The object of this code is to take the command line argument ./Program -encode|decode 0-9 and apply it to a text string written on the next line. IF encode, then shift each character of the text however many places specified in the alphabet. Decode does the opposite. I've gotten it good enough that the compiler finds nothing wrong, but when running the program nothing returns after entering the text string.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
string encode(string& to_encode, int to_shift)
{for(int i = 0; I < to_encode.length(); i++)
{if(isalpha(to_encode[i]))
{char sum = to_encode[i] + to_shift;
if(isupper(to_encode[i]) != 0 && isupper(sum) == 0)
{to_encode[i] = sum - 'Z' + 'A';
}
if(isupper(to_encode[i]) != 0 && isupper(sum) != 0)
{to_encode[i] = sum;
}
if(islower(to_encode[i]) != 0 && islower(sum) == 0)
{to_encode[i] = sum - 'z' + 'a';
}
if(islower(to_encode[i]) != 0 && islower(sum) != 0)
{to_encode[i] = sum;
}
}
}
return to_encode;
}
string decode(string& to_decode, int to_shift)
{for(int i = 0; I < to_decode.length(); i++)
{if(isalpha(to_decode[i]))
{char difference = to_decode[i] + to_shift;
if(isupper(to_decode[i]) != 0 && isupper(difference) == 0)
{to_encode[i] = difference + 'Z' - 'A';
}
if(isupper(to_decode[i]) != 0 && isupper(difference) != 0)
{to_encode[i] = difference;
}
if(islower(to_decode[i]) != 0 && islower(difference) == 0)
{to_encode[i] = difference + 'z' - 'a';
}
if(islower(to_decode[i]) != 0 && islower(difference) != 0)
{to_encode[i] = difference;
}
}
}
return to_decode;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{string cryption;
in shift;
if(argc != 3)
{cerr<<"Usage: ./Prog1d -encode|decode 0-9"<<endl;
return -1;
}
if(!(strcmp(argv[1],"-encode") == 0 || strcmp(argv[1],"-decode") == 0)
{cerr<<"Usage: ./Prog1d -encode|decode 0-9"<<endl;
return -1;
}
shift = atoi(argv[2]);
if(shift > 0 && shift <= 9)
{while(getline(cin,cryption))
{if(argv[1] == "-encode")
{encode(cryption, shift);
}
else
{decode(cryption, shift);
}
}
}
else
{cerr<<"Usage: ./Prog1d -encode|decode 0-9"<<endl;
return -1;
}
}
Related
I wanted to simplify algebraic expressions in c++. I started with something simple: removing brackets from a algebraic expression containing + and - operators. For example, a-(b-c) should be simplified to a-b+c. This link gives the answer to this question. Here is the source code:
#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
#include <stack>
using namespace std;
// Function to simplify the string
char* simplify(string str)
{
int len = str.length();
// resultant string of max length equal
// to length of input string
char* res = new char(len);
int index = 0, i = 0;
// create empty stack
stack<int> s;
s.push(0);
while (i < len) {
if (str[i] == '+') {
// If top is 1, flip the operator
if (s.top() == 1)
res[index++] = '-';
// If top is 0, append the same operator
if (s.top() == 0)
res[index++] = '+';
} else if (str[i] == '-') {
if (s.top() == 1)
res[index++] = '+';
else if (s.top() == 0)
res[index++] = '-';
} else if (str[i] == '(' && i > 0) {
if (str[i - 1] == '-') {
// x is opposite to the top of stack
int x = (s.top() == 1) ? 0 : 1;
s.push(x);
}
// push value equal to top of the stack
else if (str[i - 1] == '+')
s.push(s.top());
}
// If closing parentheses pop the stack once
else if (str[i] == ')')
s.pop();
// copy the character to the result
else
res[index++] = str[i];
i++;
}
return res;
}
I tested the function on a-(b-c-(d+e))-f and it gave the result a-b+c+d+e-fÿï┌. Why is it producing weird characters?
