My compiler issued the following error :
matrix.o: In function `Matrix::modify_cell(unsigned int, unsigned int, int)':
Matrix.cpp:(.text+0x5f): undefined reference to `operator!(Dim)'
Matrix.cpp:(.text+0xa3): undefined reference to `operator!(Dim)'
Matrix.cpp:(.text+0x178): undefined reference to `operator!(Dim)'
Matrix.cpp:(.text+0x1a0): undefined reference to `operator!(Dim)'
matrix.o: In function `List::nula(Dim) const':
Matrix.cpp:(.text._ZNK4List4nulaE3Dim[List::nula(Dim) const]+0x11): undefined reference to `operator!(Dim)'
list1.o:List - auxiliary methods.cpp:(.text+0x3b): more undefined references to `operator!(Dim)' follow
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [app] Error 1
Matrix is a class placed in file Matrix.h and Matrix.cpp that inherits from the class List, that in turn is placed in List.h and two other .cpp files. Type Dim (typedef) and operator! for it are declared globally (outside of any class) in aux.h included to List.h and the operator! is defined in aux.cpp. In Matrix.h I include List.h so I do not understand what is the problem. aux.cpp is indeed compiled in my makefile to .o and then joined into single app.
I know that it would be better to place my typedef Dim and its overloaded operator into a class, but it is used both in class List and class Matrix while typedefs are not inherited and I have no idea for any other workaround.
EDIT:
// aux.cpp
#include "aux.h"
Dim operator!(Dim dim) { return dim == COL ? ROW : COL; }
// aux.h
#ifndef AUX_H
#define AUX_H
/* (...) */
typedef enum { ROW, COL } Dim;
inline Dim operator!(Dim dim);
#endif
You've declared operator!(Dim) as inline, so it isn't available unless you also include the definition in the .h. Either move the definition or take out the inline.
Related
This question already has answers here:
multiple definition in c++ files
(1 answer)
Multiple definition error on variable that is declared and defined in header file and used only in its cpp file
(3 answers)
Wierd multiple definition linking error with header guards [duplicate]
(1 answer)
Closed 9 months ago.
I've been working on an existing project and added functionality to it.
I've added a new class and header, but when it comes to building I'm getting surprising errors.
I can't post the exact code because its proprietary but the below describes the issue.
newfile.h:
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <boost/foreach.hpp>
#include <iostream>
#include "siblingFile1.h"
#include "siblingFile2.h"
#include "siblingFile3.h"
#include "siblingFile4.h"
using namespace json_spirit;
using namespace std;
using namespace boost;
int usefulVariable1 = 60;
vector<string> usefulVariable2 = {"abc"};
string usefulVariable3 = "abc";
int64 usefulVariable4 = 0;
Object method1(int64 nValue);
CustomType1 method2(int64 nValue);
bool method3(CustomType2 var2, int64 xValue);
bool method4(CustomType1 var1, int64 xValue);
bool method5(CustomType1 var1, long xValue);
with newfile.cpp:
#include <string>
#include <boost/foreach.hpp>
#include <iostream>
#include "siblingFile1.h"
#include "siblingFile2.h"
#include "siblingFile3.h"
#include "siblingFile4.h"
#include "newfile.h"
using namespace json_spirit;
using namespace std;
using namespace boost;
Object method1(int64 nValue) {
.... does some stuff
}
CustomType1 method2(int64 nValue) {
.... does some stuff
}
bool method3(CustomType2 var2, int64 xValue)
{
.... does some stuff
}
bool method5(CustomType1 var1, long xValue)
{
int64 x = (int64)xValue;
return method4(x, x);
}
bool method4(CustomType1 var1, int64 xValue)
{
.... does some stuff
}
I then use a few of these methods throughout the code, in a number of different classes.
I added method5 as a result of the compile errors I was getting to overload and guide to the correct method.
