This question already has answers here:
Undefined reference to static class member
(9 answers)
Closed 8 years ago.
While linking this code:
#include <map>
using std::map;
#include <string>
using std::string;
class C {
public:
static void dump() {
for (const auto& e : data) {
string(e.first);
}
}
private:
static map<string,map<string,string>> data;
};
int main() {
C::dump();
}
... I get this error:
/tmp/cc4W2iNa.o: In function `C::dump()':
test.cpp:(.text._ZN1C4dumpEv[_ZN1C4dumpEv]+0x9): undefined reference to `C::data'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
... from g++ (GCC) 4.9.1.
Am I doing anything wrong?
You've declared C::data, but not defined it. Add a definition outside the class:
map<string,map<string,string>> C::data;
In a larger program, which more than one source file, this must go in just one source file to satisfy the One Definition Rule; while the class definition (including the declaration of data) might go in a header to be available wherever it's needed.
Related
This question already has answers here:
Separating class code into a header and cpp file
(8 answers)
Closed 5 months ago.
I don't know how to add functions of a class outside its scope to it, use them in another class and then compile it.
MyMain.cpp
#include"MyClass.cpp"
int main(){
MyClass myClass;
myClass.run();
}
MyClass.cpp
#ifndef MYCLASS_CPP
#define MYCLASS_CPP
#include<iostream>
class MyClass {
private:
void usage();
public:
void run();
};
void MyClass::usage(){
std::cout << "usage called" << std::endl;
}
void MyClass::run(){
usage();
}
#endif
I try to compile it with:
g++ MyMain.cpp MyClass.cpp -o main
With that I get the following error message:
/usr/bin/ld: /tmp/ccN7GfOD.o: in function `MyClass::usage()':
MyClass.cpp:(.text+0x0): multiple definition of `MyClass::usage()'; /tmp/ccLhxS6v.o:MyMain.cpp:(.text+0x0): first defined here
/usr/bin/ld: /tmp/ccN7GfOD.o: in function `MyClass::run()':
MyClass.cpp:(.text+0x38): multiple definition of `MyClass::run()'; /tmp/ccLhxS6v.o:MyMain.cpp:(.text+0x38): first defined here
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
If I have understood the concept correctly, the function headers within the class serve only as placeholders. The actual functionality is then "overwritten" by the external functions, which also contain a body.
And why does the error message say, that the function is already defined in the MyMain.cpp?
I have also seen that there are many similar questions here, but unfortunately I could not expand my understanding of the basic problem to solve it.
Is it possible that I am using the command to build the class with C++ incorrectly or that I can save the #include "MyClass.cpp"?
Kind regards
Several things wrong. here's the steps to put it right
Rename MyClass.cpp to MyClass.h.
Create a new empty file MyClass.cpp
Move the function definitions MyClass::usage() { .. } and MyClass::run() { .. } from MyClass.h to MyClass.cpp. You should probably also move #include <iostream> but this is not essential.
Add #include "MyClass.h" to MyClass.cpp
Change #include "MyClass.cpp" to #include "MyClass.h" in MyMain.cpp
Then build as you are doing now. That part is correct.
Essentially the technique is to separate your code into declarations and definitions. The declarations go into header files, which are included in the cpp files. The cpp files contain the definitions and are what you compile.
This question already has answers here:
Separating class code into a header and cpp file
(8 answers)
Closed 1 year ago.
Just had a little problem that I haven't been able to figure out yet.
I was using a similar program structure for a different project, but the problem boils down to this. I have two cpp files, which are:
Trading_dte.cpp :
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Dte
{
public:
int addition(int a, int b)
{
return a + b;
}
};
dummy.cpp :
#include <iostream>
#include "Trading_dte.hpp"
Dte obj;
int check()
{
std::cout<<obj.addition(6,9);
}
I created a header file called Trading_dte.hpp :
# pragma once
#include <iostream>
class Dte
{
public:
int addition(int a, int b);
};
Now when I try compiling using the command :
g++ Trading_dte.cpp dummy.cpp
I get the error :
/usr/bin/ld: /tmp/ccCcM8R6.o: in function `check':
dummy.cpp:(.text+0x1a): undefined reference to `Dte::addition(int, int)'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
I'm sure it's something small, but I just can't figure what.
