Hi i have problem when run my programm. Have exception "Vector iterators incompatible" on this part of code backtrack(params, set, results);
Full code u can see on this link http://liveworkspace.org/code/MjgyND$7
p.s > On MacOS in XCode all working fine, but on VS 2012 (Win7) i have this error..
p.s > On liveworkspace work fine. May be need modify compiler settings?
int backtrack(btIData params, std::vector<float> set, std::vector<btNode> &results)
{
if (reject(params, set)) {
return 0;
} else {
accept(params, set, results);
}
set = first(params,set);
while( (set.size() != 0) || reject(params, set)) {
backtrack(params, set, results);
set = right(params,set);
}
return 0;
}
Well, did you try to use a debugger? If so, what did you find? If not, then this is not exactly a "debug my code for me" web site.
Anyway, it is hard to figure out what your code is doing without additional knowledge of application area. And it is pretty messy to debug, since you pass a lot of containers by value.
However, one formal error is fairly obvious. Your right and first functions will grow the set array (from backtrack) to the greater size than the size of params.input array. E.g. if your params.input array has size 5 (as in your test code), your set array will grow to size 6.
This condition in both functions was apparently supposed to restrict the growth of set array
int l = (int) candiates.size(); // `candiates` is `set`
if (l > params.input.size())
// Don't grow array
else
// Grow array
but for some reason you used strict comparison l > params.input.size() instead of non-strict one l >= params.input.size(). This is exactly what allows your set array to grow to size 6, when params.input has only 5 elements.
Then later in getPathSummary you iterate over the input array with index value from 0 to sets.size() - 1
float getPathSummary(btIData params, std::vector<float> sets)
{
float summary = 0;
for (int i =0; i < sets.size(); i++) {
summary += params.input[i] * sets[i];
}
return summary;
}
which causes the index to go out of range and the program to crash. I.e. you attempt to access params.input[5], which does not exist.
Out-of-bound access attempts will produce different run-time errors in different debug implementations of standard library. In your case it just happened to be something about "incompatible iterators".
P.S. Stop passing around heavy data structures by value. Use references.
If the class btNode is defined in another DLL and the template std::vector gets intanciated in that DLL, you might have incompatibilities depending on the version of the standard library used to build your code and the one used to build the external DLL.
But in your case everything seems to live in the same file
Related
Disclaimer: I have limited knowledge of C++ due to switching from a college where they didn't teach C++ to another where it was the only language that was taught.
I'm trying to implement the box counting method for a randomly generated 2D cluster in a lattice that's 54x54.
One of the requirements is that we use a 1D array to represent the 2D square lattice, so a transformation is required to associate x and y values (columns and lines, respectively) to the actual positions of the array.
The transformation is "i = x + y*N", with N being the length of the side of the square lattice (in this case, it would be 54) and i being the position of the array.
The box-counting method, simply put, involves splitting a grid into large squares that get progressively smaller and counting how many contain the cluster in each instance.
The code works in the way that it should for smaller lattice sizes, at least the ones that I could verify (for obvious reasons, I can't verify even a 10x10 lattice by hand). However, when I run it, the box size goes all the way to 1/37 and gives me a "stack smashing detected" error.
From what I understand, the error may have something to do with array sizes, but I've checked the points where the arrays are accessed and made sure they're within the actual dimensions of the array.
A "for" in the function "boxTransform(int grid[], int NNew, int div)" is responsible for the error in question, but I added other functions that I believe are relevant to it.
The rest of the code is just defining a lattice and isolating the aggregate, which is then passed to boxCounting(int grid[]), and creating a .dat file. Those work fine.
To "fit" the larger array into the smaller one, I divide each coordinate (x, y) by the ratio of squares on the large array to the small array. This is how my teacher explained it, and as mentioned before, works fine for smaller array sizes.
EDIT: Thanks to a comment by VTT, I went back and checked if the array index goes out of bounds with the code itself. It is indeed the case, which is likely the origin of the problem.
EDIT #2: It was indeed the origin of the problem. There was a slight error in the calculations that didn't appear for smaller lattice sizes (or I just missed it).
//grid[] is an array containing the cluster
//that I want to analyze.
void boxCounting(int grid[]) {
//N is a global constant; it's the length of the
//side of the square lattice that's being analyzed.
