I have this code and I am trying to draw two hexagons but only one will show up. This is my first time using openGL although i've used C++ for some time now. The first hexagon shows up but the second one is nowhere to be seen. sorry for all the comments in there I was trying to draw 121 of the hexagons in a for loop.
#include <iostream>
#include <GL/glut.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string>
#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
#include <math.h>
void displayCall(){
int x = 0;
int y = 0;
glClearColor(1, 1, 1, 1);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
glOrtho(-2.0, 2.0, -2.0, 2.0, -2.0, 500.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
glScalef(.005, .005, .005);
// Enable polygon offsets, and offset filled polygons forward by 2.5
glEnable(GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_FILL);
glPolygonOffset(-2.5f, -2.5f);
// Set the render mode to be line rendering with a thick line width
glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);
glLineWidth(3.0f);
// Set the colour to be white
//glColor3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
//outline color
glColor3f(0, 0, 0);
//for (int i = 0; i < 11; i++){
// for (int j = 0; j < 11; j++){
glTranslatef(-300 + x, 300 - y, 0);
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
for (int i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
glVertex2d(50 * sin(i / 6.0 * 2 * M_PI),
50 * cos(i / 6.0 * 2 * M_PI));
}
glEnd();
glTranslatef(-200 + x, 300 - y, 0);
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
for (int i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
glVertex2d(50 * sin(i / 6.0 * 2 * M_PI),
50 * cos(i / 6.0 * 2 * M_PI));
}
glEnd();
// x += 50;
// }
//y += 50;
//x = 0;
// }
glutSwapBuffers();
}
int main(int argc, char **argv){
std::cout << "Test" << std::endl;
char* buf = 0;
size_t sz = 0;
if (_dupenv_s(&buf, &sz, "DISPLAY")){
std::string display(("DISPLAY"));
std::cout << display << std::endl;
}
else{
std::cout << "Empty" << std::endl;
}
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DEPTH);
glutInitWindowSize(600, 600);
glutCreateWindow("RED");
glutDisplayFunc(displayCall);
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
You are not resetting transformation matrix.
Try this
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef(-300 + x, 300 - y, 0);
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
for (int i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
glVertex2d(50 * sin(i / 6.0 * 2 * M_PI),
50 * cos(i / 6.0 * 2 * M_PI));
}
glEnd();
glPopMatrix();
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef(-200 + x, 300 - y, 0);
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
for (int i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
glVertex2d(50 * sin(i / 6.0 * 2 * M_PI),
50 * cos(i / 6.0 * 2 * M_PI));
}
glEnd();
glPopMatrix();
Related
Take inputs from keyboard such as "+" or "-" and increase/decrease sides accordingly. For example if a triangle is currently displayed and if i press "+", it should transform into a rectangle etc. How can I achieve that?
static void DisplayShape(void)
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glColor3d(1,0.1,0.6);
glBegin(GL_POINTS);
for(int i=0;i<n;++i) // n - sides count
{
glVertex2f(); // the n-sided shape is to be drawn here
}
glEnd();
glutSwapBuffers();
}
static void key(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{
switch (key)
{
case 27 :
case 'q': // quit
exit(0);
break;
case '+': // increase sides count
n++;
break;
case '-': // decrease sides count
if (n > 3) // cannot be less than 3
{
n--;
}
break;
}
glutPostRedisplay();
}
static void idle(void)
{
glutPostRedisplay();
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitWindowSize(640,480);
glutInitWindowPosition(10,10);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_DEPTH);
glutCreateWindow("GLUT Shapes");
glutDisplayFunc(DisplayShape);
glutKeyboardFunc(key);
glutIdleFunc(idle);
glutMainLoop();
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
Distribute the N-points around a circle. Compute the angle between the vectors from the center of the circle to the points (360°/N). Calculate the points using their Polar Coordinates:
const float x0 = 0.0f;
const float y0 = 0.0f;
const float sideLen = 0.5;
float dist = sideLen / 2.0f / sin(M_PI * 2.0f / n / 2.0f);
