i've created dll and implemented shared memory that every connected process can use. My problem is that i can't change anything in object, which is stored in the memory.
my class :
class MyClass
{
public:
MyClass();
void test();
int counter;
};
void MyClass::test() {
MessageBoxA(NULL, "test", "test", 0x0000000L);
counter++;
}
in stdafx.h i have :
static offset_ptr<MyClass> offset_mt;
static managed_shared_memory *memSegment;
I initialize shared memory and pointer :
memSegment = new managed_shared_memory(create_only, SHARED_MEMORY_NAME, 4096);
offset_mt = memSegment->construct<MyClass>("MyClass myClass")();
And then in an exported function i call
offset_mt.get()->test();
Im calling this from Java using JNA and result is a memory error (Invalid memory access). However, if I delete 'counter++' from test method, everything works fine - message box appears. Is there a limitation that I cant modify objects inside mapped memory or is this done the other way?
Well, i solved this by moving my variables to stdafx.cpp :
offset_ptr<MyClass> offset_mt;
managed_shared_memory *memSegment;
and making them extern in stdafx.h :
extern offset_ptr<MyClass> offset_mt;
extern managed_shared_memory *memSegment;
Now it's running fine, but I've done this kinda accidentally and I'm not pretty sure why this works and previous way not. If anyone could explain this to me, it would be great.
When you say
static offset_ptr<MyClass> offset_mt;
compiler has to do a few things. One of them is allocating space for your variable (see where static variables are stored). Another one is calling any nontrivial constructors. This last part is done by CRT, before main() (or dllmain) runs. In fact CRT replaces your entry point and initializes statics before calling your [dll]main().
When you say that in a header, compiler is allocating space for the variable in each compilation unit that includes the header.
When you say that in stdafx.h, that means every cpp file. Normally that should result in a linker error, but sometimes it slips through (one way to do it is to use anonymous namespace) and results in different cpp files seeing different copies of the variable. So if you are initializing in one cpp, and you using it in another, you blow up.
When you are importing the dll in interesting ways sometimes importing code doesn't call the entry point at all -- this kills most CRT facilities and results in your own statics being uninitialized. Don't know about JNA, but some old versions of .Net had this problem.
There is also static initialization fiasco, but that might not affect your particular case.
By moving your definitions into cpp and removing static modifier, you avoided all those pitfalls.
Related
My question is simple, maybe the answer is not.
In C++ (using Intel C++ 13.1 compiler on Win7) are global static variables always instantiated before main() is executed? If no, does it depends on the compile options (like /Ox)?
If they are declared and defined in DLL, is it the same?
Here is a case:
I have something like:
// in DLL.h
class MyClass
{
public:
MyClass();
};
static MyClass *sgMyClassPtr;
and
// in DLL.cpp
MyClass *sgMyClassPtr = new MyClass;
MyClass::MyClass()
{
// Code to execute here
}
Note that I omited the export declaration but it is correctly exported.
From my main application code, it seems that MyClass::MyClass() has not always been executed when I run it. I really don't understand but it looks like if the DLL had not been loaded yet or the static had not been correctly instantiated. Note that there is no threading and every call is synchronous (at least in my code!)
If you have any idea or suggestion, it will be appreciated. Thank you!
UPDATE 1
Maybe it will be easier if I tell you what I want to get rather than what I did...
I want to have a variable that is automatically instantiated at DLL load time. This variable will be registered (ptr stored in a std::set, say) by a singleton in the application (the .exe). The application singleton doesn't know about the DLL but the DLL knows the application singleton. So, on DLL load, I want the var to instantiate right now then registers itself in the application singleton. That is why I declared the var static inside the DLL and instantiated it there. The registration is done in the cTor.
My initial question was: does the static instantiation occurs right on DLL load or it may be delayed? I ask this question because sometimes I observe strange behaviours and it looks like an asynchronous problem... ???
The static initialisation occurs when the DLL is loaded, but depending on linker options, the DLL can be demand-loaded. Note that if you include the class in both the DLL and the main program but you don't export it from the DLL, then you'll get two copies of the code, and potentially two copies of your (class) static variables. So you might be getting confused by one copy not being initialised when the other one actually already has.
But make sure that you understand the linker options around lazy loading the DLLs first.
