Why this code is giving me an error that undefined reference to student::count. I am using static count and I know that static members are by default is 0 but dont know why giving me an error. Please explain me.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student{
static int count;
string name;
public:
Student(){
count++;
cout<<"I am student"<<count<<endl;
}
int getCount() const
{
return count;
}
void setCount(int x){
count=x;
}
};
int main(){
Student stud[20];
return 0;
}
You have no definition of Student::count, violating the one definition rule. Put a definition in one, and only one, translation unit.
Note that if static int count; was a definition, static members would be almost impossible to use. You'd wind up with a definition each time you included the header file, making the one definition rule almost impossible to comply with.
Writing static int count; in your header means: Compiler, somewhere you will find a variable scoped to this class, it will be a int and will be nammed count.
Now, you need to actually instantiate (define) your variable somewhere. Maybe in your case, adding int Student::count; to your main file would be fine.
Related
Very simply put:
I have a class that consists mostly of static public members, so I can group similar functions together that still have to be called from other classes/functions.
Anyway, I have defined two static unsigned char variables in my class public scope, when I try to modify these values in the same class' constructor, I am getting an "unresolved external symbol" error at compilation.
class test
{
public:
static unsigned char X;
static unsigned char Y;
...
test();
};
test::test()
{
X = 1;
Y = 2;
}
I'm new to C++ so go easy on me. Why can't I do this?
If you are using C++ 17 you can just use the inline specifier (see https://stackoverflow.com/a/11711082/55721)
If using older versions of the C++ standard, you must add the definitions to match your declarations of X and Y
unsigned char test::X;
unsigned char test::Y;
somewhere. You might want to also initialize a static member
unsigned char test::X = 4;
and again, you do that in the definition (usually in a CXX file) not in the declaration (which is often in a .H file)
Static data members declarations in the class declaration are not definition of them.
To define them you should do this in the .CPP file to avoid duplicated symbols.
The only data you can declare and define is integral static constants.
(Values of enums can be used as constant values as well)
You might want to rewrite your code as:
class test {
public:
const static unsigned char X = 1;
const static unsigned char Y = 2;
...
test();
};
test::test() {
}
If you want to have ability to modify you static variables (in other words when it is inappropriate to declare them as const), you can separate you code between .H and .CPP in the following way:
.H :
class test {
public:
static unsigned char X;
static unsigned char Y;
...
test();
};
.CPP :
unsigned char test::X = 1;
unsigned char test::Y = 2;
test::test()
{
// constructor is empty.
// We don't initialize static data member here,
// because static data initialization will happen on every constructor call.
}
in my case, I declared one static variable in .h file, like
//myClass.h
class myClass
{
static int m_nMyVar;
static void myFunc();
}
and in myClass.cpp, I tried to use this m_nMyVar. It got LINK error like:
error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static class...
The link error related cpp file looks like:
//myClass.cpp
void myClass::myFunc()
{
myClass::m_nMyVar = 123; //I tried to use this m_nMyVar here and got link error
}
So I add below code on the top of myClass.cpp
//myClass.cpp
int myClass::m_nMyVar; //it seems redefine m_nMyVar, but it works well
void myClass::myFunc()
{
myClass::m_nMyVar = 123; //I tried to use this m_nMyVar here and got link error
}
then LNK2001 is gone.
Since this is the first SO thread that seemed to come up for me when searching for "unresolved externals with static const members" in general, I'll leave another hint to solve one problem with unresolved externals here:
For me, the thing that I forgot was to mark my class definition __declspec(dllexport), and when called from another class (outside that class's dll's boundaries), I of course got the my unresolved external error.
Still, easy to forget when you're changing an internal helper class to a one accessible from elsewhere, so if you're working in a dynamically linked project, you might as well check that, too.
When we declare a static variable in a class, it is shared by all the objects of that class. As static variables are initialized only once they are never initialized by a constructor. Instead, the static variable should be explicitly initialized outside the class only once using the scope resolution operator (::).
In the below example, static variable counter is a member of the class Demo. Note how it is initialized explicitly outside the class with the initial value = 0.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Demo{
int var;
static int counter;
public:
Demo(int var):var(var){
cout<<"Counter = "<<counter<<endl;
counter++;
}
};
int Demo::counter = 0; //static variable initialisation
int main()
{
Demo d(2), d1(10),d3(1);
}
Output:
Count = 0
Count = 1
Count = 2
In my case, I was using wrong linking.
