening in your constructors, they also need changing accordingly. Moreover, since the default constructor allocates an array, you should set the size members accordingly. You have too many of these: an array needs to keep track of current element count and maximum capacity, however you appear to have three members. What is the purpose of the third? Redundant information is bad, it makes code difficult to read and without a single point of truth it is easier to make mistakes.
With the code in Resize(), you can do better: the second copy is completely redundant.
int Resize(int newSize)
{
aType *temp = new aType[newSize*2];
for(int i=0;i<_Count;i++)
{
temp[i] = Array[i];
}
delete[] Array;
Array = temp;
_Size = newSize;
_MaxSize = newSize*2;
return 0;
}
Also, in
aType GetAt(int Index, int &ret)
{
if(Index > _Size-1)
ret = 1;
return aType();
ret = 0;
return Array[Index];
}
you need curly braces around body of the if(), just indentation on its own won't do the trick:
aType GetAt(int Index, int &ret)
{
if(Index > _Size-1)
{
ret = 1;
return aType();
}
ret = 0;
return Array[Index];
}
You have a number of problems. At a guess, the one causing problems so far is that your default ctor (nArray::nArray()) defines a local variable named Array that it initializes, which leaves nArray::Array uninitialized.
Though you probably haven't seen any symptoms from it (yet), you do have at least one more problem. Names starting with an underscore followed by a capital letter (such as your _Size, _MaxSize, and _Count) are reserved for the implementation -- i.e., you're not allowed to use them.
The logic in your Resize also looks needlessly inefficient (if not outright broken), though given the time maybe it's just my brain not working quite right at this hour of the morning.
Your array is not initialized by the constructors and resize function (working on local vars instead).
And is there a reason you want to store instances of string and not pointers to string (string *) ?
I think the answer after the changes is in moonshadow's reply:
aType GetAt(int Index, int &ret)
{
if(Index > _Size-1)
ret = 1;
return aType();
ret = 0;
return Array[Index];
}
This code will always return aType(), the last two lines will never be reached.
You might also want to check what happens if you start out with a default-constructed nArray. (Hint: you call Resize(_MaxSize); but what is the value of _MaxSize in this case?
Edit:
This outputs "asdf2" for me as it should be (with the initialization and the braces fixed):
template<class aType>
class nArray
{
public:
aType& operator[](int i)
{
return Array[i];
}
nArray()
{
Array = new aType[0];
_Size = 0;
_MaxSize = 0;
_Count = 0;
}
nArray(int Count)
{
Array = new aType[Count*2]();
_Size = Count;
_MaxSize = Count * 2;
_Count = 0;
}
int Resize(int newSize)
{
aType *temp = new aType[newSize*2];
for(int i=0;i<_Count;i++)
{
temp[i] = Array[i];
}
delete[] Array;
Array = new aType[newSize*2];
for(int i=0;i<_Count;i++)
{
Array[i] = temp[i];
}
delete [] temp;
_Size = newSize;
_MaxSize = newSize*2;
return 0;
}
int Push_Back(aType Item)
{
if(_Count+1 >= _Size)
{
Resize(_MaxSize);
}
Array[_Count] = Item;
_Count++;
return _Count - 1;
}
aType GetAt(int Index, int &ret)
{
if(Index > _Size-1) {
ret = 1;
return aType();
}
ret = 0;
return Array[Index];
}
private:
int _Size;
int _Count;
int _MaxSize;
aType * Array;
};
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
nArray<string> ca = nArray<string>(5);
ca.Push_Back("asdf");
ca.Push_Back("asdf2");
int intret = 0;
cout << ca.GetAt(1,intret);
}