C++ class constructor can be inlined or not be inlined. However, I found a strange situation where only inline class constructor can avoid Visual Studio memory crash. The example is as follows:
dll.h
class _declspec(dllexport) Image
{
public:
Image();
virtual ~Image();
};
class _declspec(dllexport) Testimage:public Image
{
public:
Testimage();
virtual ~Testimage();
};
typedef std::auto_ptr<Testimage> TestimagePtr;
dll.cpp
#include "dll.h"
#include <assert.h>
Image::~Image()
{
std::cout<<"Image is being deleted."<<std::endl;
}
Image::Image()
{
}
Testimage::Testimage()
{
}
Testimage::~Testimage()
{
std::cout<<"Geoimage is being deleted."<<std::endl;
}
The dll library is compiled as a dynamic library, and it is statically linked to the C++ runtime library (Multi-threaded Debug (/MTd)). The executable program that runs the library is as follows:
int main()
{
TestimagePtr my_img(new Testimage());
return 0;
}
The executable program will invoke the dll library and it also statically links the runtime library. The problem I have is that when running the executable program the following error message appears:
However, when the class constructor in dll is inlined as the following codes show:
class _declspec(dllexport) Image
{
public:
Image();
virtual ~Image();
};
class _declspec(dllexport) Testimage:public Image
{
public:
Testimage()
{
}
virtual ~Testimage();
};
The crash will disappear. Could someone explain the reason behind? Thanks! By the way, I am using VC2010.
EDIT: The following situation also trigger the same crash
.
Situation 1
int main()
{
//TestimagePtr my_img(new Testimage());
Testimage *p_img;
p_img = new Testimage();
delete p_img;
return 0;
}
it is statically linked to the C++ runtime library (Multi-threaded Debug (/MTd)
This is a very problematic scenario in versions of Visual Studio prior to VS2012. The issue is that you have more than one version of the CRT loaded in your process. One used by your EXE, another used by the DLL. This can cause many subtle problems, and not so subtle problems like this crash.
The CRT has global state, stuff like errno and strtok() cannot work properly when that global state is updated by one copy of the CRT and read back by another copy. Relevant to your crash, a hidden global state variable is the heap that the CRT uses to allocate memory from. Functions like malloc() and ::operator new use that heap.
This goes wrong when objects are allocated by one copy of the CRT and released by another. The pointer that's passed to free() or ::operator delete belongs to the wrong heap. What happens next depends on your operating system. A silent memory leak in XP. In Vista and up, you program runs with the debug version of the memory manager enabled. Which triggers a breakpoint when you have a debugger attached to your process to tell you that there's a problem with the pointer. The dialog in your screenshot is the result. It isn't otherwise very clear to me how inlining the constructor could make a difference, the fundamental issue however is that your code invokes undefined behavior. Which has a knack for producing random outcomes.
There are two approaches available to solve this problem. The first one is the simple one, just build both your EXE and your DLL project with the /MD compile option instead. This selects the DLL version of the CRT. It is now shared by both modules and you'll only have a single copy of the CRT in your process. So there is no longer a problem with having one module allocating and another module releasing memory, the same heap is used.
This will work fine to solve your problem but can still become an issue later. A DLL tends to live a life of its own and may some day be used by another EXE that was built with a different version of the CRT. The CRT will now again not be shared since they'll use different versions of the DLL, invoking the exact same failure mode you are seeing today.
The only way to guarantee that this cannot happen is to design your DLL interface carefully. And ensure that there will never be a case where the DLL allocates memory that the client code needs to release. That requires giving up on a lot of C++ goodies. You for example can never write a function that returns a C++ object, like std::string. And you can never allow an exception to cross the module boundary. You are basically down to a C-style interface. Note how COM addresses this problem by using interface-based programming techniques and a class factory plus reference counting to solve the memory management problem.
VS2012 has a counter-measure against this problem, it has a CRT version that allocates from the default process heap. Which solves this particular problem, not otherwise a workaround for the global state issue for other runtime functions. And adds some new problems, a DLL compiled with /MT that gets unloaded that doesn't release all of its allocations now causes an unpluggable leak for example.
This is an ugly problem in C++, the language fundamentally misses an ABI specification that addresses problems like this. The notion of modules is entirely missing from the language specification. Being worked on today but not yet completed. Not simple to do, it is solved in other languages like Java and the .NET languages by specifying a virtual machine, providing a runtime environment where memory management is centralized. Not the kind of runtime environment that excites C++ programmers.
I tried to reproduce your problem in VC2010 and it doesn't crash. It works with a constructor inline or not. Your problem is probably not in what you write here.
Your project is too hard to open as it seams to have its file pathes set in absolute, probably because generated with CMake. (So the files are not found by the compiler).