float startAngle = -M_PI * (n - 2) / 2 / n;
glBegin(GL_LINE_LOOP);
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) // n - sides count
{
float sideAngle = M_PI * 2.0 * i / n + startAngle;
float x = x0 + dist * cos(sideAngle);
float y = y0 + dist * sin(sideAngle);
glVertex2f(x, y);
}
glEnd();
Complete example:
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>
#include <GL/freeglut.h>
#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
#include <math.h>
int n = 3;
static void DisplayShape(void)
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glColor3d(1, 0.1, 0.6);
const float x0 = 0.0f;
const float y0 = 0.0f;
const float sideLen = 0.5;
float dist = sideLen / 2.0f / sin(M_PI * 2.0f / n / 2.0f);
float startAngle = -M_PI * (n - 2) / 2 / n;
glBegin(GL_LINE_LOOP);
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) // n - sides count
{
float sideAngle = M_PI * 2.0 * i / n + startAngle;
float x = x0 + dist * cos(sideAngle);
float y = y0 + dist * sin(sideAngle);
glVertex2f(x, y);
}
glEnd();
glutSwapBuffers();
glutPostRedisplay();
}
static void key(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{
switch (key)
{
case 27:
case 'q': // quit
exit(0);
break;
case '+': // increase sides count
n++;
break;
case '-': // decrease sides count
if (n > 3) // cannot be less than 3
n--;
break;
}
glutPostRedisplay();
}
static void reshape(int width, int height)
{
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
double aspect = (double)width / height;
glOrtho(-aspect, aspect, -1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitWindowSize(640, 480);
glutInitWindowPosition(10, 10);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_DEPTH);
glutCreateWindow("GLUT Shapes");
glutReshapeFunc(reshape);
glutDisplayFunc(DisplayShape);
glutKeyboardFunc(key);
glutMainLoop();
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
I am trying to draw a Bezier curve in OpenGL using floating point values. I have tried using many different code examples. My current code below, runs ,but does not show the curve on screen. The usual way to draw Bezier curves are with integer values, which means using the GLUORTHO2D() function for drawing the curve. But I want to draw a curve using floating point values. Such as x range(-1,1) and y range(-1,1).
like if x=(500) then consider it (-1 to 1) and if y=(800) then consider it (-1,1).
I have already tried using integer values and it worked for me. my code using integer values is below:
#include <GL/glut.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#define CTRL_COUNT 100
int ctrlPointsCount;
int ctrlPointsX[CTRL_COUNT], ctrlPointsY[CTRL_COUNT];
int X1[3]={20,25,20}, Y1[3]={5,24,38}; //first point(x1[0],y1[0]) second(x1[1],y1[1]) third(x1[2],y1[2])
void myInit()
{
glClearColor(0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0);
glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0);
glPointSize(8.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
gluOrtho2D(0.0,128.0,0.0,96.0);
}
//p(t)=(1-t)^3*p0+3t(1-t)^2*p1+3t^2(1-t)p2+t^3p3
float getNextBezierPointX(float t)
{
float x=0.0;
for(int i=0; i<ctrlPointsCount; i++)
{
int c;
if(i==0 || i==ctrlPointsCount-1)
c = 1;
else
{
c = ctrlPointsCount-1;
}
x += c * pow(t, i) * pow(1-t, ctrlPointsCount-1-i) * ctrlPointsX[i];
}
return x;
}
float getNextBezierPointY(float t)
{
float y=0.0;
for(int i=0; i<ctrlPointsCount; i++)
{
int c;
if(i==0 || i==ctrlPointsCount-1)
c = 1;
else
{
c = ctrlPointsCount-1;
}
y += c * pow(t, i) * pow(1-t, ctrlPointsCount-1-i) * ctrlPointsY[i];
}
return y;
}
void drawline()
{
// draw control points using red color
for(int i=0; i < 3; i++)
{
glBegin(GL_POINTS);
glVertex2i(ctrlPointsX[i], ctrlPointsY[i]);
glEnd();
glFlush();
}
// draw bezier curve using control poitns by calculating next points using cubic bezier curve formula
float oldX=ctrlPointsX[0], oldY=ctrlPointsY[0];
for(double t = 0.0;t <= 1.0; t += 0.01) {
float x = getNextBezierPointX(t);
float y = getNextBezierPointY(t);
//glColor3f(1.0,t,1.0);
glColor3f(1.0,1.0,1.0);
glBegin(GL_LINES);
glVertex2f(oldX, oldY);
glVertex2f(x, y);
glEnd();
glFlush();
oldX = x;
oldY = y;
}
}
void myDisplay()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0);
ctrlPointsCount=3;
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{
ctrlPointsX[i] = X1[i];
ctrlPointsY[i] = Y1[i];
}
drawline();
glFlush();