The error are below:
obj/oFile1.o:/path/to/source/src/newfile.h:17: multiple definition of `usefulVariable4'
obj/main.o:/path/to/source/src/newfile.h:17: first defined here
obj/oFile1.o:(.bss+0x40): multiple definition of `usefulVariable2[abi:cxx11]'
obj/main.o:(.bss+0x500): first defined here
obj/oFile1.o:(.bss+0x20): multiple definition of `NothingIChanged[abi:cxx11]'
obj/main.o:(.bss+0x4e0): first defined here
obj/oFile1.o:/path/to/source/src/newfile.h:14: multiple definition of `usefulVariable1'
obj/main.o:/path/to/source/src/newfile.h:14: first defined here
obj/oFile2.o:/path/to/source/src/newfile.h:17: multiple definition of `usefulVariable4'
obj/main.o:/path/to/source/src/newfile.h:17: first defined here
obj/oFile2.o:(.bss+0x40): multiple definition of `usefulVariable2[abi:cxx11]'
obj/main.o:(.bss+0x500): first defined here
obj/oFile2.o:(.bss+0x20): multiple definition of `NothingIChanged[abi:cxx11]'
obj/main.o:(.bss+0x4e0): first defined here
obj/oFile2.o:/path/to/source/src/newfile.h:14: multiple definition of `usefulVariable1'
obj/main.o:/path/to/source/src/newfile.h:14: first defined here
obj/main.o: In function `FunctionImplimentingNewMethod1(... params)':
/path/to/source/src/main.cpp:2289: undefined reference to `method5(CustomType1, long long)'
/path/to/source/src/main.cpp:2301: undefined reference to `method3(CustomType2, long long)'
obj/main.o: In function `FunctionImplimentingNewMethod2(... params)':
/path/to/source/src/main.cpp:575: undefined reference to `method5(CustomType1, long long)'
obj/main.o: In function `FunctionImplimentingNewMethod3(... params)':
/path/to/source/src/main.cpp:643: undefined reference to `method5(CustomType1, long long)'
obj/main.o: In function `aClass1::FunctionImplimentingNewMethod4(... params)':
/path/to/source/src/main.cpp:1547: undefined reference to `method5(CustomType1, long long)'
obj/main.o: In function `aClass1::FunctionImplimentingNewMethod5(... params)':
/path/to/source/src/main.cpp:1575: undefined reference to `method5(CustomType1, long long)'
obj/main.o: In function `FunctionImplimentingNewMethod6(... params)':
/path/to/source/src/main.cpp:1608: undefined reference to `method5(CustomType1, long long)'
obj/main.o:/path/to/source/src/main.cpp:817: more undefined references to `method5(CustomType1, long long)' follow
obj/main.o: In function `FunctionImplimentingNewMethod7(... params)':
/path/to/source/src/main.cpp:2367: undefined reference to `method3(CustomType2, long long)'
obj/oFile2.o: In function `aClass2::FunctionImplimentingNewMethod8()':
/path/to/source/src/oFile2.cpp:861: undefined reference to `method5(CustomType1, long long)'
obj/oFile1.o: In function `FunctionImplimentingNewMethod9(... params)':
/path/to/source/src/oFile1.cpp:298: undefined reference to `method1[abi:cxx11](long long)'
/path/to/source/src/oFile1.cpp:307: undefined reference to `method5(CustomType1, long long)'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
As can be seen I added method5 and usefulVariable4 to try and overcome the issue. Passing usefulVariable4 as a parameter to force it to use type int64; but it's not having it.
Do I need to update the makefile?
I haven't updated any of the CallingFile's headers as the code is always used inside the cpp file method bodies, not types needed in the CallingFile's headers.
CallingFile.cpp:
#include "newfile.h"
... rest of file ...
SomeMethodWhereINeedToAddMyFunctionallity()
{
... existing code ...
method4(localVar, 0) // fails to compile
or
method4(localVar, userfulVariable4) // fails to compile
or
method5(localVar, 0) // fails to compile
}
make version:
GNU Make 4.1
Built for x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
What is causing this?
Thank you.