The problem I see in your code is that you declare the exported classes with _declspec(dllexport) directly written.
You should have a #Define to do this, and the value should be _declspec(dllimport) when read from the exe compilation. Maybe the problem comes from that.
I have a .cpp file (let's call it statinit.cpp) compiled and linked into my executable using gcc.
My main() function is not in statinit.cpp.
statinit.cpp has some static initializations that I need running.
However, I never explicitly reference anything from statinit.cpp in my main(), or in anything referenced by it.
What happens (I suppose) is that the linked object created from statinit.cpp is never loaded on runtime, so my static initializations are never run, causing a problem elsewhere in the code (that was very difficult to debug, but I traced it eventually).
Is there a standard library function, linker option, compiler option, or something that can let me force that object to load on runtime without referencing one of its elements?
What I thought to do is to define a dummy function in statinit.cpp, declare it in a header file that main() sees, and call that dummy function from main(). However, this is a very ugly solution and I'd very much like to avoid making changes in statinit.cpp itself.
Thanks,
Daniel
It is not exactly clear what the problem is:
C++ does not have the concept of static initializers.
So one presume you have an object in "File Scope".
If this object is in the global namespace then it will be constructed before main() is called and destroyed after main() exits (assuming it is in the application).
If this object is in a namespace then optionally the implementation can opt to lazy initialize the variable. This just means that it will be fully initialized before first use. So if you are relying on a side affect from construction then put the object in the global namespace.
Now a reason you may not be seeing the constructor to this object execute is that it was not linked into the application. This is a linker issue and not a language issue. This happens when the object is compiled into a static library and your application is then linked against the static library. The linker will only load into the application functions/objects that are explicitly referenced from the application (ie things that resolve undefined things in the symbol table).
To solve this problem you have a couple of options.
Don't use static libraries.
Compile into dynamic libraries (the norm nowadays).
Compile all the source directly into the application.
Make an explicit reference to the object from within main.
I ran into the same problem.
Write a file, DoNotOptimizeAway.cpp:
void NoDeadcodeElimination()
{
// Here use at least once each of the variables that you'll need.
}
Then call NoDeadcodeElimination() from main.
EDIT: alternatively you can edit your linker options and tell it to always link everything, even if it's not used. I don't like this approach though since executables will get much bigger.
These problems, and the problems with these potential solutions all revolve around the fact that you can't guarantee much about static initialization. So since it's not dependable, don't depend on it!
Explicitly initialize data with a static "InititalizeLibrary" type static function. Now you guarantee it happens, and you guarantee when it happens in relation to other code based on when you make the call.
One C++'ish way to do this is with Singletons.
Essentially, write a function to return a reference to the object. To force it to initialize, make it a static object inside the function.
Make a class static function that is vaguely like this:
class MyClass {
static MyClass& getObject()
{
static MyObject obj;
return obj;
}
};
Since you are using C++, you could always declare a global object (ie a global variable that references a class in statinit.cpp. As always, the constructor will be called on initialization and since the object is global, this will be called before main() is run.
There is one very important caveat though. There is no guarantee as to when the constructor will be called and there is no way to explicitly order when each of these constructors is called. This will also probably defeat any attempt to check for memory leaks since you can no longer guarantee that all the memory allocated while running main has been deallocated.
Is the problem that the static items were never initialized, or is the problem that the static items weren't initialized when you needed to use them?
All static initialization is supposed to be finished before your main() runs. However, you can run into issues if you initialize on static object with another static object. (Note: this doesn't apply if you are using primitives such as int)
For example, if you have in file x.cpp:
static myClass x(someVals);
And in y.cpp:
static myClass y = x * 2;
It's possible that the system will try to instantiate y before x is created. In that case, the "y" variable will likely be 0, as x is likely 0 before it is initialized.
In general, the best solution for this is to instantiate the object when it is first used (if possible). However, I noticed above you weren't allowed to modify that file. Are the values from that file being used elsewhere, and maybe you can change how those values are accessed?
Read the manual page for the ld command and look at the -u option. If statinit.cpp defines anything that looks like a function then try naming it in -u. Otherwise choose a data object that's defined in statinit.cpp and name that in -u, and hope it works. I think it's best if you write the command line so the -u option comes immediately before your -l option for your library that has statinit's object code in it.
Of course the dynamic library solution is the best, but I've also been told it's possible to link the whole static library with the linker option:
-Wl,-whole-archive
before the library's -l option, and
-Wl,-no-whole-archive
after it (to avoid including other libraries as a whole, too).
