As of last Saturday...
This afternoon in Bristol, UK, the ISO C++ standards committee adopted
generic lambdas, dynamic arrays (an improved version of C99 VLAs),
variable templates, reader/writer locks, make_unique, optional,
standard library user-defined literals, and a number of other language
and library improvements – and approved the result as the
feature-complete Committee Draft (CD) of Standard C++14 to be
distributed for its primary international review ballot.
I'm interested reading the specifics about the new features but I can't seem to find any more written about them than is in the link above.
Updated papers for these and other features, as well as an updated
working draft, are expected to be available in the next two or three
weeks.
From here.
This is, also, an interesting article
WG21 papers list(2013): here
Std proposals Google group: here
Update - 1 :
C++14 Committee Draft (CD) announcement: here
C++14 Committee Draft (CD), document: here
Update - 2 :
C++14 Working Draft , document: here
Note : The difference between the Working Draft and the Standard can be found here
I am not entirely sure that this is the official draft, but it seems so: https://github.com/cplusplus/draft
Related
This may sounds a dumb question but:
Is the below link the official finalized c++11 standard? (or at least the latest version)
n3337
It is my first time to open-std.org and I am not sure whether this is the official website for holding C++ standards.
Just double checking for sure. (The last time I referenced an unfamiliar website (cplusplus.com) was not a pleasant experience though.)
You are not alone with this problem.
Which is why not too long ago isocpp.org was created which, among other things, answers precisely this question.
Quoting from the site:
Where To Get the Current Standard
Purchase the official standard (US$30). You can purchase the official standard for US$30 at the ANSI Store. (Note: The standard at
that link is technically identical to ISO 14882, just with a different
cover page; each national body ratifies the ISO standard as its own
national standard, and so this document’s cover page officially lists
it as U.S. standard INCITS/ISO/IEC 14882-2012 – Programming Language
C++.)
Download the January 2012 working draft (free). Except only for the final standards/reports, all C++ committee documents are freely
publicly available, including all working drafts, many of which
closely approximate the published standard. The January 2012 working
draft contains the C++11 standard plus minor editorial changes.
Where To Get Working Drafts
Download a PDF of the current working draft (free). This is the easiest way to get the latest prebuilt PDF. However, you can also…
Get working drafts at GitHub (free), plus version history, diffs, and more! As of November 2011, the LaTeX source of the draft standard
is being actively maintained publicly at GitHub. Check out the repo to
get the current snapshot, or any previous version in the history.
Note that the links in the quote might be outdated at the time of you reading this, while the actual page on isocpp.org should always be up to date.
The officially finalized standard isn't free. You can buy it from your national standardization organization. You can probably buy it for relatively few dollars from ANSI.
The open-std web site is used for the internal standardization work. The papers published there can be very close or even identical to the standard document but they are not the official ISO documents.
There is isocpp as an entry point to the group standardizing C++. This page doesn't provide the official C++ standard either; the official source for any ISO standard is the national standardization organization. However, when choosing a suitable version of the working paper from open-std.org you'll get something fairly close. For example, the document you pointed to is sufficiently close to the C++11 standard to be useful for most uses.
The following article contains a link to all current and draft versions of the standard.
See: https://stackoverflow.com/a/4653479/14065
I was just checked the ISO site to see what the latest version of the draft standard was.
I came up with two versions I had not seen previously:
N3690
N3691
There are a couple of oddities here.
N3691 is published on 2013-05-16 this is after N3690 2013-05-15 BUT NS3690 seems to be the later version (N3691 is the previous version of N3690).
When you open up N3690 it has non of the wording indicating it is a draft.
Does this mean we are now using C++13?
They're currently in the balloting process for the next standard. What you found are drafts for C++14.
From the warning on the first page of N3690:
This document is not an ISO International Standard. It is distributed for review and comment. It is subject
to change without notice and may not be referred to as an International Standard.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights
of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
My guess is that N3690 is the version they're voting on, so it has to look as close as possible to the real thing. Version N3691 would be the latest working copy and not subject to vote.