//NNew is the side of the larger squares. It will
//be increased until it reaches N
for (int NNew = 1; N - NNew > 0; NNew++) {
int div = N/NNew;
boxTransform(grid, NNew, div);
}
}
void boxTransform(int grid[], int NNew, int div) {
int gridNew[NNew*NNew];
//Here the array elements are set to zero, which
//I understand C++ cannot do natively
for (int i = 0; i < NNew*NNew; i++) {
gridNew[i] = 0;
}
for (int row = 0; row < N; row++) {
for (int col = 0; col < N; col++) {
if (grid[col + row*N] == 1) {
//This is where the error occurs. The idea here is
//that if a square on the initial grid is occupied,
//the corresponding square on the new grid will have
//its value increased by 1, so I can later check
//how many squares on the larger grid are occupied
gridNew[col/div + (row/div)*NNew]++;
}
}
}
int boxes = countBox(gridNew, NNew);
//Creates a .dat file with the relevant values
printResult(boxes, NNew);
}
int countBox(int grid[], int NNew) {
int boxes = 0;
//Any array values that weren't touched remain at zero,
//so I just have to check that it's greater than zero
//to know if the square is occupied or not
for(int i = 0; i < NNew*NNew; i++) {
if(grid[i] > 0) boxes++;
}
return boxes;
}
Unfortunately this is not enough information to find the exact problem for you but I will try to help.
There are like multiple reasons that you should use a dynamic array instead of the fixed size arrays that you are using except if it's required in your exercise.
If you've been learning other languages you might think that fixed array is good enough, but it's far more dangerous in C++ than in most of the languages.
int gridNew[NNew*NNew]; You should know that this is not valid according to C++ standard, only the GCC compiler made it work. In C++ you always have to know the size of the fixed arrays in compile time. Which means you can't use variables to declare an array.
You keep updating global variables to track the size of the array which makes your code super hard to read. You are probably doing this because you know that you are not able to query the size of the array once you pass it to a function.
For both of these problems a dynamic array is the perfect solution. The standard dynamic array implementation in C++ is the std::vector: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector
When you create a vector you can define it's size and also you can query the length of the vector with the size() member function.
Even better: You can use the at() function instead of the square brackets([]) to get and element with an index which does bounds check for you and throws an exception if you provided an index which is out of bounds which helps a lot to locate these kind of errors. Because in C++ if you just simply provide an index which does not exist in an array it is an undefined behaviour which might be your problem.
I wouldn't like to write any more features of the vector because it's really easy to find examples on how to do these things, I just wanted to help you where to start.
VTT was right in his comment. There was a small issue with the transformation to fit the large array into the smaller one that made the index go out of bounds. I only checked this on pen and paper when I should've put it in the actual code, which is why I didn't notice it. Since he didn't post it as an answer, I'm doing so on his behalf.
The int gridNew[NNew*NNew]; bit was kind of a red herring, but I appreciate the lesson and will take that into account when coding in C++ in the future.
I have the following code:
static std::map<int,int> myFunction(std::list<int>& symbols){
std::map<int,int> currCounts;
std::map<int,int> payHits;
for (std::list<int>::iterator l_itr = symbols.begin(); l_itr != symbols.end(); ++l_itr){
myFunction_helper(*l_itr, l_itr, symbols, currCounts, payHits, 0);
}
return payHits;
}
static inline void myFunction_helper(int next, std::list<int>::iterator& pos, std::list<int> remainingSymbols, std::map<int,int> currCounts, std::map<int,int>& payHits, int i){
currCounts[next] = currCounts.count(next) > 0 ? currCounts[next] + 1 : 1;
remainingSymbols.erase(pos);
if (i < numTiles && remainingSymbols.size() > 0){
if (currCounts[next] == hitsNeeded[next]){
int pay = symbolPays[next];
payHits[pay] = payHits.count(pay) > 0 ? payHits[next] + 1 : 1;
}
else{
for (std::list<int>::iterator l_itr = remainingSymbols.begin(); l_itr != remainingSymbols.end(); ++l_itr){
myFunction_helper(*l_itr, l_itr, remainingSymbols, currCounts, payHits, i+1);
}
}
}
else{
payHits[0] = payHits.count(0) > 0 ? payHits[0] + 1 : 1;
}
}
It is supposed to take a set of values and given some requirements (numTiles (int), hitsNeeded (a map of symbols and number of times they need to be chosen to win)). My code builds on visual studios (most recent version), but when I try executing it I get the error "list erase iterator out of range" the first time the myFunction_helper is called. How do I avoid this? I purposefully passed the remainingSymbols by value so that I can modify it without affecting other recursive stack frame members. How do I fix this and whyis this raising an exception?
