C++ weird output with printf - c++

Question

Below is my functions, its suppose to list some countries
I tried using << fixed but doesn't seems to help
This is my output:
�ѿra
�ѿd Arab Emirates
�ѿnistan
�ѿua and Barbuda
�ѿlla
�ѿia
�ѿia
�ѿrlands Antilles
�ѿa
�ѿctica
�ѿtina
�ѿcan Samoa
My text file is okay, i wonder is there wrong in my casting of data.
This is my CountryData.cpp file
#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
#include "CountryData.h"
using namespace std;
// ====================================================================
void readData ()
{
FILE * pFile;
NoOfRecordsRead = 0;
char buffer [Line_Char_Buffer_Size];
pFile = fopen (INPUT_FILE_NAME , "r");
if (pFile == NULL)
perror ("Error opening file 'Countries.txt' !");
else
{
while ( !feof (pFile) )
{
char* aLine = get_line (buffer, Line_Char_Buffer_Size, pFile);
if (aLine != NULL)
{
// printf ("%d] aLine => %s\n", NoOfRecordsRead, aLine);
globalCountryDataArray [NoOfRecordsRead++] = createCountryRecord (aLine);
}
}
fclose (pFile);
}
}
// ====================================================================
char* get_line (char *s, size_t n, FILE *f)
{
char *p = fgets (s, n, f);
if (p != NULL)
{
size_t last = strlen (s) - 1;
if (s[last] == '\n')
s[last] = '\0';
}
return p;
}
// ====================================================================
CountryRecordType createCountryRecord (char* aLine)
{
CountryRecordType ctryRec;
char* pch = strtok (aLine, LINE_DATA_DELIMITER);
// 1) Retrieve TLD
strcpy (ctryRec.TLD, pch);
pch = strtok (NULL, LINE_DATA_DELIMITER);
// 2) Retrieve Country
strcpy (ctryRec.Country, pch);
pch = strtok (NULL, LINE_DATA_DELIMITER);
// 3) Retrieve FIPS104
strcpy (ctryRec.FIPS104, pch);
pch = strtok (NULL, LINE_DATA_DELIMITER);
// 4) Retrieve ISO2
strcpy (ctryRec.ISO2, pch);
pch = strtok (NULL, LINE_DATA_DELIMITER);
// 5) Retrieve ISO3
strcpy (ctryRec.ISO3, pch);
pch = strtok (NULL, LINE_DATA_DELIMITER);
// 6) Retrieve ISONo
ctryRec.ISONo = atof (pch);
pch = strtok (NULL, LINE_DATA_DELIMITER);
// 7) Retrieve Capital
strcpy (ctryRec.Capital, pch);
pch = strtok (NULL, LINE_DATA_DELIMITER);
// 8) Retrieve Region
strcpy (ctryRec.Region, pch);
pch = strtok (NULL, LINE_DATA_DELIMITER);
// 9) Retrieve Currency
strcpy (ctryRec.Currency, pch);
pch = strtok (NULL, LINE_DATA_DELIMITER);
// 10) Retrieve CurrencyCode
strcpy (ctryRec.CurrencyCode, pch);
pch = strtok (NULL, LINE_DATA_DELIMITER);
// 11) Retrieve Population
ctryRec.Population = atof (pch);
return (ctryRec);
}
// ====================================================================
char* displayRecordContent (CountryRecordType ctryRec)
{
char * output = ctryRec.Country;
return output;
}
// ====================================================================
void showAllRecords ()
{
int i=0;
string stroutput;
char * result;
for (i=0; i<NoOfRecordsRead; i++)
{
result = displayRecordContent (globalCountryDataArray [i]);
stroutput += result;
stroutput += "\n";
}
cout << fixed << stroutput << endl;
}
// ====================================================================
int findCountryRecord (const char* countryName)
{
int idx = -1;
int found = 0;
while (!found && (++idx < Max_Record_Size))
if (strcmp (globalCountryDataArray [idx].Country, countryName) == 0)
found = 1;
if (found)
return (idx);
else
return (-1);
}
// ====================================================================
char* getCapital (const char* countryName)
{
int idx = findCountryRecord (countryName);
if (idx < 0)
{
printf ("Country '%s' not found!\n", countryName);
return (NULL);
}
else
return (globalCountryDataArray [idx].Capital);
}
// ====================================================================
char* getCurrencyCode (const char* countryName)
{
int idx = findCountryRecord (countryName);
if (idx < 0)
{
printf ("Country '%s' not found!\n", countryName);