The current C++ standard was adopted in 2011. The papers you're looking at are drafts for the future.
This question already has answers here:
Where do I find the current C or C++ standard documents?
(11 answers)
Closed 9 years ago.
Sometimes, I want to search answers from the C++ standard by myself. Reading standards might help me get an overview of the language principle proposed.
By searching the internet, I was confused by flooding C++ forums and helper websites. They provide all kinds of PDF files for reading.
I don't know which PDF file and/or which version should I adopt.
I found several websites:
JTC1/SC22/WG21
Standing Documents
I wonder whether there is a single site where the standard is posted. Which version should I refer to when solving problems? Some says C++98, while other say C++11, and even the latest working drafts. (many drafts confusing me).
EDIT
I found a useful information from The Standard, which writes:
Except only for the final standards/reports, all C++ committee
documents are freely publicly available, including all working drafts,
many of which closely approximate the published standard. The January
2012 working draft contains the C++11 standard plus minor editorial
changes.
The January 2012 working draft is N3337.
Hope this help you guys.
EDIT
From Wiki C++11, it writes:
The working draft most similar to the published C++11 standard is N3337, dated 12 January 2012; it has only editorial corrections from the C++11 standard.
2018 Update: The C++ standard is maintained on GitHub. You can find an archive of old working drafts here that goes back a few years.
The official C++11 standard INCITS/ISO/IEC 14882:2011 is available at ansi.org for $30. You can Google older standards by searching for e.g. 14882:2003 and looking for PDFs. I'm not sure if it's "legal" to download them, so be sure to feel bad about it if you do so.
Before a standard is published, the committee maintains a Working Draft of the standard document with all the revisions as they introduce them. That Working Draft is eventually voted to become a standard, after which only minor editorial changes are made before it is published as a standard.
The working drafts - and quite a few other papers - are released as a numbered series of documents by the committee and are publicly available except for the final approved draft of the standard. ISO rules keep the last revision "secret" so that people will pay for the standard and that money can be used to fund the organizational work the actual ISO does.
People who don't want to pay for the standard use the final public copy of the working draft as a reference, as it is generally identical to the standard document modulo the minor editorial changes I mentioned earlier. For C++11, that last draft is N3242 - Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++. The first working draft after C++11 N3337 may more correctly reflect the final standard (I'm too lazy to compare).
The current Working Draft for C++1y is N3690 - Programming Language, C++. If you're really hardcore, you can track the editor's repo of the current draft at Github.
The official ISO standard for C++11 is ISO/IEC 14882:2011, and official ISO standard for C++03 is ISO/IEC 14882:2003. You usually need to pay to get a copy of these (and to the best of my knowledge that's the only legal way to do so), and these are the official documents.
C++98 is an older version of the language that was superseded in 2003 with C++03, which was mostly minor bug fixes and adjustments to the document. C++11 is the newest C++ standard and was released in 2011. Compiler support is still in-progress. The drafts that you're referring to are draft versions of the standards that are periodically released, which may differ from the final published version. Working papers are mostly proposals for the documents that are considered by the ISO group, but which are not official.
Hope this helps!
Well, you can buy the official standard from ISO (as you've linked). The latest working drafts are sufficient for my purposes (I'm not implementing compilers, linkers, libraries or lexers).
If you're doing serious professional work with the language it's worth paying for. If you're looking to understand the specific technical details of the language, use one of the drafts.
This question already has answers here:
When will C++0x be finished? [closed]
(3 answers)
Closed 2 years ago.
Possible Duplicate:
When will C++0x be finished?
What are the latest news about C++0X? (or should I say C++1X) Any release date decided yet?
UPDATE : years later...
The last Draft have been officially finalized few weeks ago, in Mars 2011 and will be officially out around July 2011. The name of the new standard would be C++2011 : http://herbsutter.com/2011/03/25/we-have-fdis-trip-report-march-2011-c-standards-meeting/
Microsoft C++ compiler (VC10) provide C++0x features (lambda, decltype, auto, r-value reference and nullptr). GCC provide a work in progress version that already implements a lot of features (see http://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx0x.html).