I am trying to create a class with an std::function member:
# include<functional>
class Widget {
public:
std::function<int(double)> call_foo;
Widget(std::function<int(double)> call_func)
: call_foo(call_func)
{};
};
However, when I try to initialize the class my code fails:
const int f(double x){
if(x > 5.0){
return 22;
}
return 17;
}
int main()
{
std::function<int(double)> f1 = f;
Widget p(f1);
}
The full set of errors is below:
tmp/ccDoRHCh.o: In function `__static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int)':
widget.cpp:(.text+0x109): undefined reference to `std::ios_base::Init::Init()'
widget.cpp:(.text+0x118): undefined reference to `std::ios_base::Init::~Init()'
/tmp/ccDoRHCh.o:(.rodata._ZTIPFidE[_ZTIPFidE]+0x0): undefined reference to `vtable for __cxxabiv1::__pointer_type_info'
/tmp/ccDoRHCh.o:(.rodata._ZTIFidE[_ZTIFidE]+0x0): undefined reference to `vtable for __cxxabiv1::__function_type_info'
/tmp/ccDoRHCh.o:(.eh_frame+0xab): undefined reference to `__gxx_personality_v0'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
I am compiling with C++ 11 enabled.
Chances are either you forgot
#include <functional>
or you'r not compiling in C++11 mode.
Recently I learned the beautiful language D, which is so more plastic and helps yourself writing stable fast programs. But its not popular... because few code written on D and so more on C and C++. Therefore after I read the book of Andrei Alexanderscu where author very superficially described question about linking of D library to C++ code, I tried learn it myself and written some code on D where defined function that returns an instance of CompleteAutomata class which implements AutomataInterface defined also in C++ code:
#ifndef AUTOMATAINTERFACE_H
#define AUTOMATAINTERFACE_H
class AutomataInterface {
public:
virtual ~AutomataInterface() {}
virtual void next() = 0;
virtual void save() = 0;
virtual void restore() = 0;
virtual void zerofile() = 0;
virtual void invert(unsigned long x, unsigned long y) = 0;
virtual int state(unsigned long x, unsigned long y) const = 0;
virtual unsigned long x() const = 0;
virtual unsigned long y() const = 0;
};
AutomataInterface *createAutomata(unsigned long x, unsigned long y);
#endif // AUTOMATAINTERFACE_H
Relevant D code:
import agregator; // this is my own lib
extern(C++) {
interface AutomataInterface {
void next();
void save();
void restore();
void zerofile();
void invert(size_t x, size_t y);
int state(size_t x, size_t y) const;
size_t x() const;
size_t y() const;
}
AutomataInterface createAutomata(ulong x, ulong y) {
return new CompleteAutomata(x, y);
}
}
export class CompleteAutomata : AutomataInterface {
// instance variables...
this(size_t x, size_t y) { /* ... */ }
extern(C++) {
override void next() {
// ...
}
// others overridden interface methods...
}
}
After code had written, I've compiling of D library by two different compilers (dmd and gdc), with following flags:
dmd -release -O -lib -odlib -ofliblife.h *.d
or
gdc -frelease -O2 -Wall -c *.d
ar cq lib/liblife.a *.o
When I trying link each of received libs to Qt project by adding path to library dir (-L option) and adding a lib directly (-l option). I got errors of in both cases.