for example we can have 1234, 1342, 1413,.... But not like 1223. And also 2 4digit numbers should not have all the exact same elements (for example : like 1234 and 3214)
Now it is a programming problem:
#include <stdio.h>
static int hasdups ( char * x ) {
return ((x[0] == x[1]) || (x[0] == x[2]) || (x[0] == x[3]) ||
(x[1] == x[2]) || (x[1] == x[3]) || (x[2] == x[3]));
}
int main ( void ) {
int bad[65536] = { 0 };
char hex[5];
int i;
int n = 0;
for (i = 0; i < 65536; ++i) {
if (bad[i]) continue;
sprintf(hex, "%04x", i);
if (hasdups(hex)) {
bad[i] = 1;
} else {
/* we could write code to enumerate the 24 permutations
of this number: abcd abdc acbd acdb ... dcba
and mark the other 23 off in bad OR we can just... */
}
}
for (i = 0; i < 65536; ++i) n += (bad[i] == 0);
printf("%d combinations meet the criteria\n", n/24); /* ... divide */
return 0;
}
I am writing an operating system in C and assembly, and in implementing the EXT2 file system I have encountered a problem. I need to convert FOUR bytes of hexadecimal to decimal in c. An example would be to convert 00 00 01(10000) to 65536.I need to convert to decimal,because parsing the super block requires all values to be in decimal. Most specifically the ext2 fs I'm working on is here:
#include "ext2.h"
#include <stdlib.h>
long hex2dec(unsigned const char *hex){
long ret = 0;
int i = 0;
while(hex[i] != 0){
//if(hex[i] >= 0x00 && hex[i] <= 0x09)
// ret+=(10 * i) * hex[i];
}
//kprintf("\n");
return ret;
}
char *strsep(char *buf,int offset,int num){
char *ret = malloc(1024);
int j = 0;
int i = offset;
int end = (offset + num);
int i1 = 0;
while(i1 < num){
///kstrcat(ret,&buf[i]);
ret[i1] = buf[i];
i++;
i1++;
}
return ret;
}
int get_partition(partnum){
if(partnum > 4)
return -1;
//int i = (12 * partnum);
int i = 0;
if(partnum == 1)
i = 190;
else if(partnum == 2)
i = 206;
else if(partnum == 3)
i = 222;
else
i = 190;
int ret = 0;
char *buf = malloc(1024);
ata_read_master(buf,1,0x00);
ret = buf[(i + 2)];
return ret;
}
int _intlen(int i){
int ret = 0;
while(i){
ret++;
i/=10;
}
return ret;
}
int _hex2int(char c){
if(c == '0')
return 0;
else if(c == '1')
return 1;
else if(c == '2')
return 2;
else if(c == '3')
return 3;
else if(c == '4')
return 4;
else if(c == '5')
return 5;
else if(c == '6')
return 6;
else if(c == '7')
return 7;
else if(c == '8')
return 8;
else if(c == '9')
return 9;
else if(c == 'A')
return 10;
else if(c == 'B')
return 11;
else if(c == 'C')
return 12;
else if(c == 'D')
return 13;
else if(c == 'E')
return 14;
else if(c == 'F')
return 15;
}
int hex2int(char c){
int i = c;
}
int comb(const char *str,int n){
int i = 0;
int ret = 0;
while(i < n){
//if(str[i] == 0x01)
// kprintf("(:");
/*int j = str[i];
int k = 0;
int m = 0;
if(j < 10)
j*=10;
else
while(j > 0){
k+=(10 ^ (_intlen(j) - m)) * j % 10;
m++;
j/=10;
}
//kprintf("%d",j);
//if(j == 1)
// kprintf("(:");*/
i++;
}
//ret = (char)ret;
ret = (char)str
int ret = 0;
int i = 0;
char *s = malloc(1024);
/*while(i < n){
//kstrcat(s,&((char*)buf[i]));
n++;
}*/
return ret;
//kprintf("\n");
//return ret;
}
struct ext2_superblock *parse_sblk(int partnum){
int i = get_partition(partnum);
if(i > 0)
kprintf("[EXT2_SUPERBLOCK]Found partition!\n");
else
i = 0;
struct ext2_superblock *ret;
struct ext2_superblock retnp;
char *buf = malloc(1024);
int i1 = 0;
//char *tmpbuf = malloc(4);
/*if(i != 0)
