in my project I want to display many objects (spheres) using vbo.
I manage to display 1 object without a problem ,but when it comes to 2 or more, all objects(vbos) are replaced by the last defined object(vbo).
CosmicBody(int x)
{
this->verticesSize=0;
//this->VaoId=x;
//this->VaoId=1;
this->VboId=x;
};
void CosmicBody::InitShape(unsigned int uiStacks, unsigned int uiSlices, float fA, float fB, float fC)
{
float tStep = (Pi) / (float)uiSlices;
float sStep = (Pi) / (float)uiStacks;
float SlicesCount=(Pi+0.0001)/tStep;
float StackCount=(2*Pi+0.0001)/sStep;
this->verticesSize=((int) (SlicesCount+1) * (int) (StackCount+1))*2;
glm::vec4 *vertices=NULL;
vertices=new glm::vec4[verticesSize];
int count=0;
for(float t = -Pi/2; t <= (Pi/2)+.0001; t += tStep)
{
for(float s = -Pi; s <= Pi+.0001; s += sStep)
{
vertices[count++]=glm::vec4(fA * cos(t) * cos(s),fB * cos(t) * sin(s),fC * sin(t),1.0f);
vertices[count++]=glm::vec4(fA * cos(t+tStep) * cos(s),fB * cos(t+tStep) * sin(s),fC * sin(t+tStep),1.0f);
}
}
glGenBuffers(1, &VboId);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VboId);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 16*verticesSize, vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glGenVertexArrays(1, &VaoId);
glBindVertexArray(VaoId);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VboId);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0);
delete[] vertices;
}
void CosmicBody::Draw()
{
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, this->VboId);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0,this->verticesSize); //when I replace this->verticesSize with number of vertices of last object ,instead of getting x different objects I get same instances of the last one.
glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
}
When you use VAO's you should bind VAO for drawing, not the VBO buffer:
void CosmicBody::Draw()
{
glBindVertexArray( this->VaoId ); // <-- this is the difference
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0,this->verticesSize);
glBindVertexArray(0); // unbind the VAO
}
And move the glEnableVertexAttribArray(0); in the CosmicBody::InitShape after you bind VAO, no need to enable/disable it every time you draw:
...
glGenVertexArrays(1, &VaoId);
glBindVertexArray(VaoId);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0); // <-- here
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VboId);
...
Related
So I have a program that generates chunk-meshes based on given vertex data. I already have it working without indices, but upon trying to include them into my program, it returns OpenGL error 1285.
I have the arraybuffer and vao calls on different functions, but they look like this:
void Chunk::_loadArrayBuffers()
{
glGenBuffers(1, &_trianglesID);
glGenBuffers(1, &_uvsID);
glGenBuffers(1, &_normalsID);
glGenBuffers(1, &_IndiceID);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, _trianglesID);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,
_triangles.size() * 3 * sizeof(GLfloat),
_triangles.data(),
GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, _uvsID);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,
_uvs.size() * 2 * sizeof(GLfloat),
_uvs.data(),
GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, _normalsID);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,
_normals.size() * 3 * sizeof(GLfloat),
_normals.data(),
GL_STATIC_DRAW);
if (_indices.size() * 3 > 0)
{
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, _IndiceID);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER,
_indices.size() * 3 * sizeof(GLfloat),
_indices.data(),
GL_STATIC_DRAW);
}
}
void Chunk::_makeVAO()
{
glGenVertexArrays(1, &_VAO);
glBindVertexArray(_VAO);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, _trianglesID);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, _uvsID);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, _normalsID);
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0);
glBindVertexArray(0);
}
For each mesh, I store the vertex data of each triangle into multiple glm::vec3s, essentially a vector of size 3. My rectangle/face creation function looks like this:
void Chunk::_addRectangle(glm::vec3 center, glm::vec3 height, glm::vec3 width, unsigned tex_num)
{
if (glm::length(height) == 0 || glm::length(width) == 0)
throw std::runtime_error("width or height should not be 0");
glm::vec3 corner1 = center - (height / 2.0) - (width / 2.0);
glm::vec3 corner2 = center - (height / 2.0) + (width / 2.0);
glm::vec3 corner3 = center + (height / 2.0) + (width / 2.0);
glm::vec3 corner4 = center + (height / 2.0) - (width / 2.0);
glm::vec3 normal = glm::cross(height, width);
glm::vec2 uv1;
glm::vec2 uv2;
glm::vec2 uv3;
glm::vec2 uv4;
if (fabs(normal[1]) == 1.0)
{
uv1 = glm::vec2(1.0 / _tex_atlas_width, 1);
uv2 = glm::vec2(1.0 / _tex_atlas_width, 0);
uv3 = glm::vec2(0, 0);
uv4 = glm::vec2(0, 1);
}
else
{
uv1 = glm::vec2(1.0 / _tex_atlas_width, height[1]);
uv2 = glm::vec2(1.0 / _tex_atlas_width, 0);
uv3 = glm::vec2(0, 0);
uv4 = glm::vec2(0, height[1]);
}
float add = (1.0 / double(_tex_atlas_width)) * tex_num;
uv1.x += add;
uv2.x += add;
uv3.x += add;
uv4.x += add;
// triangle 1
_triangles.push_back(corner3);
_triangles.push_back(corner2);
_triangles.push_back(corner1);
_normals.push_back(normal);
_normals.push_back(normal);
_normals.push_back(normal);
_uvs.push_back(uv1);
_uvs.push_back(uv2);
_uvs.push_back(uv3);
_indices.push_back(glm::vec3(nrOfIndices + 0, nrOfIndices + 1, nrOfIndices + 2));
// triangle 2
//_triangles.push_back(corner1);
_triangles.push_back(corner4);
//_triangles.push_back(corner3);
_normals.push_back(normal);
_normals.push_back(normal);
_normals.push_back(normal);
_uvs.push_back(uv3);
_uvs.push_back(uv4);
_uvs.push_back(uv1);
_indices.push_back(glm::vec3(nrOfIndices + 2, nrOfIndices + 3, nrOfIndices + 0));
nrOfIndices += 4;
}
everything worked perfectly until I tried to add indices. What's wrong with it? I double checked the order of the indices and they seem to be correct, so I'm guessing it's an error with how I'm loading the indices, but I just can't figure it out with what I could find on learnopengl and other opengl documentation. Thanks!
The GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER is stated in the Vertex Array Object. See Index buffers.
The instruction
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, _IndiceID);
associates _IndiceID to the current Vertex Array Object.
You've to bind the Vertex Array Object, before you specify the element array buffer:
glGenVertexArrays(1, &_VAO);
glBindVertexArray(_VAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, _IndiceID);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER,
_indices.size() * 3 * sizeof(GLuint),
_indices.data(),
GL_STATIC_DRAW);
Note, also the GL_ARRAY_BUFFER is stated in the state vector of the VAO, but this happens when glVertexAttribPointer is called.
When glVertexAttribPointer is called, then the buffer which is currently bound to the target GL_ARRAY_BUFFER is associated to the vertex attribute with the specified index.
The difference in the behavior of GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER and GL_ARRAY_BUFFER is caused, because a VAO can only refer to 1 index (element) buffer, but it can refer to multiple array buffers. Each attribute (index) can be associated to a different buffer.
Further more the data type of the indices has to be integral. Possible data types are (unsigned) char, short respectively int, which correspond to the OpenGL enumerator constants GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, or GL_UNSIGNED_INT. See glDrawElements
Change the index vector and use glm::ivec3 rather than glm::vec3
std::vector<glm::ivec3> _indices;
_indices.push_back(glm::ivec3(nrOfIndices + 2, nrOfIndices + 3, nrOfIndices + 0));
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, _indices.size()*3, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, nullptr);
My problem is the glDrawArray command stops working. I've written a few programs which I used that command. However now, I don't have any idea why it doesn't work.
But I still can draw lines to the screen with GL_LINES instead of GL_TRIANGLES.