In first dmd case I have "undefined reference to `_d_newclass'" and couple of another errors:
g++ -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-z,relro -o automata main.o mainwindow.o renderarea.o button.o playbutton.o moc_mainwindow.o moc_renderarea.o moc_button.o moc_playbutton.o -L/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib -llife -lQtGui -lQtCore -lpthread
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1fe_5b0.o): In function `createAutomata(unsigned int, unsigned int)':
complete_automata.d:(.text._Z14createAutomatajj+0x27): undefined reference to `_d_newclass'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.data+0x0): undefined reference to `_D14TypeInfo_Class6__vtblZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.data+0x50): undefined reference to `_D6Object7__ClassZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.data+0xd0): undefined reference to `_D14TypeInfo_Class6__vtblZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.data+0x120): undefined reference to `_D6Object7__ClassZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x68): undefined reference to `_D6object6Object8toStringMFZAya'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x70): undefined reference to `_D6object6Object6toHashMFNbNeZm'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x78): undefined reference to `_D6object6Object5opCmpMFC6ObjectZi'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x80): undefined reference to `_D6object6Object8opEqualsMFC6ObjectZb'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0xf8): undefined reference to `_D6object6Object8toStringMFZAya'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x100): undefined reference to `_D6object6Object6toHashMFNbNeZm'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x108): undefined reference to `_D6object6Object5opCmpMFC6ObjectZi'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x110): undefined reference to `_D6object6Object8opEqualsMFC6ObjectZb'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o): In function `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata6__ctorMFmmZC17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata':
complete_automata.d:(.text._D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata6__ctorMFmmZC17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata+0x1f): undefined reference to `_d_newclass'
complete_automata.d:(.text._D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata6__ctorMFmmZC17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata+0x46): undefined reference to `_d_newclass'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::next()':
complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata4nextEv+0x2f): undefined reference to `_d_newclass'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::save()':
complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata4saveEv+0x25): undefined reference to `_adDupT'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::restore()':
complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata7restoreEv+0x33): undefined reference to `_d_newclass'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::zerofile()':
complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata8zerofileEv+0x2f): undefined reference to `_d_newclass'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_201_8b7.o): In function `no symbol':
/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di:(.text+0x6): undefined reference to `_Dmodule_ref'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_201_8b7.o):(.data._D12TypeInfo_Axi6__initZ+0x0): undefined reference to `_D14TypeInfo_Array6__vtblZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_201_8b7.o): In function `_D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.5137__arrayZ':
/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di:(.text._D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.5137__arrayZ+0x16): undefined reference to `_d_array_bounds'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_201_8b7.o): In function `_D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.5138__assertFiZv':
/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di:(.text._D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.5138__assertFiZv+0x16): undefined reference to `_d_assertm'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_201_8b7.o): In function `_D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.51315__unittest_failFiZv':
/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di:(.text._D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.51315__unittest_failFiZv+0x16): undefined reference to `_d_unittestm'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_203_875.o): In function `no symbol':
/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di:(.text+0x6): undefined reference to `_Dmodule_ref'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_203_875.o):(.data._D11TypeInfo_xi6__initZ+0x0): undefined reference to `_D14TypeInfo_Const6__vtblZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_203_875.o):(.data._D11TypeInfo_xi6__initZ+0x10): undefined reference to `_D10TypeInfo_i6__initZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_203_875.o): In function `_D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.5157__arrayZ':
/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di:(.text._D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.5157__arrayZ+0x16): undefined reference to `_d_array_bounds'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_203_875.o): In function `_D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.5158__assertFiZv':
/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di:(.text._D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.5158__assertFiZv+0x16): undefined reference to `_d_assertm'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_203_875.o): In function `_D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.51515__unittest_failFiZv':
/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di:(.text._D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.51515__unittest_failFiZv+0x16): undefined reference to `_d_unittestm'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator.o): In function `no symbol':
agregator.d:(.text+0x6): undefined reference to `_Dmodule_ref'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator.o):(.data+0x10): undefined reference to `_D3std6random12__ModuleInfoZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator.o):(.rodata+0x20): undefined reference to `_D14TypeInfo_Class6__vtblZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator.o): In function `_D9agregator7__arrayZ':
agregator.d:(.text._D9agregator7__arrayZ+0x16): undefined reference to `_d_array_bounds'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator.o): In function `_D9agregator8__assertFiZv':
agregator.d:(.text._D9agregator8__assertFiZv+0x16): undefined reference to `_d_assertm'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator.o): In function `_D9agregator15__unittest_failFiZv':
agregator.d:(.text._D9agregator15__unittest_failFiZv+0x16): undefined reference to `_d_unittestm'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator_2_5fd.o):(.data+0x0): undefined reference to `_D14TypeInfo_Class6__vtblZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator_2_5fd.o):(.data+0x50): undefined reference to `_D6Object7__ClassZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator_2_5fd.o):(.rodata+0x48): undefined reference to `_D6object6Object8toStringMFZAya'
...