ata_read_master(buf,((i * 4)/256),0x00);
else{
kprintf("[WRN]: Looking for superblock at offset 1024\n");
ata_read_master(buf,4,0x00);
}*/
ata_read_master(buf,2,0x00);
const char *cmp = strsep(buf,0,4);
retnp.ninode = comb(strsep(buf,0,4),4);
retnp.nblock = comb(strsep(buf,4,4),4);
retnp.nsblock = comb(strsep(buf,8,4),4);
retnp.nunallocb = comb(strsep(buf,12,4),4);
retnp.nunalloci = comb(strsep(buf,16,4),4);
retnp.supernum = comb(strsep(buf,20,4),4);
retnp.leftshiftbs = comb(strsep(buf,24,4),4);
retnp.leftshiftfs = comb(strsep(buf,28,4),4);
retnp.numofblockpg= comb(strsep(buf,32,4),4);
// retnp.numofffpbg= comb(strsep(buf,36,4));
retnp.numoffpbg = comb(strsep(buf,36,4),4);
retnp.numofinpbg = comb(strsep(buf,40,4),4);
retnp.lastmount = comb(strsep(buf,44,4),4);
retnp.lastwrite = comb(strsep(buf,48,4),4);
retnp.fsckpass = comb(strsep(buf,52,2),2);
retnp.fsckallow = comb(strsep(buf,54,2),2);
retnp.sig = comb(strsep(buf,56,2),2);
retnp.state = comb(strsep(buf,58,2),2);
retnp.erroropp = comb(strsep(buf,60,2),2);
retnp.minorpor = comb(strsep(buf,52,2),2);
retnp.ptimefsck = comb(strsep(buf,64,4),4);
retnp.inter = comb(strsep(buf,68,4),4);
retnp.osid = comb(strsep(buf,72,4),4);
retnp.mpv = comb(strsep(buf,76,4),4);
retnp.uid = comb(strsep(buf,80,2),2);
retnp.gid = comb(strsep(buf,82,2),2);
ret = &retnp;
return ret;
i1 = 0;
}
If there is anyway of avoiding conversion and successfully implementing ext2 I would be glad to hear it. I would prefer it to be in c,but assembly is also okay.
If you have this:
const uint8_t bytes[] = { 0, 0, 1 };
and you want to consider that the bytes of a (24-bit) unsigned integer in little-endian order, you can convert to the actual integer using:
const uint32_t value = ((uint32_t) bytes[2] << 16) | (bytes[1] << 8) | bytes[0];
This will set value equal to 65536.
You can use std::istringstream or sscanf instead of writing your own.
char const * hex_text[] = "0x100";
const std::string hex_str(hex_text);
std::istringstream text_stream(hex_str);
unsigned int value;
text_stream >> std::ios::hex >> value;
std::cout << "Decimal value of 0x100: " << value << "\n";
Or using sscanf:
sscanf(hex_text, "0x%X", &value);
std::cout << "Decimal value of 0x100: " << value << "\n";
A good idea is to search your C++ reference for existing functions or search the internet, before writing your own.
To roll your own:
unsigned int hex2dec(const std::string& hex_text)
{
unsigned int value = 0U;
const unsigned int length = hex_text.length();
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < length; ++i)
{
const char c = hex_text[i];
if ((c >= '0') && (c <= '9'))
{
value = value * 16 + (c - '0');
}
else
{
c = toupper(c);
if ((c >= 'A') && (c <= 'Z'))
{
value = value * 16 + (c - 'A') + 10;
}
}
}
return value;
}
To convert to use C-style character strings, change the parameter type and use strlen for the length.
Problem Statement :-
A number is given, N, which is given in binary notation, and it
contains atmost 1000000 bits. You have to calculate the sum of LUCKY
FACTOR in range from 1 to N (decimal notation).
Here, LUCKY FACTOR means, (after converting into binary representation) if
rightmost or leftmost 1's neighbour is either 0 or nothing(for
boundary bit).
EDITED :-
Means if rightmost one's left neighbour is 0, means it count as a
LUCKY FACTOR, simlarly in the left side also
Example,
5 == 101, LUCKY FACTOR = 2.