Solution
Remove the iterator from the arguments. Then as you iterate you use the following snippet of code:
int next = *l_itr;
l_itr = symbols.erase(l_itr);
myFunction_helper(next, remainingSymbols, currCounts, payHits, i+1);
symbols.push_front(next);
And similarly for the outer function. Pushing the element to the front doesn't disrupt the iteration over the list and allows for what I want (pushing to the front is super cheap on lists too).
Agree with the Comments below. This is a crap answer because we don't know enough about the business case to suggest a good solution. I'm leaving an edited version it here because I just reverted the vandalized question and it does explain why the attempt failed.
Why This is raising an exception
std::list<int> remainingSymbols is pass by value, so pos is no longer relevant. It refers to the source list, not the copy of the source list in remainingSymbols. Using an iterator for one list in another, even a copy, is fatal.
solution
The common solution is to solution is to pass remainingSymbols by reference: std::list<int> & remainingSymbols, but since this will break backtracking, you can't do that.
Instead you will have to pass a different identifier for the position, perhaps the index. Unfortunately interating and re-iterating a list is an expensive task that almost always outweighs the quick insert and delete benefits of a list.
You cannot use iterator from one container with another one, you could use offset instead, but that would be very ineffective with std::list. Additionally usingstd::list with int is not a good idea in general - your data is small and most probably you use at least twice more memory for maintaining list items than data itself plus cache misses. You better use std::vector<int> and pass offset, not iterator. Additionaly with vector<> you can use move erase idiom but even deleting int in middle of vector is relatively cheap, most probably less expensive than cost of jumping of std::list nodes.
I am trying to find one element in one array, which has the minimum absolute value. For example, in array [5.1, -2.2, 8.2, -1, 4, 3, -5, 6], I want get the value -1. I use following code (myarray is 1D array and not sorted)
for (int i = 1; i < 8; ++i)
{
if(fabsf(myarray[i])<fabsf(myarray[0])) myarray[0] = myarray[i];
}
Then, the target value is in myarray[0].
Because I have to repeat this procedure many times, this piece of code becomes the bottleneck in my program. Does anyone know how to improve this code? Thanks in advance!
BTW, the size of the array is always eight. Could this be used to optimize this code?
Update: so far, following code works slightly better on my machine:
float absMin = fabsf(myarray[0]); int index = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < 8; ++i)
{
if(fabsf(myarray[i])<absMin) {absMin = fabsf(myarray[i]); index=i;}
}
float result = myarray[index];
I am wandering how to avoid fabsf, because I just want to compare the absolute values instead of computing them. Does anyone have any idea?
There are some urban myths like inlining, loop unrolling by hand and similar which are supposed to make your code faster. Good news is you don't have to do it, at least if you use -O3 compiler optimization.
Bad news is, if you already use -O3 there is nothing you can do to speed up this function: the compiler will optimize the hell out of your code! For example it will surely do the caching of fabsf(myarray[0]) as some suggested. The only thing you can achieve with this "refactoring" is to build bugs into your program and make it less readable.
My advice is to look somewhere else for improvements:
try to reduce the number of invocations of this code
if this code is the bottle neck, than my guess would be that you recalculate the minimal value over and over again (otherwise filling the values into the array would take approximately the same time) - so cache the results of the search
shift costs to changing the elements of the array, for example by using some fancy data structures (heaps, priority_queue) or by tracking the minimum of elements. Lets say your array has only two elements values [1,2] so minimum is 1. Now if you change
2 to 3, you don't have to do anything
2 to 0, you can easily update your minimum to 0
1 to 3, you have to loop through all elements. But maybe this case is not that often.
Can you store the values pre fabbed?
Also as #Gerstrong mentions, storing the number outside the loop and only calculating it when array changes will give you a boost.
Calling partial_sort or nth_element will sort the array only so that the correct value is in the right location.
std::nth_element(v.begin(), v.begin(), v.end(), [](float& lhs, float& rhs){
return fabsf(lhs)<fabsf(rhs);
});
Let me give some ideas that could help:
float minVal = fabsf(myarray[0]);
for (int i = 1; i < 8; ++i)
{
if(fabsf(myarray[i])<minVal) minVal = fabsf(myarray[i]);
}
myarray[0] = minVal;
But compilers nowadays are very smart and you might not get any more speed, as you already get optimized code. It depends on how your mentioned piece of code is called.