In second case (when using gdc) I receives message about "multiple definition of":
g++ -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-z,relro -o cellular_life main.o mainwindow.o renderarea.o button.o playbutton.o moc_mainwindow.o moc_renderarea.o moc_button.o moc_playbutton.o -L/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib -llife -lQtGui -lQtCore -lpthread
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata7restoreMRZv14SliceAgregator9initValueMxFmmZi':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x0): multiple definition of `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata7restoreMRZv14SliceAgregator9initValueMxFmmZi'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata7restoreMRZv14SliceAgregator9initValueMxFmmZi+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::invert(unsigned long long, unsigned long long)':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x40): multiple definition of `CompleteAutomata::invert(unsigned long long, unsigned long long)'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata6invertEyy+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::state(unsigned long long, unsigned long long) const':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x60): multiple definition of `CompleteAutomata::state(unsigned long long, unsigned long long) const'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._ZNK16CompleteAutomata5stateEyy+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::x() const':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x80): multiple definition of `CompleteAutomata::x() const'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._ZNK16CompleteAutomata1xEv+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::y() const':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0xa0): multiple definition of `CompleteAutomata::y() const'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._ZNK16CompleteAutomata1yEv+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::next()':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x140): multiple definition of `CompleteAutomata::next()'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata4nextEv+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o):(.tbss+0x10): multiple definition of `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata4nextMRZv7changerC7changer7Changer'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.tbss+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::restore()':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x1b0): multiple definition of `CompleteAutomata::restore()'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata7restoreEv+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o):(.tbss+0x8): multiple definition of `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata7restoreMRZv9agregatorC9agregator9Agregator'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.tbss+0x8): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o):(.data+0x180): multiple definition of `_D_ZN16CompleteAutomata7restoreEv14SliceAgregator7__ClassZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.data+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::zerofile()':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x220): multiple definition of `CompleteAutomata::zerofile()'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata8zerofileEv+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o):(.tbss+0x0): multiple definition of `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata8zerofileMRZv9agregatorC9agregator9Agregator'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.tbss+0x10): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::save()':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x290): multiple definition of `CompleteAutomata::save()'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata4saveEv+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o):(.data+0x80): multiple definition of `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata7__ClassZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.data+0xd0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata6__ctorMFmmZC17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x9b0): multiple definition of `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata6__ctorMFmmZC17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata6__ctorMFmmZC17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o):(.rodata+0x420): multiple definition of `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata6__vtblZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0xf0): first defined here
/usr/bin/ld: Warning: size of symbol `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata6__vtblZ' changed from 104 in /home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o) to 112 in /home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o)
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o):(.rodata+0x4a0): multiple definition of `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata6__initZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x90): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o):(.rodata+0x4e0): multiple definition of `_D_ZN16CompleteAutomata7restoreEv14SliceAgregator6__vtblZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x60): first defined here
/usr/bin/ld: Warning: size of symbol `_D_ZN16CompleteAutomata7restoreEv14SliceAgregator6__vtblZ' changed from 48 in /home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o) to 56 in /home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o)
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o):(.rodata+0x520): multiple definition of `_D_ZN16CompleteAutomata7restoreEv14SliceAgregator6__initZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator.o): In function `_D3std7complex14__T7ComplexTeZ7Complex8toStringMxFMDFAxaZvAyaZAya12__lambda1223MFNbNfAxaZv':
agregator.d:(.text+0xaf): undefined reference to `_D11TypeInfo_Aa6__initZ'
agregator.d:(.text+0xb7): undefined reference to `_d_arrayappendT'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator.o): In function `_D3std4conv16__T6toImplTiTxkZ6toImplFNaNfxkZi15__dgliteral1389MFNaNfZC6object9Throwable':
agregator.d:(.text+0xc5): undefined reference to `_D3std4conv21ConvOverflowException7__ClassZ'
agregator.d:(.text+0xca): undefined reference to `_d_newclass'
agregator.d:(.text+0xed): undefined reference to `_D3std4conv21ConvOverflowException6__ctorMFAyaAyamZC3std4conv21ConvOverflowException'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator.o): In function `_D3std6format17__T9getNthIntTxeZ9getNthIntFNaNfkxeZi.part.6':
agregator.d:(.text+0x105): undefined reference to `_D3std6format15FormatException7__ClassZ'
agregator.d:(.text+0x10a): undefined reference to `_d_newclass'
...