It was managed c++ (cli) but with native exporting. I have added to linker -> input -> assembly link resource the dll of the library from which the function is exported. But native c++ linking requires .lib file to "see" implementations in cpp correctly, so for me helped to add the .lib file to linker -> input -> additional dependencies.
[Usually managed code does not use dll export and import, it uses references, but that was unique situation.]
I saw this question and I tried to do as the answer to that question said. To use the extern keyword in the header file to define an array and then declare it outside of that namespace or class in a other cpp file.
It didn't work for me really, I'm not sure if it because I'm using a void pointer array (i.e void* array[]) or if it's just my ignorance that prevents me from seeing the problem.
This is the shortest example I can come up with:
[cpp.cpp]
#include "h.h"
void main(){
void* a::b[] = {
a::c = a::d(1)
};
}
[h.h]
namespace a{
struct T* c;
struct T* d(int e);
extern void* b[];
}
So the problem is that I receive the error:
IntelliSense: variable "a::b" cannot be defined in the current scope
And I have no clue why that is.
First, you should declare main() as int ! See here why.
Declaring your array as extern in a namespace means that it belongs to the namespace but is defined somewhere ele, normally in a separate compilation unit.
Unfortunately, in your main(), you try to redefine the element as a local variable. This explains the error message you receive.
You shoud do as follows:
#include "h.h"
void* a::b[] { a::c, a::d(1) }; // global variable belonging to namespace
int main() // int!!!
{
/* your code here */
}
The code will compile. The fact that a::b[] is defined in the same compiling unit is accepted. But the linker will complain because a::d(1) is a call to the function d returning a pointer to a struct, and this function is defined nowhere.
Therfore you should also define this:
namespace a {
struct T* d(int e)
{
return nullptr; // in reality you should return a pointer to struct T
}
}
Interestingly, struct T does not need to work for this code to compile and link.
This question already has answers here:
Closed 10 years ago.
Possible Duplicate:
undefined reference to static member variable
What is an undefined reference/unresolved external symbol error and how do I fix it?
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class abc {
private:
static int a ;
public:
abc(int x) {
a = x;
}
void showData() {
cout<<"A = "<<a<<endl;
}
};
int main() {
abc a1(4);
abc a2(5);
a1.showData();
a2.showData();
return 0;
}
When I try to compile this function on Ubuntu with GCC compiler. I get the following error.
/tmp/ccCKK2YN.o: In function `main':
static1.cpp:(.text+0xb): undefined reference to `Something::s_nValue'
static1.cpp:(.text+0x14): undefined reference to `Something::s_nValue'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
Compilation failed.
Where as the following code runs fine
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Something
{
public:
static int s_nValue;
};
int Something::s_nValue = 1;
int main()
{
Something cFirst;
cFirst.s_nValue = 2;
Something cSecond;
std::cout << cSecond.s_nValue;
return 0;
}
Is this because Static member variables needs to initialized explicitly before accessing them via objects.Why so ?
static int s_nValue; doesn't allocate any storage to store the int, it just declares it.
You allocate somewhere in memory to store the variable with:
int Something::a=0;
The declaration of a static data member in the member list of a class is not a definition. You must define the static member outside of the class declaration, in namespace scope.
See this thread.
In short, the static member needs to be initialized somewhere in a .cpp file so that the compiler allocates space for it. The declaration would look like this:
int abc::a = 0;
That happens because since static members are shared between all instances of a class, they need to be declared in one single place.
If you define the static variable inside the class declaration then each include to that file would have a definition to that variable (which is against to the static meaning).
Because of that you have to define the static members in the .cpp.
I have a file called Student.h which have the static integers in this way:
class Student
{
public:
static int _avrA,_avrB,_avrC,_avrD;
};
and I have university.h that inherits Student.h .
On the implementation of University.cpp , one of the functions returns:
return (_grade_average*(Student::_avrA/Student::_avrB))+7;
and the compiler writes:
undefined reference to Student::_avrA.
Do you know why it happens?
You have declared those variables, but you haven't defined them. So you've told the compiler "Somewhere I'm going to have a variable with this name, so when I use that name, don't wig out about undefined variables until you've looked everywhere for its definition."1
In a .cpp file, add the definitions:
int Student::_avrA; // _avrA is now 0*
int Student::_avrB = 1; // _avrB is now 1
int Student::_avrC = 0; // _avrC is now 0
int Student::_avrD = 2; // _avrD is now 2
Don't do this in a .h file because if you include it twice in two different .cpp files, you'll get multiple definition errors because the linker will see more than one file trying to create a variable named Student::_avrA, Student::_avbB, etc. and according to the One Definition to Rule Them All rule, that's illegal.