7 == 111, LUCKY FACTOR = 0.
13 == 1101, LUCKY FACTOR = 1.
16 == 1110, LUCKY FACTOR = 0.
0 == 0, LUCKY FACTOR = 0.
Answer must be in binary form
I am totally stuck, give me a hint.
My code
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string>
#include<string.h>
#include<vector>
//#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
vector<string> pp(10000001);
string add(string a, string b) {
if(b == "") return a;
string answer = "";
int c = 0;
int szeA = a.size() - 1;
int szeB = b.size() - 1;
while(szeA >= 0 || szeB >= 0) {
answer = (char)( ( ( ( (szeA >= 0) ? (a[szeA] - 48) : 0 ) ^ ( (szeB >= 0) ? (b[szeB] - 48) : 0 ) ) ^ (c) ) + 48 ) + answer;
c = ( ( ( (szeA >= 0) ? (a[szeA] - 48) : 0 ) & ( (szeB >= 0) ? (b[szeB] - 48) : 0 ) ) | ( ( (szeA >= 0) ? (a[szeA] - 48) : 0 ) & (c) ) | ( ( (szeB >= 0) ? (b[szeB] - 48) : 0 ) & (c) ) );
szeA--;
szeB--;
}
if(c) answer = '1' + answer;
return answer;
}
string subtract(string a, string b) {
int sze = a.size() - b.size();
while(sze--) b = '0' + b;
sze = a.size();
for(int i = 0; i < sze; i++) {
if(b[i] == '1') b[i] = '0';
else b[i] = '1';
}
if(b[sze-1] == '0') {
b[sze-1] = '1';
}
else {
int i = sze-1;
while(i >= 0 && b[i] == '1') {
b[i] = '0';
i--;
}
if(i >= 0) b[i] = '1';
else b = '1' + b;
}
b = add(a, b);
b.erase(b.begin() + 0);
//b[0] = '0';
while(b[0] == '0') b.erase(b.begin() + 0);
return b;
}
string power(int index) {
if(index < 0) return "";
string answer = "";
while(index--) {
answer = '0' + answer;
}
answer = '1' + answer;
return answer;
}
string convert(long long int val) {
int divisionStore=0;
int modStore=0;
string mainVector = "";
do {
modStore=val%2;
val=val/2;
mainVector = (char)(modStore+48) + mainVector;
}while(val!=0);
return mainVector;
}
string increment(string s) {
int sze = s.size()-1;
if(s[sze] == '0') {
s[sze] = '1';
return s;
}
while(sze >= 0 && s[sze] == '1') {
s[sze] = '0';
sze--;
}
if(sze >= 0) s[sze] = '1';
else s = '1' + s;
return s;
}
main() {
int T;
char s[1000001];
string answer;
scanf("%d", &T);
for(int t = 1; t <= T; t++) {
int num;
answer = "1";
int bitComeEver = 0;
int lastBit = 0;
scanf("%s", s);
int sze = strlen(s);
// I used below block because to avoid TLE.