After two days of attempts to do so...
Recently I've try add Phobos (D standard library) to linking process. For dmd -lphobos2 flag and for gdc -lgphobos2 flag correspond. But it not help me...
When using dmd linker output:
g++ -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-z,relro -o cellular_life main.o mainwindow.o renderarea.o button.o playbutton.o moc_mainwindow.o moc_renderarea.o moc_button.o moc_playbutton.o -L/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib -llife -lQtGui -lQtCore -lpthread -lphobos2
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_easy_duphandle#CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_easy_strerror#CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_slist_free_all#CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_global_init#CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_easy_perform#CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_easy_init#CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_easy_pause#CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `_Dmain'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_easy_setopt#CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_slist_append#CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_global_cleanup#CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_easy_cleanup#CURL_GNUTLS_3'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [cellular_life] Error 1
and I've try substitute of libcurl-gnutls: ln -s /usr/lib64/libcurl.so.4 /usr/lib64/libcurl-gnutls.so.4. Then result of linking the same but without message about libcurl-gnutls.
When using gdc linker output again talk about "multiple definition to":
/home/newmen/gcc/bin/g++ -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-z,relro -o cellular_life main.o mainwindow.o renderarea.o button.o playbutton.o moc_mainwindow.o moc_renderarea.o moc_button.o moc_playbutton.o -L/home/newmen/gcc/lib64 -L/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib -llife -lQtGui -lQtCore -lpthread -lgphobos2
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata7restoreMRZv14SliceAgregator9initValueMxFmmZi':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x0): multiple definition of `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata7restoreMRZv14SliceAgregator9initValueMxFmmZi'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1e3_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata7restoreMRZv14SliceAgregator9initValueMxFmmZi+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::invert(unsigned long long, unsigned long long)':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x40): multiple definition of `CompleteAutomata::invert(unsigned long long, unsigned long long)'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1e3_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata6invertEyy+0x0): first defined here
...
/home/newmen/gcc/lib64/libgphobos2.a(dmain2.o): In function `main':
/home/newmen/projects/distrib/gcc-4.8.1/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/libphobos/libdruntime/../../.././libphobos/libdruntime/rt/dmain2.d:394: multiple definition of `main'
main.o:/home/newmen/projects/d/life/qt_viewer/main.cpp:5: first defined here
/usr/bin/ld: /home/newmen/gcc/lib64/libgphobos2.a(time.o): undefined reference to symbol 'clock_getres##GLIBC_2.2.5'
/usr/bin/ld: note: 'clock_getres##GLIBC_2.2.5' is defined in DSO /lib64/librt.so.1 so try adding it to the linker command line
/lib64/librt.so.1: could not read symbols: Invalid operation
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [cellular_life] Error 1
with message about librt.so.1 at end. I inspect /usr/lib64 and seen there it library file.
Dear magic, please tell me how to connect the D library to C++ code.