Thanks a lot in advance!
your cpp file need to be written differently
#include "Trading_dte.hpp"
#include <iostream>
int Dte::addition(int a, int b)
{
return a + b;
}
You've created two separate Dte classes, one visible to main and another visible only in Trading_dte.cpp. The one visible to main, defined in Trading_dte.hpp has a declaration of the addition member function but no definition.
Probably the easiest thing to do is to drop Trading_dte.cpp and put the implementation into the class definition in Trading_dte.hpp.
Trading_dte.hpp:
# pragma once
class Dte
{
public:
int addition(int a, int b)
{
return a + b;
}
};
Note that I also removed the #include <iostream> line. You don't need it in the header file because you don't use it in the class.
This question already has answers here:
using vs. typedef - is there a subtle, lesser known difference?
(2 answers)
Closed 1 year ago.
I'm having a problem with my code, even my professor has no idea why this is the case.
He wants me to define the structure with using Persontype= struct{}; and not a normal definition of a structure. I don't understand why or what is the difference.
he also don't want us to include the .cpp file in main.
Normal definition of a struct works fine but not with this.
the error
In file included from ...\LABOR1TEST\main.cpp:3:
...\LABOR1TEST\test.hpp:12:6: warning: 'void test(const std::vector<<unnamed struct> >&)' used but never defined
void test(std::vector<PersonType> const &_Personen);
^~~~
[100%] Linking CXX executable LABOR1TEST.exe
CMakeFiles\LABOR1TEST.dir/objects.a(main.cpp.obj): In function `main':
.../LABOR1TEST/main.cpp:12: undefined reference to `test(std::vector<._56, std::allocator<._56> > const&)'
collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status
mingw32-make.exe[3]: *** [CMakeFiles\LABOR1TEST.dir\build.make:120: LABOR1TEST.exe] Error 1
mingw32-make.exe[2]: *** [CMakeFiles\Makefile2:95: CMakeFiles/LABOR1TEST.dir/all] Error 2
mingw32-make.exe[1]: *** [CMakeFiles\Makefile2:102: CMakeFiles/LABOR1TEST.dir/rule] Error 2
mingw32-make.exe: *** [Makefile:137: LABOR1TEST] Error 2
here is my code
main.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include "test.hpp"
int main() {
PersonType p;
p.Name = "Max";
std::vector<PersonType> TEMPVEC;
TEMPVEC.push_back(p);
TEMPVEC.push_back(p);
test (TEMPVEC);
return 0;
}
test.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include "test.hpp"
void test(std::vector<PersonType> const &_Personen)
{
for (auto const &i : _Personen)
{
std::cout << i.Name << std::endl;
}
}
and my test.hpp
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#ifndef LABOR1TEST_TEST_HPP
#define LABOR1TEST_TEST_HPP
using PersonType = struct {
std::string Name;
};
void test(std::vector<PersonType> const &_Personen);
#endif //LABOR1TEST_TEST_HPP
CMakeLists.txt
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.17)
project(LABOR1TEST)
set(CMAKE_C++_STANDARD 11)
add_executable(LABOR1TEST main.cpp test.cpp test.hpp)
My interpretation
using PersonType = struct { ..... }; on a top-level will generate a different anonymous type in each translation unit (.cpp file, for simplicity) and then give it a name of PersonType in each translation unit. It does not matter that this statement happens inside test.hpp, all #includes are handled by preprocessor and do not matter when dealing with types.
So, PersonType in two translation units (main.cpp and test.cpp) actually refer to different types. In effect, main.cpp expects to find test(vector<PersonType> const &) with one PersonType, and test.cpp only provides test(vector<PersonType> const&) with another PersonType, hence the linkage error.
Is it a GCC bug?