if(sze > 3300) {
printf( "Case #%d\n", t);
for(int i = 0; i < sze; i++) printf("%c", '1');
printf("\n");
//continue;
}
else {
if(pp[sze-1] != "") answer = pp[sze-1];
else {
pp[sze-1] = power(sze-1);
answer = pp[sze-1];
}
answer = subtract(answer, convert(sze-1));
////////////////////////////
//cout << answer << endl;
for(int i = 1; i < sze; i++) {
if(s[i] == '1') {
if(s[1] == '0') {
num = sze-i-1;
if(num > 0) {
if( pp[num-1] == "") {
pp[num-1] = power(num-1);
}
if(pp[num+1] == "") {
pp[num+1] = power(num+1);
}
answer = add(answer, subtract(pp[num+1], pp[num-1]));
if(lastBit) answer = add(answer, "1");
//else answer = increment(answer);
//cout << "\t\t" << answer << endl;
}
else{
int inc;
if(lastBit) inc = 2; //answer = add(answer, "10");
else inc = 1; //answer = increment(answer);
if(s[i-1] == '0') lastBit = 1;
else lastBit = 0;
if(lastBit) inc += 2;
else inc += 1;
if(inc == 2) answer = add(answer, "10");
else if(inc == 3) answer = add(answer, "11");
else answer = add(answer, "100");
}
}
else {
if(num > 0) {
if(pp[num-1] != "") pp[num-1] = power(num-1);
answer = add(answer, pp[num-1]);
}
else {
int inc = 0;
if(lastBit) inc = 1; //answer = increment(answer);
if(s[i-1] == '0') lastBit = 1;
else lastBit = 0;
if(lastBit) inc += 1;
answer = add(answer, convert(inc));
}
}
if(s[i-1] == '0') lastBit = 1;
else lastBit = 0;
}
}
if(s[sze-1] == '0') {
if(lastBit) {
if(s[1] == '0') {
answer = add(answer, "10");
}
else answer = increment(answer);
}
else if(s[1] == '0'){
answer = increment(answer);
}
}
printf( "Case #%d\n", t);
for(int i = 0; i < sze; i++) printf("%c", answer[i]);
printf("\n");
}
}
return 0;
}
If a number has k bits, then calculate the number of such numbers having a LUCKY FACTOR of 2:
10.............01
Hence in this the 1st two and last two digits are fixed, the remaining k-4 digits can have any value. The number of such numbers = 2^(k-4).
So you can easily calculate the sum of lucky factors of such numbers = lucky_factor x 2^(k-4)
(ofcourse this is assuming k >= 4)
What's more, you do not need to calculate this number since it will be of the form 10000000.
If the number n is 11010010. Then 8 bit numbers less than n shall be of form:
10........ or 1100...... or 1101000_. If you see a pattern, then we have divided the calculation in terms of the number of 1s in the number n
.
I leave the rest for you.
I'm writing a program to validate credit card numbers and I have to use Luhn's Algorithm. Let me say beforehand, that I have just started to learn to program (we covered loops like last week), so there a lot of things I am unfamiliar with. I am having trouble with one of my functions that checks the arithmetic. Basically, it has to double every second digit from right to left and add everything together. But if you double a number, like 5, and you get 10, then you will have to add 1+0=1 to the total sum instead of 10. That's the part I'm stuck on. How can I put that in a program?
Sample code so far:
int
doubleEvenSum(string creditCardNumber) {
int evenSum;
int countPosition;
int doublePosition;
int length;
length = creditCardNumber.length ();
countPosition = creditCardNumber.at(length - 2);
evenSum = 0;
while(countPosition>0) {
if ((2 * countPosition) < 10) {
doublePosition = 2 * countPosition;
}
else if ((2 * countPosition) > 9) {
???
}
evenSum = evenSum + doublePosition;
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
/*
return the Luhn (MOD10) checksum for a sequence of digits.
-1 is returned on error (a non-digit was in the sequence
*/
int mod10( char const* s)
{
int len = strlen(s);
int sum = 0;
int dbl = 0;
while (len) {
char digit;
int val;
--len;
digit = s[len];
if (!isdigit( (unsigned char) digit)) return -1; // non digit in the sequence
val = digit - '0'; // convert character to numeric value
if (dbl) {
// double the value
val *= 2;
// if the result is double-digits, add the digits together
if (val > 9) {
val = val - 10;
val = val + 1;
}
}
dbl = !dbl; // only double value every other time
sum += val;
}
return sum % 10;
}
Here is a different algorithm. I cut/pasted from a C# example; the second link discusses a number of optimization for Luhn.
Please study this example, and please run it through the debugger to study how the code behaves as it's executing. Understanding how code actually runs (as opposed to how you think it will run when you write it) is an essential skill. IMHO....