1 Much like a function prototype. In your code, it's as if you have a function prototype but no body.
* Because "Static integer members of classes are guaranteed to be initialised to zero in the absence of an explicit initialiser." (TonyK)
You have to define the static data members as well as declaring them. In your implementation Student.cpp, add the following definitions:
int Student::_avrA;
int Student::_avrB;
int Student::_avrC;
int Student::_avrD;
Very simply put:
I have a class that consists mostly of static public members, so I can group similar functions together that still have to be called from other classes/functions.
Anyway, I have defined two static unsigned char variables in my class public scope, when I try to modify these values in the same class' constructor, I am getting an "unresolved external symbol" error at compilation.
class test
{
public:
static unsigned char X;
static unsigned char Y;
...
test();
};
test::test()
{
X = 1;
Y = 2;
}
I'm new to C++ so go easy on me. Why can't I do this?
If you are using C++ 17 you can just use the inline specifier (see https://stackoverflow.com/a/11711082/55721)
If using older versions of the C++ standard, you must add the definitions to match your declarations of X and Y
unsigned char test::X;
unsigned char test::Y;
somewhere. You might want to also initialize a static member
unsigned char test::X = 4;
and again, you do that in the definition (usually in a CXX file) not in the declaration (which is often in a .H file)
Static data members declarations in the class declaration are not definition of them.
To define them you should do this in the .CPP file to avoid duplicated symbols.
The only data you can declare and define is integral static constants.
(Values of enums can be used as constant values as well)
You might want to rewrite your code as:
class test {
public:
const static unsigned char X = 1;
const static unsigned char Y = 2;
...
test();
};
test::test() {
}
If you want to have ability to modify you static variables (in other words when it is inappropriate to declare them as const), you can separate you code between .H and .CPP in the following way:
.H :
class test {
public:
static unsigned char X;
static unsigned char Y;
...
test();
};
.CPP :
unsigned char test::X = 1;
unsigned char test::Y = 2;
test::test()
{
// constructor is empty.
// We don't initialize static data member here,
// because static data initialization will happen on every constructor call.
}
in my case, I declared one static variable in .h file, like
//myClass.h
class myClass
{
static int m_nMyVar;
static void myFunc();
}
and in myClass.cpp, I tried to use this m_nMyVar. It got LINK error like:
error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static class...
The link error related cpp file looks like:
//myClass.cpp
void myClass::myFunc()
{
myClass::m_nMyVar = 123; //I tried to use this m_nMyVar here and got link error
}
So I add below code on the top of myClass.cpp
//myClass.cpp
int myClass::m_nMyVar; //it seems redefine m_nMyVar, but it works well
void myClass::myFunc()
{
myClass::m_nMyVar = 123; //I tried to use this m_nMyVar here and got link error
}
then LNK2001 is gone.
Since this is the first SO thread that seemed to come up for me when searching for "unresolved externals with static const members" in general, I'll leave another hint to solve one problem with unresolved externals here:
For me, the thing that I forgot was to mark my class definition __declspec(dllexport), and when called from another class (outside that class's dll's boundaries), I of course got the my unresolved external error.
Still, easy to forget when you're changing an internal helper class to a one accessible from elsewhere, so if you're working in a dynamically linked project, you might as well check that, too.
When we declare a static variable in a class, it is shared by all the objects of that class. As static variables are initialized only once they are never initialized by a constructor. Instead, the static variable should be explicitly initialized outside the class only once using the scope resolution operator (::).
In the below example, static variable counter is a member of the class Demo. Note how it is initialized explicitly outside the class with the initial value = 0.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Demo{
int var;
static int counter;
public:
Demo(int var):var(var){
cout<<"Counter = "<<counter<<endl;
counter++;
}
};
int Demo::counter = 0; //static variable initialisation
int main()
{
Demo d(2), d1(10),d3(1);
}
Output:
Count = 0
Count = 1
Count = 2
In my case, I was using wrong linking.
It was managed c++ (cli) but with native exporting. I have added to linker -> input -> assembly link resource the dll of the library from which the function is exported. But native c++ linking requires .lib file to "see" implementations in cpp correctly, so for me helped to add the .lib file to linker -> input -> additional dependencies.
[Usually managed code does not use dll export and import, it uses references, but that was unique situation.]