It is generally easier to let the D compiler do the linking:
g++ -c yourfile.cpp
dmd yourfile.o d_file.d
You might have to add curl to it as well, same as you did before. To pass a linker argument through dmd (or gdmd if you're using gdc, should work the same way), pass -Larg
dmd yourfile.o d_file.d -L-lstdc++ -L-lcurl -L-lQtGui # and so on
It is generally easier to put main() in D too (it can just immediately call out to a C++ defined function too) because otherwise you'll probably have to initialize the D runtime before using it from C++.
But to finish the process you've started... first thing, looks like your liblife.a has the same file added twice. I'd try deleting that file and recreating it, or just skipping that step and passing the .o files to the linker directly without first packing them into a .a. That'll simplify things a bit.
My other question is: why is it trying to pull the D main? Is there a main() in your .d code somewhere? If so, that's ok, but you'll have to remove the one from your C++ code. (Perhaps rename it into cppmain and then call it from the D main:
D code:
extern(C++) int cppmain(int argc, char** argv);
int main() {
import core.runtime;
return cppmain(Runtime.cArgs.argc, Runtime.cArgs.argv);
}
And that will forward to your C++ main. If you want to remove the D main (assuming it is there, if not let me know and I'll try to think what else could cause that linker error), before tou use D code in C++, you'll want to initialize D. So:
D code:
extern(C++) void initD() {
import core.runtime;
Runtime.initialize();
}
C++ code:
extern "C++" void initD();
int main() {
initD();
// the rest of your stuff
}
If you don't do that, calling D functions is liable to cause a segfault.
But to sum up, I'm pretty sure you have a duplicate .o file added to your archive, and main defined in both D and C++. Delete the duplicate in the archive and kill one of the duplicate mains and you should have some success.
i got this error and i am not able to solve by myself
source.cpp:85:8: error: request for member ‘put_tag’ in ‘aux’, which is of non-class type ‘Keyword()’
source.cpp:86:8: error: request for member ‘put_site’ in ‘aux’, which is of non-class type ‘Keyword()’
make: *** [source.o] Error 1
the code which gives me this error is
Keyword aux();
aux.put_tag(word);
aux.put_site(site);
I must mention that word and site are char * type
Now, my Keyword class definition is this one:
class Keyword{
private:
std::string tag;
Stack<std::string> weblist;
public:
Keyword();
~Keyword();
void put_tag(std::string word)
{
tag = word;
}
void put_site(std::string site)
{
weblist.push(site);
}
};
Thank you very much!
Update
By modifying
Keyword aux();
aux.put_tag(word);
aux.put_site(site);
in
Keyword aux;
aux.put_tag(word);
aux.put_site(site);
i got this error:
source.o: In function `Algorithm::indexSite(std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)':
source.cpp:(.text+0x2c6): undefined reference to `Keyword::Keyword()'
source.cpp:(.text+0x369): undefined reference to `Keyword::~Keyword()'
source.cpp:(.text+0x4a8): undefined reference to `Keyword::~Keyword()'
source.o: In function `Keyword::put_site(std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >)':
source.cpp:(.text._ZN7Keyword8put_siteESs[Keyword::put_site(std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >)]+0x2a): undefined reference to `Stack<std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::push(std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >)'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [tema3] Error 1
This line does not do what you think:
Keyword aux();
Is declaring a function called aux that takes no arguments and returns a Keyword. You most likely meant to write (without the parentheses):
Keyword aux;
Which declares an object of type Keyword.
UPDATE:
Concerning the next error you are getting, this is because you have a declaration of the constructor and destructor of your class, but not a definition. In fact, the error you are getting comes from the linker, and not from the compiler.
To provide a trivial definition of your constructor and destructor, change this:
Keyword();
~Keyword();
Into this:
Keyword() { }
~Keyword() { }
Or, as long as these member functions do nothing, just omit them at all - the compiler will generate them for you (unless you add some other user-declared constructor, for what concerns the constructor).
Not this
Keyword aux();
aux.put_tag(word);
aux.put_site(site);
but this
Keyword aux;
aux.put_tag(word);
aux.put_site(site);
In your version Keyword aux(); is a function prototype not a variable declaration.