Comeau C++ seems to be more advanced. CLang started to provide some features but not much for the moment (see http://clang.llvm.org/cxx_status.html )
So, most of the features are be availables for the main c++ compilers at the time the ISO administration officially validate the draft. Some advanced features are still not be available before some years I guess.
It's unlikely that this committee draft will become the FCD. I would say there will be at least 2 more meetings of the standard committee before it goes to FCD.
I think there is something like a 1 year lag between the FCD and the actual standard, so it could be 2011 (or even later!!!)
A number of free and commercial compilers already include support for certain C++0X features.
gcc: static_assert, strongly typed enums, variadic templates...
Codegear C++Builder 2009: static_assert, strongly typed enums...
Visual C++ 2008: mostly TR1 support
As for when the standards committee actually publish, well...
A new draft came out recently, so things are progressing. From this draft to the finalized version, it should be no more than a year before things are finalized. I should note that this draft is the feature-complete version; from here on it should only be revisions. I was just made aware, however, that the path from draft to actual, published, standard is a very long road. I'll push my estimate of a published, accepted standard out to 2010.
How long until we have full compiler compliance? That is a different story. GCC is making good progress on the language features that aren't libraries (see list of features they have implemented), but has no mention of progress on the concurrency features. I can't say anything for when MSVC/dinkumware/whatever other compilers you may use will start implementing things like lambda.
Boost already has much of TR1 implemented, and dinkumware has it all, so you can start using the new libraries already (maybe not in their final form, however).
The committee recently issued a Committee Draft, which will become a Final Committee Draft, which will become a Final Draft International Standard, which will become ISO 14882:20xx, giving an expected publication date of sometime at the end of 2010.
However, GCC 4.3 and later implement increasingly larger subsets of C++0x, and other compiler developers are already working on implementations (none are available yet that I know of).
This question's answers are a community effort. Edit existing answers to improve this post. It is not currently accepting new answers or interactions.
For many questions the answer seems to be found in "the standard". However, where do we find that? Preferably online.
Googling can sometimes feel futile, again especially for the C standards, since they are drowned in the flood of discussions on programming forums.
To get this started, since these are the ones I am searching for right now, where are there good online resources for:
C89
C99
C11
C++98
C++03
C++11
C++14
C++17
PDF versions of the standard
As of 1st September 2014 March 2022, the best locations by price for the official C and C++ standards documents in PDF seem to be:
C++20 – ISO/IEC 14882:2020: 212 CAD (about $165 US) from csagroup.org
C++17 – ISO/IEC 14882:2017: $90 NZD (about $65 US) from Standards New Zealand
C++14 – ISO/IEC 14882:2014: $90 NZD (about $65 US) from Standards New Zealand
C++11 – ISO/IEC 14882-2011: $60 from ansi.org or $60 from Techstreet
C++03 – INCITS/ISO/IEC 14882:2003: $30 from ansi.org
C++98 – ISO/IEC 14882:1998: $95 NZD (about $65 US) from Standards New Zealand
C17/C18 – INCITS/ISO/IEC 9899:2018: $116 from INCITS/ANSI / N2176 / c17_updated_proposed_fdis.pdf draft from November 2017 (Link broken, see Wayback Machine N2176)
C11 – ISO/IEC 9899:2011: $60 from ansi.org / WG14 draft version N1570
C99 – INCITS/ISO/IEC 9899-1999(R2005): $60 from ansi.org / WG14 draft version N1256
C90 – ISO/IEC 9899:1990: $90 NZD (about $65 USD) from Standards New Zealand
Non-PDF electronic versions of the standard
Warning: most copies of standard drafts are published in PDF format, and errors may have been introduced if the text/HTML was transcribed or automatically generated from the PDF.