/*
* Validate credit card with Luhn Algorithm
*
* REFERENCES:
* - http://jlcoady.net/c-sharp/credit-card-validation-in-c-sharp
* - http://orb-of-knowledge.blogspot.com/2009/08/extremely-fast-luhn-function-for-c.html
*/
#include <stdio.h> // printf(), scanf(), etc
#include <string.h> // strlen (), etc
#include <ctype.h> // isdigit(), etc
#if !defined(FALSE)
#define FALSE 0
#define TRUE ~FALSE
#endif
/*
* type definitions (should go in separate header)
*/
enum CardType {
MASTERCARD=1, BANKCARD=2, VISA=3, AMEX=4, DISCOVER=5, DINERS=6, JCB=7
};
/*
* function prototypes (should also go in header)
*/
int luhn (int number[], int len);
bool validate (CardType cardType, char *cardNumber);
/*
* program main
*/
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
char cc_number[80];
int cc_type;
for ( ;; ) {
printf ("Enter a credit card number and type (1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 6 or 7):\n");
printf (" MASTERCARD=1, BANKCARD=2, VISA=3, AMEX=4, DISCOVER=5, DINERS=6, JCB=7\n");
int iret = scanf ("%s %d", cc_number, &cc_type);
if (iret == 2)
break;
else
printf ("Incorrect input: please enter a valid CC# and CC type\n");
}
if (validate ((CardType)cc_type, cc_number))
printf ("Valid\n");
else
printf ("Invalid card type/number\n");
return 0;
}
/*
* validate card#
*/
bool
validate (CardType cardType, char *cardNumber)
{
// 16 or fewer digits?
int len = strlen(cardNumber);
if (strlen (cardNumber) > 16)
return false;
// number to validate
int number[16];
for(int i = 0; i < (int)strlen (cardNumber); i++) {
if(!isdigit(cardNumber[i]))
return FALSE;
number[i] = cardNumber[i] - '0';
}
// Validate based on card type, first if tests length, second tests prefix
switch(cardType) {
case MASTERCARD:
if(len != 16)
return FALSE;
if(number[0] != 5 || number[1] == 0 || number[1] > 5)
return FALSE;
break;
case BANKCARD:
if(len != 16)
return FALSE;
if(number[0] != 5 || number[1] != 6 || number[2] > 1)
return FALSE;
break;
case VISA:
if(len != 16 && len != 13)
return FALSE;
if(number[0] != 4)
return FALSE;
break;
case AMEX:
if(len != 15)
return FALSE;
if(number[0] != 3 || (number[1] != 4 && number[1] != 7))
return FALSE;
break;
case DISCOVER:
if(len != 16)
return FALSE;
if(number[0] != 6 || number[1] != 0 || number[2] != 1 || number[3] != 1)
return FALSE;
break;
case DINERS:
if(len != 14)
return FALSE;
if(number[0] != 3 || (number[1] != 0 && number[1] != 6 && number[1] != 8) || number[1] == 0 && number[2] > 5)
return FALSE;
break;
case JCB:
if(len != 16 && len != 15)
return FALSE;
if(number[0] != 3 || number[1] != 5)
return FALSE;
break;
default:
return FALSE;
}
int sum = luhn (number, len);
return (sum % 10 == 0);
}
// Use Luhn Algorithm to validate
int luhn (int number[], int len)
{
int sum = 0;
for(int i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
if(i % 2 == len % 2)
{
int n = number[i] * 2;
sum += (n / 10) + (n % 10);
}
else
sum += number[i];
}
return sum;
}
int luhnCardValidator(char cardNumbers[]) {
int sum = 0, nxtDigit, i;
for (i = 0; cardNumbers[i] != NULL_TERMINATOR ; i++) {
nxtDigit = cardNumbers[i] - START_OF_ASCII_NUMERIC;
if (i % 2 == 0)
nxtDigit = (nxtDigit > 4) ? (nxtDigit * 2 - 10) + 1 : nxtDigit * 2;
sum += nxtDigit;
}
return (sum % 10);
}
This:
... (nxtDigit > 4) ? (nxtDigit * 2 - 10) + 1 : ...
is the clever bit. If the digit is greater than 4, then the doubling will be 10 or more. In that case, you take the doubled number and subtract 10 which will give you the ones-digit then you add 1 (the tens-digit).
Just subtract 9 from the double of the number then you will equivalent of the sum of the digits.
For ex.
7= 7*2 = 14 = 1+4 = 5 OR 14-9 = 5
This is more efficient than writing code for adding both digits.