Here is my code:
#include "Mesh.h"
#include <iostream>
Mesh::Mesh()
{
glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao);
glBindVertexArray(vao);
glGenBuffers(1, &vbo);
size = 0;
}
void Mesh::AddVertices(const Vertex vertices[], int length)
{
size = length;
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
}
void Mesh::Draw()
{
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, Vertex::SIZE * 4, 0);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, size);
glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
}
Draw is always called by Game class. And my Vertex class:
#include "Vertex.h"
Vertex::Vertex(glm::vec3 pos)
{
this->pos = pos;
}
Vertex::Vertex(float x, float y, float z)
{
pos = glm::vec3(x, y, z);
}
glm::vec3 Vertex::GetPos() const
{
return pos;
}
void Vertex::SetPos(glm::vec3 pos)
{
this->pos = pos;
}
sizeof(vertices) is sizeof(void*), because in C or C++ arrays in function arguments decays to pointers. You should use length provided in second argument, if it is size in bytes.
I've found the solution. When I initialize my OpenGL functions, I have accidentally written glFrontFace(GL_CW) instead of glFrontFace(GL_CCW).
I am trying to draw part of my tile image but I am getting GL_INVALID_VALUE error when I call glDrawElements function. There is no problem when I change this function with glDrawArrays. The problem is that the indices count parameter is not negative number.
There is a code:
#define BUFFER_OFFSET(i) ((char *)nullptr + (i))
#define VERTEX_ATTR_PTR(loc, count, member, type) \
glEnableVertexAttribArray(loc); \
glVertexAttribPointer(loc, count, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(type), BUFFER_OFFSET(offsetof(struct type, member)))
// ---------- TextRenderer
void TextRenderer::setText(const string& text) {
vector<Vertex2f> vertex_buffer;
vector<GLuint> index_buffer;
GLfloat cursor = 0.f;
FPoint2D cell_size = font->getCellSize();
for (char c : text) {
TILE_ITER iter = font->getCharacter(c);
{
// UV
for (GLuint i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
TILE_ITER _v = iter + i;
vertex_buffer.push_back( {
{
_v->pos[0] + cursor,
_v->pos[1],
_v->pos[2]
},
{ _v->uv[0], _v->uv[1] }
});
}
// Index
for (GLuint i = 0; i < 6; ++i)
index_buffer.push_back(
Tile::indices[i] + vertex_buffer.size() - 4);
}
cursor += cell_size.X;
}
vertices_count = vertex_buffer.size();
indices_count = index_buffer.size();
glBindVertexArray(vao);
{
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices);
glBufferSubData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER,
0,
indices_count * sizeof(GLuint),
&index_buffer[0]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,
0,
vertices_count * sizeof(Vertex2f),
&vertex_buffer[0]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
}
glBindVertexArray(0);
}
void TextRenderer::create() {
glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao);
glBindVertexArray(vao);
{
indices = genGLBuffer( {
nullptr,
BUFFER_SIZE / 2 * sizeof(GLuint),
GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER
}, true, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
vbo = genGLBuffer( {
nullptr,
BUFFER_SIZE * sizeof(Vertex2f),
GL_ARRAY_BUFFER
}, true, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
VERTEX_ATTR_PTR(0, 3, pos, Vertex2f); // Vertex
VERTEX_ATTR_PTR(1, 2, uv, Vertex2f); // UV
}
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
glBindVertexArray(0);
setText("DUPA");
}
void TextRenderer::draw(MatrixStack& matrix, GLint) {
static Shader shader(
getFileContents("shaders/text_frag.glsl"),
getFileContents("shaders/text_vert.glsl"),
"");
shader.begin();
shader.setUniform(GL_TEXTURE_2D, "texture", 0,
font->getHandle());
shader.setUniform("matrix.mvp", matrix.vp_matrix * matrix.model);
shader.setUniform("col", col);
{
glBindVertexArray(vao);
//glDrawArrays(GL_LINE_STRIP, 0, vertices_count);
glDrawElements(GL_LINES, indices_count, GL_UNSIGNED_INT,
nullptr);
glBindVertexArray(0);
showGLErrors();
}
shader.end();
}
The problem is with the following (shortened) call sequence in your setText() method:
glBindVertexArray(vao);
{
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices);
glBufferSubData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ...);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
...