C89 – Draft version in ANSI text format: (https://web.archive.org/web/20161223125339/http://flash-gordon.me.uk/ansi.c.txt)
C89 – Draft version as HTML document: (http://port70.net/~nsz/c/c89/c89-draft.html)
C90 TC1; ISO/IEC 9899 TCOR1, single-page HTML document: (http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/tc1.htm)
C90 TC2; ISO/IEC 9899 TCOR2, single-page HTML document: (http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/tc2.htm)
C99 – Draft version (N1256) as HTML document: (http://port70.net/~nsz/c/c99/n1256.html)
C11 – Draft version (N1570) as HTML document: (http://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.html)
C++11 – Working draft (N3337) as plain text document: (http://port70.net/~nsz/c/c%2B%2B/c%2B%2B11_n3337.txt)
(The site hosting the plain text version of the C++11 working draft also has some C++14 drafts in this format. But none of them are copies of the final working draft, N4140.)
Print versions of the standard
Print copies of the standards are available from national standards bodies and ISO but are very expensive.
If you want a hardcopy of the C90 standard for much less money than above, you may be able to find a cheap used copy of Herb Schildt's book The Annotated ANSI Standard at Amazon, which contains the actual text of the standard (useful) and commentary on the standard (less useful - it contains several dangerous and misleading errors).
The C99 and C++03 standards are available in book form from Wiley and the BSI (British Standards Institute):
C++03 Standard on Amazon
C99 Standard on Amazon
Standards committee draft versions (free)
The working drafts for future standards are often available from the committee websites:
C++ committee website
C committee website
If you want to get drafts from the current or earlier C/C++ standards, there are some available for free on the internet:
For C:
ANSI X3.159-198 (C89):
I cannot find a PDF of C89, but it is almost the same as C90. The only major differences are in the boilerplate and section numbering, although there are some slight textual differences
ISO/IEC 9899:1990 (C90):
(Almost the same as ANSI X3.159-198 (C89) except for the frontmatter and section numbering. There is at least one textual difference in section 6.5.7 (previously 3.5.7), where "a list" became "a brace-enclosed list". Note that the conversion between ANSI and ISO/IEC Standard is seen inside this document, the document refers to its name as "ANSI/ISO: 9899/99" although this isn't the right name of the later made standard of it, the right name is "ISO/IEC 9899:1990")
TC1 for C90: http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n423.pdf
There isn't a PDF link for TC2 on the WG14 website, sadly.
ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (C99 incorporating all three Technical Corrigenda):
http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1256.pdf
An earlier version of C99 incorporating only TC1 and TC2:
http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1124.pdf
Working draft for the original (i.e. pre-corrigenda) C99: http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n843.htm (HTML) and http://www.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n843.pdf (PDF).
Note that there were two later working drafts: N869 and N878, but they seem to have been removed from the WG14 website, so this is the latest one available.
List of changes between C89/C90 and C99: http://port70.net/~nsz/c/c89/c9x_changes.html
TC1 for C99 (only the TC, not the standard incorporating it): http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/9899tc1/n32071.PDF
TC2 for C99 (only the TC, not the standard incorporating it): http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/9899-1999_cor_2-2004.pdf
ISO/IEC 9899:2011 (C11):
http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1570.pdf
For information on the differences between N1570 and the final, published version of C11, see Latest changes in C11 and https://groups.google.com/g/comp.std.c/c/v5hsWOu5vSw
ISO/IEC 9899:2011/Cor 1:2012 (C11's only technical corrigendum): This can be viewed at https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso-iec:9899:ed-3:v1:cor:1:v1:en but cannot be downloaded. It is the actual corrigendum, not a draft.