This is driving me nuts. I am using some 3rd-party code in a Windows .lib that, in debug mode, is causing an error similar to the following:
Run-Time Check Failure #2 - Stack around the variable 'foo' was corrupted.
The error is thrown when either the object goes out of scope or is deleted. Simply allocating one of these objects and then deleting it will throw the error. I therefore think the problem is either in one of the many constructors/destructors but despite stepping through every line of code I cannot find the problem.
However, this only happens when creating one of these objects in a static library. If I create one in my EXE application, the error does not appear. The 3rd-party code itself lives in a static lib. For example, this fails:
**3RDPARTY.LIB**
class Foo : public Base
{
...
};
**MY.LIB**
void Test()
{
Foo* foo = new Foo;
delete foo; // CRASH!
}
**MY.EXE**
void Func()
{
Test();
}
But this will work:
**3RDPARTY.LIB**
class Foo : public Base
{
...
};
**MY.EXE**
void Func()
{
Foo* foo = new Foo;
delete foo; // NO ERROR
}
So, cutting out the 'middle' .lib file makes the problem go away and it is this weridness that is driving me mad. The EXE and 2 libs all use the same CRT library. There are no errors linking. The 3rd-party code uses inheritance and there are 5 base classes. I've commented out as much code as I can whilst still getting it to build and I just can't see what's up.
So if anyone knows why code in a .lib would act differently to the same code in a .exe, I would love to hear it. Ditto any tips for tracking down memory overwrites! I am using Visual Studio 2008.
One possibility is that it's a calling convention mismatch - make sure that your libraries and executables are all set to use the same default calling convention (usually __cdecl). To set that, open up your project properties and go to Configuration Properties > C/C++ > Advanced and look at the Calling Convention option. If you call a function with the wrong calling convention, you'll completely mess up the stack.
OK, I tracked the problem down and it's a cracker, if anyone's interested. Basically, my .LIB, which exhibited the problem. had defined _WIN32_WINNT as 0x0501 (Windows 2000 and greater), but my EXE and the 3rd-party LIB had it defined as 0x0600 (Vista). Now, one of the headers included by the 3rd-party lib is sspi.h which defines a structure called SecurityFunctionTable which includes the following snippet:
#if OSVER(NTDDI_VERSION) > NTDDI_WIN2K
// Fields below this are available in OSes after w2k
SET_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTES_FN_W SetContextAttributesW;
#endif // greater thean 2K
Th cut a long story short, this meant a mismatch in object sizes between the LIBs and this was causing the Run-Time Check Failure.
Class!
Is your .lib file linked against the library's .lib? I assume from your example that you are including the header with the declaration of the destructor; without it, deleting such a type is allowed but can result in UB (in a bizarre manner contrary to the general rule that something must be defined before used). If the .lib files aren't linked together, it's possible that a custom operator delete or destructor is having some weird linking issues, and while that shouldn't happen, you never can quite tell if it won't.
Without seeing more code, it's hard to give you a firm answer. However, for tracking down memory overwrites, I recommend using WinDbg (free from Microsoft, search for "Debugging Tools for Windows").
When you have it attached to your process, you can have it set breakpoints for memory access (read, write, or execute). It's really powerful overall, but it should especially help you with this.
The error is thrown when either the object goes out of scope or is deleted.
Whenever I've run into this it had to do with the compiled library using a different version of the C++ runtime than the rest of the application.
We've run into some problems with the static initialization order fiasco, and I'm looking for ways to comb through a whole lot of code to find possible occurrences. Any suggestions on how to do this efficiently?
Edit: I'm getting some good answers on how to SOLVE the static initialization order problem, but that's not really my question. I'd like to know how to FIND objects that are subject to this problem. Evan's answer seems to be the best so far in this regard; I don't think we can use valgrind, but we may have memory analysis tools that could perform a similar function. That would catch problems only where the initialization order is wrong for a given build, and the order can change with each build. Perhaps there's a static analysis tool that would catch this. Our platform is IBM XLC/C++ compiler running on AIX.
Solving order of initialization:
First off, this is just a temporary work-around because you have global variables that you are trying to get rid of but just have not had time yet (you are going to get rid of them eventually aren't you? :-)
class A
{
public:
// Get the global instance abc
static A& getInstance_abc() // return a reference
{
static A instance_abc;
return instance_abc;
}
};
This will guarantee that it is initialised on first use and destroyed when the application terminates.