I had the same problem when I type the following code into my main function, I have a List.h and List.cpp files contains my List class.
List<int,int> myList();
bool x=myList.isEmpty();
I get an error of "request for member 'isEmpty' in 'myList', which is of non-class type 'List()'"
the error is because the compiler consider myList() as a function prototype
when I correct the code to be
List<int,int> myList;
bool x=myList.isEmpty();
I got the error "undefined reference to `List::List()" and a couple of similar errors for the destructor.
Further inspection of my code and answers in this page I found that I have to include my List.cpp file in the main.cpp however I included List.h in my List.cpp file but it seems that this information has to be told to the main file as well.
further reading for this tutorial explain why ,if I compile the project without including List.cpp it will compile fine because the List.h file has the prototype but it would fail in the linker stage because the linker would be unable to resolve the call to List() to a specific function.
I'm lost here. I've been compiling my program successfully on LLVM on my Mac, but when I went to a Linux server and attempted to use g++ to compile, I got a boat load of linker errors.
Here's an excerpt:
/tmp/ccGbgd6T.o: In function `Scene::setBackgroundImage(String)':
Project.cpp:(.text+0x166): undefined reference to `Graph_lib::Image::Image(Point, String, Graph_lib::Suffix::Encoding)'
/tmp/ccGbgd6T.o: In function `Graph_lib::Window::~Window()':
Project.cpp:(.text._ZN9Graph_lib6WindowD2Ev[_ZN9Graph_lib6WindowD5Ev]+0xc): undefined reference to `vtable for Graph_lib::Window'
/tmp/ccGbgd6T.o: In function `Graph_lib::Shape::~Shape()':
Project.cpp:(.text._ZN9Graph_lib5ShapeD2Ev[_ZN9Graph_lib5ShapeD5Ev]+0xb): undefined reference to `vtable for Graph_lib::Shape'
/tmp/ccGbgd6T.o: In function `Graph_lib::Text::Text(Point, String const&)':
Project.cpp:(.text._ZN9Graph_lib4TextC2E5PointRK6String[_ZN9Graph_lib4TextC5E5PointRK6String]+0xe): undefined reference to `Graph_lib::Shape::Shape()'
Project.cpp:(.text._ZN9Graph_lib4TextC2E5PointRK6String[_ZN9Graph_lib4TextC5E5PointRK6String]+0x17): undefined reference to `vtable for Graph_lib::Text'
Project.cpp:(.text._ZN9Graph_lib4TextC2E5PointRK6String[_ZN9Graph_lib4TextC5E5PointRK6String]+0x67): undefined reference to `Graph_lib::Shape::add(Point)'
/tmp/ccGbgd6T.o: In function `Graph_lib::Button::Button(Point, int, int, String const&, void (*)(void*, void*))':
Project.cpp:(.text._ZN9Graph_lib6ButtonC2E5PointiiRK6StringPFvPvS5_E[_ZN9Graph_lib6ButtonC5E5PointiiRK6StringPFvPvS5_E]+0x40): undefined reference to `vtable for Graph_lib::Button'
This scared me, but then I noticed that all the errors are coming from the same class: Graph_lib. Here's an extremely cut out version of what Graph.h looks like: (note, this is not my class)
#ifndef GRAPH_GUARD
#define GRAPH_GUARD 1
#include <...system stuff...>
namespace Graph_lib {
// lots of other classes in here
// this is just one
struct Image : Shape {
Image(Point xy, string file_name, Suffix::Encoding e = Suffix::none);
//rest of class
}
}
What could be going wrong here?
Edit: this is the command I'm using to compile:
g++-4.6 -std=c++0x *.cpp -lfltk -lfltk_images
It appears as though you have forgotten to link your project with Graph.cpp, or whatever file(s) hold the implementations of the Graph_lib class methods.
Looks like your Graph library is missing.
When linking using g++, use -l <Graph lib>