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE|GLUT_RGB);
glutInitWindowSize(640,480);
glutInitWindowPosition(100,150);
glutCreateWindow("Bezier Curve");
glutDisplayFunc(myDisplay);
myInit();
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
But when i tried using floating point values , it does not work for me. It does not show the curved line on screen. My code using floating point values is below:
#include <iostream>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <GL/glut.h>
using namespace std;
#define CTRL_COUNT 100
int ctrlPointsCount;
int ctrlPointsX[CTRL_COUNT], ctrlPointsY[CTRL_COUNT];
double X1[3] = { 0.26015037593985, 0.43609022556391, 0.6 }, Y1[3] = { 0.946875, 0.884375, 0.946875 };
//Initializes 3D rendering
void initRendering() {
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
}
float getNextBezierPointX(float t)
{
float x = 0.0;
for (int i = 0; i<ctrlPointsCount; i++)
{
int c;
if (i == 0 || i == ctrlPointsCount - 1)
c = 1;
else
{
c = ctrlPointsCount - 1;
}
x += c * pow(t, i) * pow(1 - t, ctrlPointsCount - 1 - i) * ctrlPointsX[i];
}
return x;
}
float getNextBezierPointY(float t)
{
float y = 0.0;
for (int i = 0; i<ctrlPointsCount; i++)
{
int c;
if (i == 0 || i == ctrlPointsCount - 1)
c = 1;
else
{
c = ctrlPointsCount - 1;
}
y += c * pow(t, i) * pow(1 - t, ctrlPointsCount - 1 - i) * ctrlPointsY[i];
}
return y;
}
void drawline()
{
// draw control points using red color
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
glBegin(GL_POINTS);
glVertex2i(ctrlPointsX[i], ctrlPointsY[i]);
glEnd();
glFlush();
}
// draw bezier curve using control poitns by calculating next points using cubic bezier curve formula
float oldX = ctrlPointsX[0], oldY = ctrlPointsY[0];
for (double t = 0.0; t <= 1.0; t += 0.01)
{
float x = getNextBezierPointX(t);
float y = getNextBezierPointY(t);
//glColor3f(1.0,t,1.0);
glColor3f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
glBegin(GL_LINES);
glVertex2f(oldX, oldY);
glVertex2f(x, y);
glEnd();
glFlush();
oldX = x;
oldY = y;
}
}
//Called when the window is resized
void handleResize(int w, int h) {
glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
gluPerspective(45.0, (double)w / (double)h, 1.0, 200.0);
}
float _angle = 0.0;
float _cameraAngle = 0.0;
float _ang_tri = 0.0;
//Draws the 3D scene
void drawScene() {
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glLoadIdentity(); //Reset the drawing perspective
ctrlPointsCount = 3;
for (int i = 0; i<3; i++)
{
ctrlPointsX[i] = X1[i];
ctrlPointsY[i] = Y1[i];
}
drawline();
glutSwapBuffers();
}
void update(int value) {
_angle += 2.0f;
if (_angle > 360) {
_angle -= 360;
}
_ang_tri += 2.0f;
if (_ang_tri > 360) {
_ang_tri -= 360;
}
glutPostRedisplay(); //Tell GLUT that the display has changed
//Tell GLUT to call update again in 25 milliseconds
glutTimerFunc(25, update, 0);
}
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
//Initialize GLUT
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DEPTH);
glutInitWindowSize(1331, 641);
glutInitWindowPosition(0, 0);
//Create the window
glutCreateWindow("Our cg project");
initRendering();
//Set handler functions
glutDisplayFunc(drawScene);
glutReshapeFunc(handleResize);
glutTimerFunc(25, update, 0); //Add a timer
glClearColor(0.0, 0.7, 1.5,0.0);
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
The problem is this here:
int ctrlPointsX[CTRL_COUNT], ctrlPointsY[CTRL_COUNT];
double X1[3] = { 0.26015037593985, 0.43609022556391, 0.6 }, Y1[3] = {0.946875, 0.884375, 0.946875 };
for (int i = 0; i<3; i++)
{
ctrlPointsX[i] = X1[i];
ctrlPointsY[i] = Y1[i];
}
ctrlPointsX and ctrlPointsYcan only hold integer values. So when you do ctrlPointsX[i] = X1[i] and ctrlPointsY[i] = Y1[i] you are converting the floats to integers, which will round them down. So all your controlPoints will be 0.
You have to declare the controlPoints arrays as type double too:
double ctrlPointsX[CTRL_COUNT], ctrlPointsY[CTRL_COUNT];
double X1[3] = { 0.26015037593985, 0.43609022556391, 0.6 }, Y1[3] = {0.946875, 0.884375, 0.946875 };
This should fix your problem.
I am having trouble with this code. I want it to fire fireworks that explode and fall in front of a static background. Right now the fireworks and background work, but together they cause a flickering and the fireworks don't fall at a regular rate. How do I prevent this flickering and achieve a regular rate of firework's fall?