Multi-Threaded Problem:
C++11 does guarantee that this is thread-safe:
ยง6.7 [stmt.dcl] p4
If control enters the declaration concurrently while the variable is being initialized, the concurrent execution shall wait for completion of the initialization.
However, C++03 does not officially guarantee that the construction of static function objects is thread safe. So technically the getInstance_XXX() method must be guarded with a critical section. On the bright side, gcc has an explicit patch as part of the compiler that guarantees that each static function object will only be initialized once even in the presence of threads.
Please note: Do not use the double checked locking pattern to try and avoid the cost of the locking. This will not work in C++03.
Creation Problems:
On creation, there are no problems because we guarantee that it is created before it can be used.
Destruction Problems:
There is a potential problem of accessing the object after it has been destroyed. This only happens if you access the object from the destructor of another global variable (by global, I am referring to any non-local static variable).
The solution is to make sure that you force the order of destruction.
Remember the order of destruction is the exact inverse of the order of construction. So if you access the object in your destructor, you must guarantee that the object has not been destroyed. To do this, you must just guarantee that the object is fully constructed before the calling object is constructed.
class B
{
public:
static B& getInstance_Bglob;
{
static B instance_Bglob;
return instance_Bglob;;
}
~B()
{
A::getInstance_abc().doSomthing();
// The object abc is accessed from the destructor.
// Potential problem.
// You must guarantee that abc is destroyed after this object.
// To guarantee this you must make sure it is constructed first.
// To do this just access the object from the constructor.
}
B()
{
A::getInstance_abc();
// abc is now fully constructed.
// This means it was constructed before this object.
// This means it will be destroyed after this object.
// This means it is safe to use from the destructor.
}
};
I just wrote a bit of code to track down this problem. We have a good size code base (1000+ files) that was working fine on Windows/VC++ 2005, but crashing on startup on Solaris/gcc.
I wrote the following .h file:
#ifndef FIASCO_H
#define FIASCO_H
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// [WS 2010-07-30] Detect the infamous "Static initialization order fiasco"
// email warrenstevens --> [initials]#[firstnamelastname].com
// read --> http://www.parashift.com/c++-faq-lite/ctors.html#faq-10.12 if you haven't suffered
// To enable this feature --> define E-N-A-B-L-E-_-F-I-A-S-C-O-_-F-I-N-D-E-R, rebuild, and run
#define ENABLE_FIASCO_FINDER
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifdef ENABLE_FIASCO_FINDER
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
inline bool WriteFiasco(const std::string& fileName)
{
static int counter = 0;
++counter;
std::ofstream file;
file.open("FiascoFinder.txt", std::ios::out | std::ios::app);
file << "Starting to initialize file - number: [" << counter << "] filename: [" << fileName.c_str() << "]" << std::endl;
file.flush();
file.close();
return true;
}
// [WS 2010-07-30] If you get a name collision on the following line, your usage is likely incorrect
#define FIASCO_FINDER static const bool g_psuedoUniqueName = WriteFiasco(__FILE__);
#else // ENABLE_FIASCO_FINDER
// do nothing
#define FIASCO_FINDER
#endif // ENABLE_FIASCO_FINDER
#endif //FIASCO_H
and within every .cpp file in the solution, I added this:
#include "PreCompiledHeader.h" // (which #include's the above file)
FIASCO_FINDER
#include "RegularIncludeOne.h"
#include "RegularIncludeTwo.h"
When you run your application, you will get an output file like so:
Starting to initialize file - number: [1] filename: [p:\\OneFile.cpp]
Starting to initialize file - number: [2] filename: [p:\\SecondFile.cpp]
Starting to initialize file - number: [3] filename: [p:\\ThirdFile.cpp]
If you experience a crash, the culprit should be in the last .cpp file listed. And at the very least, this will give you a good place to set breakpoints, as this code should be the absolute first of your code to execute (after which you can step through your code and see all of the globals that are being initialized).
Notes:
It's important that you put the "FIASCO_FINDER" macro as close to the top of your file as possible. If you put it below some other #includes you run the risk of it crashing before identifying the file that you're in.
If you're using Visual Studio, and pre-compiled headers, adding this extra macro line to all of your .cpp files can be done quickly using the Find-and-replace dialog to replace your existing #include "precompiledheader.h" with the same text plus the FIASCO_FINDER line (if you check off "regular expressions, you can use "\n" to insert multi-line replacement text)
Depending on your compiler, you can place a breakpoint at the constructor initialization code. In Visual C++, this is the _initterm function, which is given a start and end pointer of a list of the functions to call.