Another way to optimize this maybe is using C++ and STL, so you can do the following using the typical binary search tree std::set:
// Absolute comparator for std::set
bool absless_compare(const int64_t &a, const int64_t &b)
{
return (fabsf(a) < fabsf(b));
}
std::set<float, absless_compare> mySet = {5.1, -2.2, 8.2, -1, 4, 3, -5, 6};
const float minVal = *(mySet.begin());
With this approach by inserting your numbers they are already sorted in ascending order. The less-Comparator is usually a set for the std::set, but you can change it to use something different like in this example. This might help on larger datasets, but you mentioned you only have eight values to compare, so it really will not help.
Eight elements is a very small number, which might be kept in stack with for example the declaration of std::array<float,8> myarray close to your sorting function before filling it with data. You should that variants on your full codeset and observe what helps. Of course if you declare std::array<float,8> myarray or float[8] myarray runtime you should get the same results.
What you also could check is if fabsf really uses float as parameter and does not convert your variable to double which would degrade the performance. There is also std::abs() which for my understanding deduces the data type, because in C++ you can use templates etc.
If don't want to use fabs obviously a call like this
float myAbs(const float val)
{
return (val<0) ? -val : val;
}
or you hack the bit to zero which make your number negative. Either way, I'm pretty sure, that fabsf is fully aware of that, and I don't think a code like that will make it faster.
So I would check if the argument is converted to double. If you have C99 Standard in your system though, you should not have that issue.
One thought would be to do your comparisons "tournament" style, instead of linearly. In other words, you first compare 1 with 2, 3 with 4, etc. Then you take those 4 elements and do the same thing, and then again, until you only have one element left.
This does not change the number of comparisons. Since each comparison eliminates one element from the running, you will have exactly 7 comparisons no matter what. So why do I suggest this? Because it removes data dependencies from your code. Modern processors have multiple pipelines and can retire multiple instructions simultaneously. However, when you do the comparisons in a loop, each loop iteration depends on the previous one. When you do it tournament style, the first four comparisons are completely independent, so the processor may be able to do them all at once.
In addition to doing that, you can compute all the fabs at once in a trivial loop and put it in a new array. Since the fabs computations are independent, this can get sped up pretty easily. You would do this first, and then the tournament style comparisons to get the index. It should be exactly the same number of operations, it's just changing the order around so that the compiler can more easily see larger blocks that lack data dependencies.
The element of an array with minimal absolute value
Let the array, A
A = [5.1, -2.2, 8.2, -1, 4, 3, -5, 6]
The minimal absolute value of A is,
double miniAbsValue = A.array().abs().minCoeff();
int i_minimum = 0; // to find the position of minimum absolute value
for(int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
{
double ftn = evalsH(i);
if( fabs(ftn) == miniAbsValue )
{
i_minimum = i;
}
}
Now the element of A with minimal absolute value is
A(i_minimum)
I am using boost 1.56 and have an unordered_map. When I insert a key value of zero as follows:
boost::unordered_map<int, int> map;
for(int i=0; i < size; i++)
{
int value = another_array[j];
map.insert(i, value);
}
I get a crash when accessing the map using
map.at(0);
I've tested that the insert works by looking at the
std::pairiterator, bool>
that the insert returns and the bool is true, indicating that it was successfully inserted
I am creating a local to global numbering map so my keys are all 0:N-1. I know N and so should be able to loop over (count == 0:N-1) as follows:
for(int j=0; j < count; j++)
{
if(map.count(j))
printf("Value at index %d is %d\n", j, map.at(j));
}
but the count of k is zero. If I don't perform the check I get an out of bounds error. How can this be happening? If I switch to using 1-N as keys there is no such problem.
I do realise btw that in this example a map is slight overkill, but I have my reasons.
Note that I can not use std::unordered map as we are cross platform and our linux compiler doesn't currently support it.
Before edit: Most likely your hash<> specialization or equality comparison for key_type is broken.
You don't show it, but only this kind of invariant-breaking error can explain the behaviour you describe (in a self-contained minimal example), as far as I can tell.
After edit: You should create a self-contained example that shows the error for you, for us to be able to come up with better diagnostics
Answer found thanks to sehe forcing me to write self contained code. This showed up an under allocation of an array further up, overwrites past the end of this were causing the normal memory wierdness and this was just a symptom.
at doesn't take index as a parameter. It takes a key as parameter. If there is no item inserted with key "0", boost will throw exception which results in crash.
http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_48_0/doc/html/boost/unordered_map.html#id1601722-bb
It's my first time dealing with recursion as an assignment in a low level course. I've looked around the internet and I can't seem to find anybody using a method similar to the one I've come up with (which probably says something about why this isn't working). The error is a segmentation fault in std::__copy_move... which I'm assuming is something in the c++ STL.