#include <GL/freeglut.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include "Header.h"
using namespace std;
#define M_PI (3.1415926535897932384626433832795)
GLfloat randomNum()
{
return (rand() % 10000) / 10000.0;
}
GLfloat nx = 0;
GLfloat ny = .8;
#define MAX_POINTS 750
GLfloat numPoints;
GLfloat curx, cury;
GLfloat x[MAX_POINTS], y[MAX_POINTS];
GLfloat xacc[MAX_POINTS], yacc[MAX_POINTS];
GLfloat red, green, blue;
int step; int length;
GLfloat newRed = 0;
GLfloat newGreen = 0;
GLfloat newBlue = 0;
GLint totPor = 0;
GLint strontiumPor = 0;
GLfloat bariumPor = 0;
GLfloat copperPor = 0;
GLfloat sodiumPor = 0;
GLfloat phosPor = 0;
GLfloat red2;
GLfloat green2;
GLfloat green3;
GLfloat blue2;
void initialize()
{
int j; double temp, temp2;
numPoints = randomNum()*(MAX_POINTS - 1);
curx = nx;
cury = ny;
//Color Mixing
if (totPor != 0)
{
red = newRed * strontiumPor / (totPor - strontiumPor); //s red
green = newGreen * bariumPor / (totPor - bariumPor); //b green
blue = newBlue * copperPor / (totPor - copperPor); //c blue
red2 = newRed * sodiumPor / (totPor - sodiumPor); //d yellow
green2 = newGreen * sodiumPor / (totPor - sodiumPor);
green3 = newGreen * phosPor / (totPor - phosPor); //p blue green
blue2 = newBlue * phosPor / (totPor - phosPor);
red = red + red2;
green = green + green2 + green3;
blue = blue + blue2;
}
else
{
red = newRed;
green = newGreen;
blue = newBlue;
}
glPointSize(1.7);
step = 0;
length = 500 + 300 * randomNum();
/* initialize the blast */
for (j = 0; j<numPoints; j++) {
x[j] = curx;
y[j] = cury;
temp = randomNum();
temp2 = randomNum()*2.0*M_PI;
xacc[j] = (cos(temp2) * temp) / length;
yacc[j] = (sin(temp2) * temp) / length;
}
}
void draw_fireworks(void)
{
int i;
double glow = (length - (step)) / (double)length;
glColor3f(red*glow, green*glow, blue*glow); //glow
glBegin(GL_POINTS);
for (i = 0; i<numPoints; i++) {
x[i] += xacc[i];
y[i] += yacc[i];
glVertex2f(x[i], y[i]);
}
glEnd();
glFlush();
glutSwapBuffers();
}
void display(void)
{
int i;
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
if (step < 0.9*length) {
for (i = 0; i<numPoints; i++)
yacc[i] -= 0.02 / length; // gravity
draw_fireworks();
}
step++;
if (step > length) initialize();
DrawScene();
glutSwapBuffers();
}
int t = 0;
void idle(void)
{
if (t == 45000)
{
glutPostRedisplay();
t = 0;
}
t++;
}
void SpecialKey(int key, int x, int y)
{
switch (key) {
case GLUT_KEY_LEFT:
/* Move fireworks left or right, up or down */
nx = nx + -.025;
break;
case GLUT_KEY_RIGHT:
nx = nx + .025;
break;
case GLUT_KEY_UP:
ny = ny + .025;
break;
case GLUT_KEY_DOWN:
ny = ny + -.025;
break;
}
glutPostRedisplay();
}
void Keyboard(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{
//Select Chemicals
switch (key)
{
case 's':
newRed = 1;
strontiumPor = strontiumPor + 1;
totPor = totPor + 1;
break;
case 'b':
newGreen = 1;
bariumPor = bariumPor + 1;
totPor = totPor + 1;
break;
case 'c':
newBlue = 1;
copperPor = copperPor + 1;
totPor = totPor + 1;
break;
case 'd':
newRed = 1;
newGreen = 1;
sodiumPor = sodiumPor + 1;
totPor = totPor + 1;
break;
case 'p':
newBlue = 1;
newGreen = 1;
phosPor = phosPor + 1;
totPor = totPor + 1;
break;
case 'R': newRed = newRed + .1;
break;
case 'G': newGreen = newGreen + .1;
break;
case 'B': newBlue = newBlue + .1;
break;
case ' ': //Space bar is Reset or start
newRed = 1;
newGreen = 1;
newBlue = 1;
totPor = 0;
strontiumPor = 0;
bariumPor = 0;
copperPor = 0;
sodiumPor = 0;
phosPor = 0;
break;
case 'm': nx = 0; ny = 0.8; //M resets target to default
break;
case 'q': exit(0); //Q is quit
}
glutPostRedisplay();
}
void reshape(int w, int h)
{
glViewport(0, 0, (GLsizei)w, (GLsizei)h);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
if (w <= h)
glOrtho(-1.0, 1.0,