Then step into each function to get the file and function name (assuming you've compiled with debugging info on). Once you have the names, step out of the function (back up to _initterm) and continue until _initterm exits.
That gives you all the static initializers, not just the ones in your code - it's the easiest way to get an exhaustive list. You can filter out the ones you have no control over (such as those in third-party libraries).
The theory holds for other compilers but the name of the function and the capability of the debugger may change.
perhaps use valgrind to find usage of uninitialized memory. The nicest solution to the "static initialization order fiasco" is to use a static function which returns an instance of the object like this:
class A {
public:
static X &getStatic() { static X my_static; return my_static; }
};
This way you access your static object is by calling getStatic, this will guarantee it is initialized on first use.
If you need to worry about order of de-initialization, return a new'd object instead of a statically allocated object.
EDIT: removed the redundant static object, i dunno why but i mixed and matched two methods of having a static together in my original example.
There is code that essentially "initializes" C++ that is generated by the compiler. An easy way to find this code / the call stack at the time is to create a static object with something that dereferences NULL in the constructor - break in the debugger and explore a bit. The MSVC compiler sets up a table of function pointers that is iterated over for static initialization. You should be able to access this table and determine all static initialization taking place in your program.
We've run into some problems with the
static initialization order fiasco,
and I'm looking for ways to comb
through a whole lot of code to find
possible occurrences. Any suggestions
on how to do this efficiently?
It's not a trivial problem but at least it can done following fairly simple steps if you have an easy-to-parse intermediate-format representation of your code.
1) Find all the globals that have non-trivial constructors and put them in a list.
2) For each of these non-trivially-constructed objects, generate the entire potential-function-tree called by their constructors.
3) Walk through the non-trivially-constructor function tree and if the code references any other non-trivially constructed globals (which are quite handily in the list you generated in step one), you have a potential early-static-initialization-order issue.
4) Repeat steps 2 & 3 until you have exhausted the list generated in step 1.
Note: you may be able to optimize this by only visiting the potential-function-tree once per object class rather than once per global instance if you have multiple globals of a single class.
Replace all the global objects with global functions that return a reference to an object declared static in the function. This isn't thread-safe, so if your app is multi-threaded you might need some tricks like pthread_once or a global lock. This will ensure that everything is initialized before it is used.
Now, either your program works (hurrah!) or else it sits in an infinite loop because you have a circular dependency (redesign needed), or else you move on to the next bug.
The first thing you need to do is make a list of all static objects that have non-trivial constructors.
Given that, you either need to plug through them one at a time, or simply replace them all with singleton-pattern objects.
The singleton pattern comes in for a lot of criticism, but the lazy "as-required" construction is a fairly easy way to fix the majority of the problems now and in the future.
old...
MyObject myObject
new...
MyObject &myObject()
{
static MyObject myActualObject;
return myActualObject;
}
Of course, if your application is multi-threaded, this can cause you more problems than you had in the first place...
Gimpel Software (www.gimpel.com) claims that their PC-Lint/FlexeLint static analysis tools will detect such problems.
I have had good experience with their tools, but not with this specific issue so I can't vouch for how much they would help.
Some of these answers are now out of date. For the sake of people coming from search engines, like myself:
On Linux and elsewhere, finding instances of this problem is possible through Google's AddressSanitizer.
AddressSanitizer is a part of LLVM starting with version 3.1 and a
part of GCC starting with version 4.8
You would then do something like the following:
$ g++ -fsanitize=address -g staticA.C staticB.C staticC.C -o static
$ ASAN_OPTIONS=check_initialization_order=true:strict_init_order=true ./static
=================================================================
==32208==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: initialization-order-fiasco on address ... at ...
#0 0x400f96 in firstClass::getValue() staticC.C:13
#1 0x400de1 in secondClass::secondClass() staticB.C:7
...
See here for more details:
https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizerInitializationOrderFiasco
Other answers are correct, I just wanted to add that the object's getter should be implemented in a .cpp file and it should not be static. If you implement it in a header file, the object will be created in each library / framework you call it from....
If your project is in Visual Studio (I've tried this with VC++ Express 2005, and with Visual Studio 2008 Pro):
Open Class View (Main menu->View->Class View)
Expand each project in your solution and Click on "Global Functions and Variables"
This should give you a decent list of all of the globals that are subject to the fiasco.
In the end, a better approach is to try to remove these objects from your project (easier said than done, sometimes).