You can see the error better if you get rid of templates and try compiling the following two translation units together:
using Foo = struct {};
void test(Foo);
int main() {
Foo f;
test(f);
}
using Foo = struct {};
void test(Foo) {
}
My GCC tells me the following:
a.cpp:2:6: error: 'void test(Foo)', declared using unnamed type, is used but never defined [-fpermissive]
2 | void test(Foo);
| ^~~~
a.cpp:1:7: note: 'using Foo = struct<unnamed>' does not refer to the unqualified type, so it is not used for linkage
1 | using Foo = struct {};
| ^~~
a.cpp:2:6: warning: 'void test(Foo)' used but never defined
2 | void test(Foo);
| ^~~~
However, replacing using Foo = struct {}; with typedef struct {} Foo; apparently works, as well as switching from my GCC to my Clang.
M.M from comments suggested that typedef should work because of [basic.link]/4.3
a named class ([class.pre]), or an unnamed class defined in a typedef declaration in which the class has the typedef name for linkage purposes ([dcl.typedef]);
It may get interpreted by GCC too literally(?) to exclude using, although [dcl.typedef]/2 says that the name introduced by using should have the same semantics as typedef.
Surprisingly, it was even asked on StackOverflow before!
Regarding your problem
He wants me to define the structure with using Persontype= struct{}; and not a normal definition of a structure.
If the text above is true, that's quite a strange requirement. It makes it impossible to link different translation units against PersonType. I'm wondering what's the rationale behind, maybe you're not supposed to actually expose PersonType beyond a single translation unit? Consider consulting with your TA or a professor.
This question already has answers here:
Undefined reference to static class member
(9 answers)
Closed 8 years ago.
How can I use and modify the s_member private static variable from the constructor or in general from an other member function?
This is what I tried.
a.h:
#ifndef A_H
#define A_H
#include <set>
class A
{
public:
A();
virtual ~A();
private:
static std::set<int> s_member;
};
#endif
a.cpp:
#include "a.h"
A::A()
{
A::s_member.insert(5); // It causes error.
}
I get this error:
/tmp/ccBmNUGs.o: In function `A::A()': a.cpp:(.text+0x15): undefined
reference to `A::s_member' collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
You have declared A::s_member but not defined it yet. To define it, put below code, outside of class:
std::set<int> A::s_member;
For example:
std::set<int> A::s_member;
A::A()
{
// ...
}
The problem is not related to accessing and private/public.
You have to define the variable
#include "a.h"
std::set<int> A::s_member;
A::A()
{
A::s_member.insert(5); // It causes error.
}
The reference to object file ccBmNUGs.o in the error message says that it is an error of the linker.
The linker can not find the definition of s_member
This question already has answers here:
Closed 10 years ago.
Possible Duplicate:
What is an undefined reference/unresolved external symbol error and how do I fix it?
I recently started working on an interpreter in C++, but I got annoyed that vectors or arrays could not be passed to external class methods no matter what I tried and so I deleted everything I had worked on. As it turns out, I can't pass even an int to another class. I decided to give C++ another chance before resorting to C or Java, but the compiler still doesn't work as I would expect. Maybe I'm forgetting something simple about C++, as I haven't used it in a while, but this seems simple enough. My problem is: I can't pass arguments to methods in other classes when they're not defined in the same file. Here's what I'm trying to do:
Main: main.cpp
#include "myclass.h"
int main() {
MyClass test;
int n = test.add(25, 30);
return n;
}
Header: myclass.h
class MyClass {
public:
int add(int a, int b);
};
Class implementation: myclass.cpp
#include "myclass.h"
int MyClass::add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
Compiling this with g++ main.cpp yields
/tmp/ccAZr6EY.o: In function main':
main.cpp:(.text+0x1a): undefined reference toMyClass::add(int, int)'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
What the heck am I doing wrong? Also, the compiler yells at me for the same thing even if my functions aren't parameterized, so it must be a problem with the header.
Any help is much appreciated - thanks!
You need to compile both files
g++ main.cpp myclass.cpp
If you only compile main.cpp, the compiler finds the declaration of MyClass::add in your header but the linker later fails to find an implementation of MyClass::add to jump to.