-1.0*(GLfloat)h / (GLfloat)w, 1.0*(GLfloat)h / (GLfloat)w,
-1.0, 1.0);
else
glOrtho(-1.0*(GLfloat)w / (GLfloat)h, 1.0*(GLfloat)w / (GLfloat)h,
-1.0, 1.0,
-1.0, 1.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
}
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGB);
glutInitWindowSize(700, 700);
glutInitWindowPosition(0, 0);
glutCreateWindow("Fireworks Display");
glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
initialize();
initText();
glutDisplayFunc(display);
glutReshapeFunc(reshape);
glutIdleFunc(idle);
glutKeyboardFunc(Keyboard);
glutSpecialFunc(SpecialKey);
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
And then also this:
#include <GL/freeglut.h>
#include "Soil.h"
GLuint tex_ID;
void LoadTextureMap()
{
int width, height, channels;
unsigned char* image = SOIL_load_image("washington.png", &width, &height, &channels, SOIL_LOAD_AUTO);
glGenTextures(1, &tex_ID);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, tex_ID);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,
GL_NEAREST);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,
GL_NEAREST);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, channels, width, height, 0,
GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);
SOIL_free_image_data(image);
}
void Tree(GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z)
{
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, tex_ID);
glPushMatrix();
glRotatef(180, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
glColor3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
glBegin(GL_QUADS);
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0); glVertex3f(-1.0 + x, -1.0 + y, 1.0 + z);
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0); glVertex3f(-1.0 + x, 1.0 + y, 1.0 + z);
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0); glVertex3f(1 + x, 1.0 + y, 1.0 + z);
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0); glVertex3f(1 + x, -1.0 + y, 1.0 + z);
glEnd();
glPopMatrix();
glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
}
void DrawScene()
{
Tree(0, 0, 0);
}
void initText()
{
LoadTextureMap();
}
You're calling glutSwapBuffers() in draw_fireworks() and also in display(). You should call it only once per frame.
Btw, if you want to learn OpenGL don't waste your time with this legacy fixed function pipeline stuff. Go with shaders instead.
I've got some code but the matrix orientation does not appeal to my purposes, can someone teach me how to convert it's orientation, it's currently set up as X Z Y, but i would like it to reflect X Y Z, can someone please highlight what must be done?
when i do vertex3f(100, 100, 10); forexample, the 10 value should reflect the Z value on my grid.
Here is my code:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <Windows.h>
#include <glut.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const float sensitivity = 0.005;
const float walk_speed = 0.5;
float cam_pos[3] = { 100.5, 10.0f, 50 };
float cam_view[3] = { -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f };
static int old_x, old_y, half_width, half_height;
int width = 1024, height = 768;
void updateKeys()
{
if (GetAsyncKeyState('W')){
cam_pos[0] += cam_view[0] * walk_speed;
cam_pos[1] += cam_view[1] * walk_speed;
cam_pos[2] += cam_view[2] * walk_speed;
}
if (GetAsyncKeyState('S')){
cam_pos[0] -= cam_view[0] * walk_speed;
cam_pos[1] -= cam_view[1] * walk_speed;
cam_pos[2] -= cam_view[2] * walk_speed;
}
if (GetAsyncKeyState('A')){
cam_pos[0] += cam_view[2] * walk_speed;
cam_pos[2] -= cam_view[0] * walk_speed;
}
if (GetAsyncKeyState('D')){
cam_pos[0] -= cam_view[2] * walk_speed;
cam_pos[2] += cam_view[0] * walk_speed;
}
if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_SPACE)){
cam_pos[1] += walk_speed;
}
}