ISO/IEC 9899:2018 (C17/C18):
https://web.archive.org/web/20181230041359if_/http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/abq/c17_updated_proposed_fdis.pdf (N2176)
C23 work-in-progress - latest working draft as of 24th January 2023 (N3088): https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n3088.pdf
Previous working draft of 7th August 2022 (N3047):
http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n3047.pdf
For C++:
ISO/IEC 14882:1998 (C++98):
http://www.lirmm.fr/~ducour/Doc-objets/ISO+IEC+14882-1998.pdf
ISO/IEC 14882:2003 (C++03):
https://cs.nyu.edu/courses/fall11/CSCI-GA.2110-003/documents/c++2003std.pdf
ISO/IEC 14882:2011 (C++11):
http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2012/n3337.pdf
ISO/IEC 14882:2014 (C++14):
https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/blob/master/papers/n4140.pdf?raw=true
ISO/IEC 14882:2017 (C++17):
http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2017/n4659.pdf
ISO/IEC 14882:2020 (C++20): https://isocpp.org/files/papers/N4860.pdf
ISO/IEC 14882:2023 (C++23 work-in-progress. Working draft dated March 17 2022): https://open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG21/docs/papers/2022/n4910.pdf
Note that these documents are not the same as the standard, though the versions just prior to the meetings that decide on a standard are usually very close to what is in the final standard. The FCD (Final Committee Draft) versions are password protected; you need to be on the standards committee to get them.
Even though the draft versions might be very close to the final ratified versions of the standards, some of this post's editors would strongly advise you to get a copy of the actual documents — especially if you're planning on quoting them as references. Of course, starving students should go ahead and use the drafts if strapped for cash.
It appears that, if you are willing and able to wait a few months after ratification of a standard, to search for "INCITS/ISO/IEC" instead of "ISO/IEC" when looking for a standard is the key. By doing so, one of this post's editors was able to find the C11 and C++11 standards at reasonable prices. For example, if you search for "INCITS/ISO/IEC 9899:2011" instead of "ISO/IEC 9899:2011" on webstore.ansi.org you will find the reasonably priced PDF version.
The site https://wg21.link/ provides short-URL links to the C++ current working draft and draft standards, and committee papers:
https://wg21.link/std11 - C++11
https://wg21.link/std14 - C++14
https://wg21.link/std17 - C++17
https://wg21.link/std20 - C++20
https://wg21.link/std - current working draft (as of May 2022 still points to the 2021 version)
The current draft of the standard is maintained as LaTeX sources on Github. These sources can be converted to HTML using cxxdraft-htmlgen. The following sites maintain HTML pages so generated:
Tim Song - Current working draft - C++11 - C++14 - C++17 - C++20
Eelis - Current working draft
Tim Song also maintains generated HTML and PDF versions of the Networking TS and Ranges TS.
POSIX extensions to the C standard
The POSIX standard (IEEE 1003.1) requires a compliant operating system to include a C compiler. This compiler must in turn be compliant with the C standard, and must also support various extensions defined in the "System Interfaces" section of POSIX (such as the off_t data type, the <aio.h> header, the clock_gettime() function and the _POSIX_C_SOURCE macro.)
So if you've tried to look up a particular function, been informed "This function is part of POSIX, not the C standard", and wondered why an operating system standard was mandating compiler features and language extensions... now you know!
POSIX.1-2001: The System Interfaces section can be downloaded as a separate document from https://mirror.math.princeton.edu/pub/oldlinux/download/c951.pdf. Section 1.7 states that the relevant version of the C standard is C99.
The "Shell and Utilities" section (https://mirror.math.princeton.edu/pub/oldlinux/download/c952.pdf) mandates not only that a C99-compliant compiler should exist, but that it should be invokable from the command line under the name "c99". One way in which this can be implemented is to place a shell script called "c99" in /usr/bin, which calls gcc with the -std=c99 option added to the list of command-line parameters, and blocks any competing standards from being specified.
POSIX.1-2001 had two technical corrigenda, one dated 2002 and one dated 2004. I don't think they're incorporated into the documents as linked above. There's an online HTML version incorporating the corrigenda at https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/ - but I should add that I've had some trouble with the search box and so using Google to search the site is probably your best bet.
There is a paywalled link to download the first corrigendum at https://standards.ieee.org/standard/1003_1-2001-Cor1-2002.html.
There is also a paywalled link for the second at https://standards.ieee.org/standard/1003_1-2001-Cor2-2004.html
There is a draft version of POSIX.1-2008 at http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/open/n4217.pdf.