}
glBindVertexArray(0);
The binding of the GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER is part of the VAO state. So by making this call while the VAO is bound:
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
you're setting the VAO state to have an element array buffer binding of 0. So when you later bind the VAO in your draw() method, you won't have a binding for GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER.
To avoid this, the simplest solution is to just remove that call. If you want to explicitly unbind it because you're worried that having it bound might have undesired side effects on other code, you need to move it after unbinding the VAO:
glBindVertexArray(vao);
{
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices);
glBufferSubData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ...);
...
}
glBindVertexArray(0);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
Without seeing the whole code and knowing exact GL version, I will attempt to give you a correct answer.
First, if you're using ES2 then using index type as GL_UNSIGNED_INT is not supported by default, however I don't think that's your problem.
Your actual issue is that element arrays are actually not stored in your VAO object, only vertex data configuration. Therefore glDrawElements will give you this error as it will think no element array is bound and you passed NULL as indices argument to the function.
To solve this, bind the appropriate element array before you call glDrawElements
I have a working Vertex-Buffer-Object but I need to add the normals.
The normales are stored in the same array as the vertex positons. They are interleaved
Vx Vy Vz Nx Ny Nz
This is my code so far:
GLfloat values[NUM_POINTS*3 + NUM_POINTS*3];
void initScene() {
for(int i = 0; i < (NUM_POINTS) ; i = i+6){
values[i+0] = bunny[i];
values[i+1] = bunny[i+1];
values[i+2] = bunny[i+2];
values[i+3] = normals[i];
values[i+4] = normals[i+1];
values[i+5] = normals[i+2];
}
glGenVertexArrays(1,&bunnyVAO);
glBindVertexArray(bunnyVAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &bunnyVBO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, bunnyVBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(bunny), bunny, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glVertexAttribPointer(0,3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0,0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glGenBuffers(1, &bunnyIBO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, bunnyIBO);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(triangles), triangles, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// unbind active buffers //
glBindVertexArray(0);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
}
void renderScene() {
if (bunnyVBO != 0) {
// x: bind VAO //
glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
glBindVertexArray(bunnyVAO);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, NUM_TRIANGLES, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, NULL);
glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
// unbind active buffers //
glBindVertexArray(0);
}
}
I can see something on the screen but it is not right as the normals are not used correctly...
How can I use the values array correctly connected with my code so far.
You need to call glVertexAttribPointer two times, once for the vertices and once for the normals. This is how you tell OpenGL how your data is layed out inside your vertex buffer.
// Vertices consist of 3 floats, occurring every 24 bytes (6 floats),
// starting at byte 0.
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 24, 0);
// Normals consist of 3 floats, occurring every 24 bytes starting at byte 12.
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 24, 12);
This is assuming that your normal attribute in your shader has an index of 1.
When I make 2 or more instance of TestLine class and add it in the render class, only the last one is rendered. The previous objects doesn't render or disappear
TestLine class:
void update(){
glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
glBindBuffer(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY, xbo);
glVertexPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, 0);
glDrawArrays(GL_LINES, 0, verts.size());
glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
}
void set(float x, float y, float x2, float y2){
verts.push_back(x);
verts.push_back(y);
verts.push_back(x2);
verts.push_back(y2);
glGenBuffers(1, &xbo);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, xbo);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, verts.size() * sizeof(GLfloat), &verts[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);
}
functions in render class
void draw(){
int size = lines.size();
for(int i = 0; i < size; i++)
lines[i]->update();
}
void add(TestLine* d){
lines.push_back(d);
}
glBindBuffer(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY, xbo);
GL_VERTEX_ARRAY is not a valid argument for glBindBuffer():
target: Specifies the target to which the buffer object is bound. The symbolic constant must be GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, GL_PIXEL_PACK_BUFFER, or GL_PIXEL_UNPACK_BUFFER.
Use GL_ARRAY_BUFFER like in your other invocation.
glDrawArrays(GL_LINES, 0, verts.size());
set() only specifies two vertices, not four. If verts contained some sort of multi-float struct (e.g.: struct Vertex { float x, y; };) instead of raw floats this would have worked.
Try this:
glDrawArrays(GL_LINES, 0, verts.size() / 2);