void renderScene(void)
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
//3d camera
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
gluLookAt(
cam_pos[0], cam_pos[1], cam_pos[2],
cam_pos[0] + cam_view[0], cam_pos[1] + cam_view[1], cam_pos[2] + cam_view[2],
0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
//render grid
glBegin(GL_LINES);
for (int i = 0; i <= 100; i++) {
if (i == 0) { glColor3f(.6, .3, .3); }
else { glColor3f(.25, .25, .25); };
glVertex3f(i, 0, 0);
glVertex3f(i, 0, 100);
if (i == 0) { glColor3f(.3, .3, .6); }
else { glColor3f(.25, .25, .25); };
glVertex3f(0, 0, i);
glVertex3f(100, 0, i);
};
glEnd();
glEnable(GL_POINT_SMOOTH);
glPointSize(50.0f);
glColor3f(1, 0, 0);
glBegin(GL_POINTS);
glVertex3f(0, 0, 0);
//X, Z, Y
glVertex3f(10, -10, 10);
glEnd();
updateKeys();
glutSwapBuffers();
}
void normalize(float *v)
{
float magnitude = sqrt(v[0] * v[0] + v[1] * v[1] + v[2] * v[2]);
v[0] /= magnitude;
v[1] /= magnitude;
v[2] /= magnitude;
}
void rotate_view(float *view, float angle, float x, float y, float z)
{
float new_x;
float new_y;
float new_z;
float c = cos(angle);
float s = sin(angle);
new_x = (x*x*(1 - c) + c) * view[0];
new_x += (x*y*(1 - c) - z*s) * view[1];
new_x += (x*z*(1 - c) + y*s) * view[2];
new_y = (y*x*(1 - c) + z*s) * view[0];
new_y += (y*y*(1 - c) + c) * view[1];
new_y += (y*z*(1 - c) - x*s) * view[2];
new_z = (x*z*(1 - c) - y*s) * view[0];
new_z += (y*z*(1 - c) + x*s) * view[1];
new_z += (z*z*(1 - c) + c) * view[2];
view[0] = new_x;
view[1] = new_y;
view[2] = new_z;
normalize(view);
}
void motion(int x, int y)
{
float rot_x, rot_y;
float rot_axis[3];
x -= half_width;
y -= half_height;
rot_x = -(float)(x - old_x) * sensitivity;
rot_y = -(float)(y - old_y) * sensitivity;
old_x = x;
old_y = y;
rotate_view(cam_view, rot_x, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
rot_axis[0] = -cam_view[2];
rot_axis[1] = 0.0f;
rot_axis[2] = cam_view[0];
normalize(rot_axis);
rotate_view(cam_view, rot_y, rot_axis[0], rot_axis[1], rot_axis[2]);
}
void mouse(int button, int state, int x, int y)
{
old_x = x - half_width;
old_y = y - half_height;
glutPostRedisplay();
}
void idle()
{
glutPostRedisplay();
}
void keys(unsigned char c, int x, int y)
{
glutPostRedisplay();
cout << "camera view: :" << cam_view[0] << "," << cam_view[1] << "," << cam_view[2] << endl;
}
void reshape(int w, int h)
{
width = w;
height = h;
half_height = w / 2;
half_width = h / 2;
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
gluPerspective(45.0, (double)w / (double)h, 1.0, 10000.0);
glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Main program
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DEPTH | GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGBA);
glutInitWindowPosition(100, 100);
glutInitWindowSize(width, height);
glutCreateWindow("OpenGL");
glutDisplayFunc(renderScene);
glutKeyboardFunc(keys);
glutReshapeFunc(reshape);
glutMouseFunc(mouse);
glutMotionFunc(motion);
glutIdleFunc(idle);
// OpenGL init
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
// enter GLUT event processing cycle
glutMainLoop();
return 0; // this is just to keep the compiler happy
}
Use a transformation matrix that "remaps" the values. You can push that matrix on your modelview as usual.
The identity matrix is:
(1, 0, 0; 0, 1, 0; 0, 0, 1)
Your matrix would be:
(1, 0, 0; 0, 0, 1; 0, 1, 0)
I guess you can spot the difference. You can extend to a 4D matrix for homogeneous coordinates accordingly.
I draw the sphere by OpenGL.
This program can draw sphere when "SLIED = STACK".
But It's doesn't work when "SLIED not equal STACK".
I may be mistake "index array".
I want to use VBO and DMA(Dynamic memory allocate.use flat array).
But If You have another good idea, teach me.