Anywho, my code is as follows:
bool sudoku::valid(int x, int y, int value)
{
if (x < 0) {cerr << "No valid values exist./n";}
if (binary_search(row(x).begin(), row(x).end(), value))
{return false;} //if found in row x, exit, otherwise:
else if (binary_search(col(y).begin(), col(y).end(), value))
{return false;} //if found in col y, exit, otherwise:
else if (binary_search(box((x/3), (y/3)).begin(), box((x/3), (y/3)).end(), value))
{return false;} //if found in box x,y, exit, otherwise:
else
{return true;} //the value is valid at this index
}
int sudoku::setval(int x, int y, int val)
{
if (y < 0 && x > 0) {x--; y = 9;} //if y gets decremented past 0 go to previous row.
if (y > 8) {y %= 9; x++;} //if y get incremented past 8 go to next row.
if (x == 9) {return 0;} //base case, puzzle done.
else {
if (valid(x,y,val)){ //if the input is valid
matrix[x][y] = val; //set the element equal to val
setval(x,y++,val); //go to next element
}
else {
setval(x,y,val++); //otherwise increment val
if(val > 9) {val = value(x,y--); setval(x,y--,val++); }
} //if val gets above 9, set val to prev element,
} //and increment the last element until valid and start over
}
I've been trying to wrap my head around this thing for a while and I can't seem to figure out what's going wrong. Any suggestions are highly appreciated! :)
sudoku::setval is supposed to return an int but there are at least two paths where it returns nothing at all. You should figure out what it needs to return in those other paths because otherwise you'll be getting random undefined behavior.
Without more information, it's impossible to tell. Things like the data
structures involved, and what row and col return, for example.
Still, there are a number of obvious problems:
In sudoku::valid, you check for what is apparently an error
condition (x < 0), but you don't return; you still continue your
tests, using the negative value of x.
Also in sudoku:valid: do row and col really return references to
sorted values? If the values aren't sorted, then binary_search will
have undefined behavior (and if they are, the names are somewhat
misleading). And if they return values (copies of something), rather
than a reference to the same object, then the begin() and end()
functions will refer to different objects—again, undefined
behavior.
Finally, I don't see any backtracking in your algorithm, and I don't
see how it progresses to a solution.
FWIW: when I wrote something similar, I used a simple array of 81
elements for the board, then created static arrays which mapped the
index (0–80) to the appropriate row, column and box. And for each of
the nine rows, columns and boxes, I kept a set of used values (a
bitmap); this made checking for legality very trivial, and it meant that
I could increment to the next square to test just by incrementing the
index. The resulting code was extremely simple.
Independently of the data representation used, you'll need: some
"global" (probably a member of sudoku) means of knowing whether you've
found the solution or not; a loop somewhere trying each of the nine
possible values for a square (stopping when the solution has been
found), and the recursion. If you're not using a simple array for the
board, as I did, I'd suggest a class or a struct for the index, with a
function which takes care of the incrementation once and for all.
All of the following is for Unix not Windows.
std::__copy_move... is STL alright. But STL doesn't do anything by itself, some function call from your code would've invoked it with wrong arguments or in wrong state. You need to figure that out.
If you have a core dump from teh seg-fault then just do a pstack <core file name>, you will see the full call stack of the crash. Then just see which part of your code was involved in it and start debugging (add traces/couts/...) from there.
Usually you'll get this core file with nice readable names, but in case you don't you can use nm or c++filt etc to dismangle the names.
Finally, pstack is just a small cmd line utility, you can always load the binary (that produced the core) and the core file into a debugger like gdb, Sun Studio or debugger built into your IDE and see the same thing along with lots of other info and options.
HTH
It seems like your algorithm is a bit "brute forcy". This is generally not a good tactic with Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSPs). I wrote a sudoku solver a while back (wish I still had the source code, it was before I discovered github) and the fastest algorithm that I could find was Simulated Annealing:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulated_annealing
It's probabilistic, but it was generally orders of magnitude faster than other methods for this problem IIRC.
HTH!
segmentation fault may (and will) happen if you enter a function recursively too many times.
I noted one scenario which lead to it. But I'm pretty sure there are more.
Tip: write in your words the purpose of any function - if it is too complicated to write - the function should probably be split...