POSIX.1-2008 also had two technical corrigenda, the latter of the two being dated 2016. There is an online HTML version of the standard incorporating the corrigenda at https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799.2016edition/ - though, again, I have had situations where the site's own search box wasn't good for finding information.
There is an online HTML version of POSIX.1-2017 at https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/ - though, again, I recommend using Google instead of that site's searchbox. According to the Open Group website "IEEE 1003.1-2017 ... is a revision to the 1003.1-2008 standard to rollup the standard including its two technical corrigenda (as-is)". Linux manpages describe it as "technically identical" to POSIX.1-2008 with Technical Corrigenda 1 and 2 applied. This is therefore not a major revision and does not change the value of the _POSIX_C_SOURCE macro.
Online versions of the standard can be found:
Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++
The following all draft versions of the standard:
All the following are freely downloadable
2022-12-18: N4928
2022-09-05: N4917
2022-03-17: N4910
2021-10-22: N4901
2021-06-18: N4892
2021-03-17: N4885
2020-12-15: N4878
2020-10-18: N4868
2020-04-08: N4861
This is the C++20 Standard:
This version requires Authentication
2020-04-08: N4860
The following all draft versions of the standard:
All the following are freely downloadable
(many of these can be found at this main GitHub link)
2020-01-14: N4849
2019-11-27: N4842
2019-10-08: N4835 git
2019-08-15: N4830 git
2019-06-17: N4820 git
2019-03-15: N4810 git
2019-01-21: N4800 git
2018-11-26: N4791 git
2018-10-08: N4778 git
2018-07-07: N4762 git
2018-05-07: N4750 git
2018-04-02: N4741 git
2018-02-12: N4727 git
2017-11-27: N4713 git
2017-10-16: N4700 git
2017-07-30: N4687 git
This is the old C++17 Standard:
This version requires Authentication
2017-03-21: N4660
The following all draft versions of the standard:
All the following are freely downloadable
2017-03-21: N4659 git
2017-02-06: N4640 git
2016-11-28: N4618 git
2016-07-12: N4606 git
2016-05-30: N4594 git
2016-03-19: N4582 git
2015-11-09: N4567 git
2015-05-22: N4527 git
2015-04-10: N4431 git
2014-11-19: N4296 git
This is the old C++14 standard:
These version requires Authentication
2014-10-07: N4140 git Essentially C++14 with minor errors and typos corrected
2014-09-02: N4141 git Standard C++14
2014-03-02: N3937
2014-03-02: N3936 git
The following all draft versions of the standard:
All the following are freely downloadable
2013-10-13: N3797 git
2013-05-16: N3691
2013-05-15: N3690
2012-11-02: N3485
2012-02-28: N3376
2012-01-16: N3337 git Essentially C++11 with minor errors and typos corrected
This is the old C++11 Standard:
This version requires Authentication
2011-04-05: N3291
The following all draft versions of the standard:
All the following are freely downloadable
2011-02-28: N3242 (differences from N3291 very minor)
2010-11-27: N3225
2010-08-21: N3126
2010-03-29: N3090
2010-02-16: N3035
2009-11-09: N3000
2009-09-25: N2960
2009-06-22: N2914
2009-03-23: N2857
2008-10-04: N2798
2008-08-25: N2723
2008-06-27: N2691
2008-05-19: N2606
2008-03-17: N2588
2008-02-04: N2521
2007-10-22: N2461
2007-08-06: N2369
2007-06-25: N2315
2007-05-07: N2284
2006-11-03: N2134
2006-04-21: N2009
2005-10-19: N1905
2005-04-27: N1804
This is the old C++03 Standard:
All the below versions require Authentication
2004-11-05: N1733
2004-07-16: N1655 Unofficial
2004-02-07: N1577 C++03 (Or Very Close)
2001-09-13: N1316 Draft Expanded Technical Corrigendum
1997-00-00: N1117 Draft Expanded Technical Corrigendum
The following all draft versions of the standard:
All the following are freely downloadable
1996-00-00: N0836 Draft Expanded Technical Corrigendum
1995-00-00: N0785 Working Paper for Draft Proposed International Standard for Information Systems - Programming Language C++
Other Interesting Papers:
2023 / 2022 /
2021 /
2020 /
2019 /
2018 /
2017 /
2016 /
2015 /
2014 /
2013 /
2012 /
2011
C99 is available online. Quoted from www.open-std.org:
The lastest publically available version of the standard is the
combined C99 + TC1 + TC2 + TC3, WG14 N1256, dated 2007-09-07. This is
a WG14 working paper, but it reflects the consolidated standard at the
time of issue.
