C++ Implicit Conversion (Signed + Unsigned) - c++

Question

I understand that, regarding implicit conversions, if we have an unsigned type operand and a signed type operand, and the type of the unsigned operand is the same as (or larger) than the type of the signed operand, the signed operand will be converted to unsigned.
So:
unsigned int u = 10;
signed int s = -8;
std::cout << s + u << std::endl;
//prints 2 because it will convert `s` to `unsigned int`, now `s` has the value
//4294967288, then it will add `u` to it, which is an out-of-range value, so,
//in my machine, `4294967298 % 4294967296 = 2`
What I don't understand - I read that if the signed operand has a larger type than the unsigned operand:
if all values in the unsigned type fit in the larger type then the unsigned operand is converted to the signed type
if the values in the unsigned type don't fit in the larger type, then the signed operand will be converted to the unsigned type
so in the following code:
signed long long s = -8;
unsigned int u = 10;
std::cout << s + u << std::endl;
u will be converted to signed long long because int values can fit in signed long long??
If that's the case, in what scenario the smaller type values won't fit in the larger one?

Answer 1

Relevant quote from the Standard:
5 Expressions [expr]
10 Many binary operators that expect operands of arithmetic or
enumeration type cause conversions and yield result types in a similar
way. The purpose is to yield a common type, which is also the type of
the result. This pattern is called the usual arithmetic conversions,
which are defined as follows:
[2 clauses about equal types or types of equal sign omitted]
— Otherwise, if the operand that has unsigned integer type has rank
greater than or equal to the rank of the type of the other operand,
the operand with signed integer type shall be converted to the type of
the operand with unsigned integer type.
— Otherwise, if the type of
the operand with signed integer type can represent all of the values
of the type of the operand with unsigned integer type, the operand
with unsigned integer type shall be converted to the type of the
operand with signed integer type.
— Otherwise, both operands shall be
converted to the unsigned integer type corresponding to the type of
the operand with signed integer type.
Let's consider the following 3 example cases for each of the 3 above clauses on a system where sizeof(int) < sizeof(long) == sizeof(long long) (easily adaptable to other cases)
#include <iostream>
signed int s1 = -4;
unsigned int u1 = 2;
signed long int s2 = -4;
unsigned int u2 = 2;
signed long long int s3 = -4;
unsigned long int u3 = 2;
int main()
{
std::cout << (s1 + u1) << "\n"; // 4294967294
std::cout << (s2 + u2) << "\n"; // -2
std::cout << (s3 + u3) << "\n"; // 18446744073709551614
}
Live example with output.
First clause: types of equal rank, so the signed int operand is converted to unsigned int. This entails a value-transformation which (using two's complement) gives te printed value.
Second clause: signed type has higher rank, and (on this platform!) can represent all values of the unsigned type, so unsigned operand is converted to signed type, and you get -2
Third clause: signed type again has higher rank, but (on this platform!) cannot represent all values of the unsigned type, so both operands are converted to unsigned long long, and after the value-transformation on the signed operand, you get the printed value.
Note that when the unsigned operand would be large enough (e.g. 6 in these examples), then the end result would give 2 for all 3 examples because of unsigned integer overflow.
(Added) Note that you get even more unexpected results when you do comparisons on these types. Lets consider the above example 1 with <:
#include <iostream>
signed int s1 = -4;
unsigned int u1 = 2;
int main()
{
std::cout << (s1 < u1 ? "s1 < u1" : "s1 !< u1") << "\n"; // "s1 !< u1"
std::cout << (-4 < 2u ? "-4 < 2u" : "-4 !< 2u") << "\n"; // "-4 !< 2u"
}
Since 2u is made unsigned explicitly by the u suffix the same rules apply. And the result is probably not what you expect when comparing -4 < 2 when writing in C++ -4 < 2u...

Answer 2

signed int does not fit into unsigned long long. So you will have this conversion:
signed int -> unsigned long long.

Answer 3

Note that the C++11 standard doesn't talk about the larger or smaller types here, it talks about types with lower or higher rank.
Consider the case of long int and unsigned int where both are 32-bit. The long int has a larger rank than the unsigned int, but since long int and unsigned int are both 32-bit, long int can't represent all the values of unsigned int.
Therefore we fall into to the last case (C++11: 5.6p9):
Otherwise, both operands shall be converted to the unsigned integer type corresponding to the
type of the operand with signed integer type.
This means that both the long int and the unsigned int will be converted to unsigned long int.