//#pragma comment(linker, "/SUBSYSTEM:WINDOWS /ENTRY:mainCRTStartup")
#pragma comment(lib,"glew32.lib")
#include <gl/glew.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <GL/freeglut/freeglut.h>
#define WIDTH 640
#define HEIGHT 480
#define M_PI 3.14159265358979323846
float angle=0.0f;
//functions----------------------------------------------//
void Shere_dma(double radius, int nSlice, int nStack);
void setSphereData(double radius, int nSlice, int nStack);
void DrawSphereVBO(void);
//-------------------------------------------------------//
//variabless---------------------------------------------//
int SLICE=0;
int STACK=0;
GLuint SVboId[3];
GLfloat* Svertex;//Vertex
GLfloat* Snormal;//Normal
GLfloat* Scolor; //Color
GLuint* indices_top; //TOP indices
GLuint* indices_bottom; //BOTTOM indies
GLuint* indices_side; //SIDE indices
//-------------------------------------------------------//
//Memory Allocate
void Shere_dma(double radius, int nSlice, int nStack){
Svertex = new GLfloat[(nSlice+1)*(nStack+1)*3];
Snormal = new GLfloat[(nSlice+1)*(nStack+1)*3];
Scolor = new GLfloat[(nSlice+1)*(nStack+1)*3];
indices_top = new GLuint[(nSlice+1)*(nStack+1)*3];
indices_bottom = new GLuint[(nSlice+1)*(nStack+1)*3];
indices_side = new GLuint[(nSlice+1)*(nStack+1)*4];
}
//inputData
void setSphereData(double radius, int nSlice, int nStack){
double phi; //Azimuth
double theta; //long
int coordinates=0;
int Slice_current_point_no=0;
int Slice_next_point_no=0;
const int x = 0;
const int y = 1;
const int z = 2;
const int p1 = 0;
const int p2 = 1;
const int p3 = 2;
const int p4 = 3;
//Vertex
for(int i = 0;i <= nSlice;i++)
{
phi = 2.0 * M_PI * (double)i / (double)nSlice;
for(int j = 0;j <= nStack;j++)
{
theta = M_PI * (double)j / (double)nStack;
Svertex[coordinates+x] = (float)(radius * sin(theta) * cos(phi)); //x
Svertex[coordinates+y] = (float)(radius * sin(theta) * sin(phi)); //y
Svertex[coordinates+z] = (float)(radius * cos(theta)); //z
Snormal[coordinates+x] = (float)(radius * sin(theta) * cos(phi)); //x
Snormal[coordinates+y] = (float)(radius * sin(theta) * sin(phi)); //y
Snormal[coordinates+z] = (float)(radius * cos(theta)); //z
Scolor[coordinates+x] = 1.0; //x
Scolor[coordinates+y] = 0.0; //y
Scolor[coordinates+z] = 0.0; //z
coordinates += 3;
}
}
//TOP
coordinates = 0;
Slice_current_point_no = 0;
Slice_next_point_no = nSlice;
for(int i = 0; i < nSlice; i++){
indices_top[coordinates+p1] = Slice_current_point_no;
indices_top[coordinates+p2] = indices_top[coordinates]+1;
indices_top[coordinates+p3] = Slice_next_point_no+2;
coordinates+=3;
Slice_current_point_no += nSlice+1;
Slice_next_point_no += nSlice+1;
}
//BOTTOM
coordinates =0;
Slice_current_point_no = 0;
Slice_next_point_no = nSlice;
for(int i = 0; i < nSlice; i++){
indices_bottom[coordinates+p1] = Slice_current_point_no+(nStack-1);
indices_bottom[coordinates+p2] = indices_bottom[coordinates]+1;
indices_bottom[coordinates+p3] = Slice_next_point_no+(nStack);
coordinates+=3;
Slice_current_point_no += nSlice+1;
Slice_next_point_no += nSlice+1;
}
//↓May be wrong ********************************************************************************//
//SIDE
coordinates=0;
Slice_current_point_no = 0;
Slice_next_point_no = nSlice+1;
for(int i=0; i < nSlice;i++){
for(int j=1; j < nStack-1; j++){
indices_side[coordinates+p1] = Slice_current_point_no+j;
indices_side[coordinates+p2] = indices_side[coordinates]+1;
indices_side[coordinates+p3] = Slice_next_point_no+(j+1);
indices_side[coordinates+p4] = Slice_next_point_no+j;
coordinates+=4;
}
Slice_current_point_no += nSlice+1;
Slice_next_point_no += nSlice+1;
}
//↑May be wrong ********************************************************************************//
glGenBuffers(3,&SVboId[0]);
//Vertex
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,SVboId[0]);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,sizeof(GLfloat)*(nSlice+1)*(nStack+1)*3,
Svertex,GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
//Normal
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,SVboId[1]);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,sizeof(GLfloat)*(nSlice+1)*(nStack+1)*3,
Snormal,GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
//Color
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,SVboId[2]);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,sizeof(GLfloat)*(nSlice+1)*(nStack+1)*3,
Scolor,GL_STREAM_DRAW);
}
//Draw
void DrawSphereVBO(void)
{
int point=0;
//Enable
glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
glEnableClientState(GL_NORMAL_ARRAY);
glEnableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY);
//Vertex
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,SVboId[0]);
glVertexPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, 0, 0);
//Normal
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,SVboId[1]);
glNormalPointer(GL_FLOAT, 0, 0);
//Color
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,SVboId[2]);
glColorPointer(3,GL_FLOAT, 0, 0);
//---------------------------------Draw---------------------------------------------------//
//TOP
for(int i=0; i<SLICE;i++){
glDrawRangeElements(GL_TRIANGLES, point, point+2, 3, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, indices_top+i*3);
point+=3;
}
//BOTTOM
point=0;
for(int i=0; i<SLICE;i++){
glDrawRangeElements(GL_TRIANGLES, point, point+2, 3, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, indices_bottom+i*3);
point+=3;
}
//↓May be wrong ********************************************************************************//
//SIDE
point=0;
for(int i=0; i< (SLICE*(STACK-2));i++){
glDrawRangeElements(GL_QUADS, point, point+3, 4, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, indices_side+i*4);
point+=4;
}
//↑May be wrong ********************************************************************************//
//---------------------------------Draw---------------------------------------------------//
//Disable
glDisableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY);
glDisableClientState(GL_NORMAL_ARRAY);
glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
}
void display(void)
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glViewport(0,0,WIDTH,HEIGHT);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
gluPerspective(30.0, (double)WIDTH / (double)HEIGHT, 1.0, 1000.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
gluLookAt(5.0, 5.0,5.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
glRotatef(angle,0.0f,1.0f,0.0f);
DrawSphereVBO();
glutSwapBuffers();
}
void idle(void)
{
glutPostRedisplay();
angle+=0.2f;
}
void Init(){
glewInit();
glClearColor(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glColorMaterial(GL_FRONT,GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE);
glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable(GL_NORMALIZE);
SLICE = 5;
STACK = 5;
Shere_dma(1,SLICE,STACK); //MemoryAllocate
setSphereData(1,SLICE,STACK); //InputData
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
glutInitWindowPosition(100, 100);
glutInitWindowSize(WIDTH, HEIGHT);
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutCreateWindow("VBO");
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_DOUBLE);
glutDisplayFunc(display);
glutIdleFunc(idle);
Init();
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
I refer to this code.
void drawSphere(double radius, int nSlice, int nStack)
{
int i, j;
double phi; //
double theta; //long
float p[31][31][3]; //Vertex
float *p1,*p2,*p3,*p4;
if(nSlice > 30) nSlice = 30;
if(nStack > 30) nStack = 30;
//Vertex
for(i = 0;i <= nSlice;i++)
{
phi = 2.0 * M_PI * (double)i / (double)nSlice;
for(j = 0;j <= nStack;j++)
{
theta = M_PI * (double)j / (double)nStack;
p[i][j][0] = (float)(radius * sin(theta) * cos(phi));//x
p[i][j][1] = (float)(radius * sin(theta) * sin(phi));//y
p[i][j][2] = (float)(radius * cos(theta)); //z
}
}
//Top(j=0)
for(i = 0;i < nSlice; i++)
{
p1 = p[i][0]; p2 = p[i][1];
p3 = p[i+1][1];
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);
glNormal3fv(p1); glVertex3fv(p1);
glNormal3fv(p2); glVertex3fv(p2);
glNormal3fv(p3); glVertex3fv(p3);
glEnd();
}
//Bottom
j=nStack-1;
for(i = 0;i < nSlice; i++)
{
p1 = p[i][j]; p2 = p[i][j+1];
p3 = p[i+1][j];
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);
glNormal3fv(p1); glVertex3fv(p1);
glNormal3fv(p2); glVertex3fv(p2);
glNormal3fv(p3); glVertex3fv(p3);
glEnd();
}
for(i = 0;i < nSlice;i++){
for(j = 1;j < nStack-1; j++)
{
p1 = p[i][j]; p2 = p[i][j+1];
p3 = p[i+1][j+1]; p4 = p[i+1][j];
glBegin(GL_QUADS);
glNormal3fv(p1); glVertex3fv(p1);
glNormal3fv(p2); glVertex3fv(p2);
glNormal3fv(p3); glVertex3fv(p3);
glNormal3fv(p4); glVertex3fv(p4);
glEnd();
}
}
}
I've written a tutorial on generating sphere meshes - it doesn't come with source code, but describes the process and walks you through the issues you'll encounter. You can find the tutorial at: http://sol.gfxile.net/sphere/index.html
I would recommend using spherical coordinates using two angles phi (elevation) and theta (around) or by using the equation of the sphere: x2 + y2 + z2 = r2
were you keep one of the values constant and increment later as you replace values in the 2nd to find the 3rd value.