Draft Links:
C++11 (+editorial fixes): N3337 HTML, PDF
C++14 (+editorial fixes): N4140 HTML, PDF
C11 N1570 (text)
C99 N1256
Drafts of the Standard are circulated for comment prior to ratification and publication.
Note that a working draft is not the standard currently in force, and it is not exactly the published standard
You might find the draft international standard for C++0x useful.
ISO standards cost money, from a moderate amount (for a PDF version), to a bit more (for a book version).
While they aren't finalised however, they can usually be found online, as drafts. Most of the times the final version doesn't differ significantly from the last draft, so while not perfect, they'll suit just fine.
C++ 0x draft
The C99 and C++03 standards are available in book form from Wiley:
C++ Standard on Amazon
C Standard on Amazon
Plus, as already mentioned, the working draft for future standards is often available from the committee websites:
C++ committee website
C committee website
The C-201x draft is available as N1336, and the C++0x draft as N3225.
The text of a draft of the ANSI C standard (aka C.89) is available online. This was standardized by the ANSI committee prior to acceptance by the ISO C Standard (C.90), so the numbering of the sections differ (ANSI sections 2 through 4 correspond roughly to ISO sections 5 through 7), although the content is (supposed to be) largely identical.
The ISO C and C++ standards are bloody expensive. On the other hand, the INCITS republishes them for a lot less. http://www.techstreet.com/ seems to have the PDF for $30
(search for INCITS/ISO/IEC 14882:2003).
Hardcopy versions are available, too. Look for the British Standards Institute versions, published by Wiley.
The actual standards documents may not be the most useful. Most compilers do not fully implement the standards and may sometimes actually conflict. So the compiler documentation that you would already have will be more useful. Additionally, the documentation will contain platform-specific remarks and notes on any caveats.
Although not an actual standard, there is an amendment to ISO C (C89/90) called C94/95, or Normative Addendum 1. It was integrated into C99, although some compilers such as Clang allow you to specifiy -std=c94 on the command line. ISO/IEC 9899:1990/Amd 1:1995 can be purchased for a hefty price from SAI GLOBAL (PDF or hard copy).
http://clc-wiki.net/wiki/The_C_Standard
A summary of the document can be found here.
When the (then draft) ANSI C Standard was being considered for
adoption of an International Standard in 1990, there were several
objections because it didn't address internationalization issues.
Because the Standard had already been several years in the making, it
was agreed that a few changes would be made to provide the basis (for
example, the functions in subclause 7.10.7 were added), and work would
be carried out separately to provide proper internationalization of
the Standard. This work has culminated in Normative Addendum 1.
Normative Addendum 1 embodies C's reaction to both the limitations and
promises of international character sets. Digraphs and the
header were meant to improve the appearance of C programs written in
national variants of ISO 646 without, e.g., { or } characters. On the
other end of the spectrum, the facilities connected to and
extend the old Standard's barely adequate basis into a
complete and consistent set of utilities for handling wide characters
and multibyte strings.
This document summarizes Normative Addendum 1. It is intended to
quickly inform readers who are already familiar with the Standard; it
does not, and cannot, introduce the complex subject matter behind NA1,
nor can it replace the original document as a reference manual.
(Nevertheless, it tries to be as accurate as possible, and its author
would like to hear about any errors or omissions.)
http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/na1.html