why does char[1] read entire word from my input file? - c++

Question

this is what I have done till now: I want to read words from file in C++ and I am allowed to use only cstring library. this is my piece of code
#include <cstring>
#include <fstream>
#include <stdio.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){
ifstream file;
char word[1];
file.open("p.txt");
while (!file.eof()){
file >> word;
cout << word << endl;
}
system("pause");
return 0;
}
It is working fine and reading one word at a time. But I don't understand how this is working fine.
How can char array of any size be it char word[1] or char word[50] read only one word at a time ignoring spaces.
And further I want to store these words in dynamic array. How can I achieve this? Any guidance would be appreciated?

Answer 1

Your code has undefined behaviour. operator >> simply overwrites memory beyond the array.
Take into account that included by you header <stdio.h> is not used in the program. On the other hand you need to include header <cstdlib> that declares function system.
As for your second question then you should use for example standard container std::vector<std::string>
For example
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <cstdlib>
int main()
{
std::ifstream file("p.txt");
std::string s;
std::vector<std::string> v;
v.reserve( 100 );
while ( file >> s ) v.push_back( s );
std::system( "pause" );
return 0;
}
Or you can simply define the vector as
std::vector<std::string> v( ( std::istream_iterator<std::string>( file ) ),
std::istream_iterator<std::string>() );
provided that you will include header <iterator>
For example
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <iterator>
#include <cstdlib>
int main()
{
std::ifstream file("p.txt");
std::vector<std::string> v( ( std::istream_iterator<std::string>( file ) ),
std::istream_iterator<std::string>() );
for ( const std::string &s : v ) std::cout << s << std::endl;
std::system( "pause" );
return 0;
}

Answer 2

Your code is invoking undefined behavior. That it doesn't crash is a roll of the dice, but its execution is not deterministic precisely because that is the nature of being undefined.
The easiest way (I've found) to load a file of words with whitespace separation is by:
std::ifstream inp("p.txt");
std::istream_iterator<std::string> inp_it(inp), inp_eof;
std::vector<std::string> strs(inp_it, inp_eof);
strs will contain every whitespace delimited char sequence as a linear vector of std::string. Use std::string for dynamic string content and don't feel the least bit guilty about exploiting the hell out of the hard work those that came before you gave us all: The Standard Library.

Answer 3

Your code is failing due to the overload of char * for operator>>.
An array of char, regardless the size, will decompose to the type char * where the value is the address of the start of the array.
For compatibility with the C language, the overloaded operator>>(char *) has been implemented to read one or more characters until a terminating whitespace character is reached, or there is an error with the stream.
If you declare an array of 1 character and read from a file containing "California", the function will put 'C' into the first location of the array and keep writing the remaining characters to the next locations in memory (regardless of what data type they are). This is known as a buffer overflow.
A much safer method is to read into a std::string or if you only want one character, use a char variable. Look in your favorite C++ reference for the getline methods. There is an overload for reading until a given delimiter is reached.

Answer 4

You only need a couple changes:
#include <cstring>
#include <fstream>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string>
int main(){
ifstream file;
string word;
file.open("p.txt");
while (file >> word){
cout << word << endl;
}
system("pause");
return 0;
}

Answer 5

It works because you are lucky and you don't overwrite some critical memory. You need to allocate enough bytes for char word array, say char word[64]. And use while(file>>word) as your test for EOF. In the loop you can push_back the word into a std::vector<string> if you are allowed to use C++ STL.
If you want a simple C++11 STL-like solution, use this
#include <algorithm>
#include <iterator>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
ifstream fin("./in.txt"); // input file
vector<string> words; // store the words in a vector
copy(istream_iterator<string>(fin),{}, back_inserter(words)); // insert the words
for(auto &elem: words)
cout << elem << endl; // display them
}
Or, more compactly, construct the container directly from the stream iterator like
vector<string> words(istream_iterator<string>(fin),{});
and remove the copy statement.
If instead a vector<string> you use a multiset<string> (#include <set>) and change
copy(istream_iterator<string>(fin),{}, back_inserter(words)); // insert the words
to
copy(istream_iterator<string>(fin),{}, inserter(words, words.begin())); // insert the words
you get the words ordered. So using STL is the cleanest approach in my opinion.

Answer 6

You're using C++, so you can avoid all that C stuff.
std::string word;
std::vector<std::string> words;
std::fstream stream("wordlist");
// this assumes one word (or phrase, with spaces, etc) per line...
while (std::getline(stream, word))
words.push_back(word);
or for multiple words (or phrases, with spaces, etc) per line separated by commas:
while (std::getline(stream, word, ','))
words.push_back(word);
or for multiple words per line separated by spaces:
while(stream >> word)
words.push_back(word);
No need to worry about buffer sizes or memory allocation or anything like that.

Answer 7

file>>char *
Will work with any char * and you are using
file >> word;
and it simply sees work variable as a char * but you are getting a segemntation fault somewhere and if your code grows you will see something is not working without any logical reason. GDB debugger will show you the seg fault