return (NULL);
}
else
return (globalCountryDataArray [idx].CurrencyCode);
}
// ====================================================================
main ()
{
readData ();
showAllRecords ();
}
This is my CountryData.h file
#ifndef COUNTRY_DATA_H
#define COUNTRY_DATA_H
// ====================================================================
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
// ====================================================================
#define TLD_LEN 2
#define COUNTRY_LEN 100
#define FIPS104_LEN 2
#define ISO2_LEN 2
#define ISO3_LEN 3
#define CAPITAL_LEN 100
#define REGION_LEN 100
#define CURRENCY_LEN 50
#define CURRENCY_CODE_LEN 3
#define No_Of_Rec_Fields 11
#define Max_Record_Size 250
#define Line_Char_Buffer_Size 400
#define LINE_DATA_DELIMITER ","
#define INPUT_FILE_NAME "Countries.txt"
// ====================================================================
//const char* LINE_DATA_DELIMITER = ",";
//const char* INPUT_FILE_NAME = "Countries.txt";
typedef struct CountryRecord
{
char TLD [TLD_LEN+1]; // Top Level Domain code
char Country [COUNTRY_LEN+1];
char FIPS104 [FIPS104_LEN+1]; // Ctry code according to FIPS104 standard
char ISO2 [ISO2_LEN+1]; // Ctry code according to ISO2 standard
char ISO3 [ISO3_LEN+1]; // Ctry code according to ISO3 standard
double ISONo;
char Capital [CAPITAL_LEN+1];
char Region [REGION_LEN+1]; // E.g. Asia, Europe, etc.
char Currency [CURRENCY_LEN+1]; // Full name of currency
char CurrencyCode [CURRENCY_CODE_LEN+1]; // Currency abbreviation
double Population;
} CountryRecordType;
int NoOfRecordsRead;
CountryRecordType globalCountryDataArray [Max_Record_Size];
// ====================================================================
void readData ();
char* get_line (char *s, size_t n, FILE *f);
CountryRecordType createCountryRecord (char* aLine);
char* displayRecordContent (CountryRecordType ctryRec);
void showAllRecords ();
int findCountryRecord (const char* countryName);
char* getCapital (const char* countryName);
char* getCurrencyCode (const char* countryName);
// ====================================================================
#endif // COUNTRY_DATA_H
This is part of my countries.txt file
AD,Andorra,AN,AD,AND,20.00,Andorra la Vella,Europe,Euro,EUR,67627.00
AE,United Arab Emirates,AE,AE,ARE,784.00,Abu Dhabi,Middle East,UAE Dirham,AED,2407460.00
AF,Afghanistan,AF,AF,AFG,4.00,Kabul,Asia,Afghani,AFA,26813057.00
AG,Antigua and Barbuda,AC,AG,ATG,28.00,Saint John's,Central America and the Caribbean,East Caribbean Dollar,XCD,66970.00
AI,Anguilla,AV,AI,AIA,660.00,The Valley,Central America and the Caribbean,East Caribbean Dollar,XCD,12132.00
AL,Albania,AL,AL,ALB,8.00,Tirana,Europe,Lek,ALL,3510484.00
AM,Armenia,AM,AM,ARM,51.00,Yerevan,Commonwealth of Independent States,Armenian Dram,AMD,3336100.00
AN,Netherlands Antilles,NT,AN,ANT,530.00,Willemstad,Central America and the Caribbean,Netherlands Antillean guilder,ANG,212226.00
AO,Angola,AO,AO,AGO,24.00,Luanda,Africa,Kwanza,AOA,10366031.00
AQ,Antarctica,AY,AQ,ATA,10.00,--,Antarctic Region, , ,0.00
AR,Argentina,AR,AR,ARG,32.00,Buenos Aires,South America,Argentine Peso,ARS,37384816.00
AS,American Samoa,AQ,AS,ASM,16.00,Pago Pago,Oceania,US Dollar,USD,67084.00
AT,Austria,AU,AT,AUT,40.00,Vienna,Europe,Euro,EUR,8150835.00
AU,Australia,AS,AU,AUS,36.00,Canberra,Oceania,Australian dollar,AUD,19357594.00

Answer 1

Since you are passing CountryRecordType by value to displayRecordContent, the pointer you are returning is invalid, and using it results in undefined behavior. This is because you are returning a pointer to the contents held by the copy that was made during the function call, which gets destructed when the function returns.
Modify your displayRecordContent function to use pass by reference instead.
const char* displayRecordContent (const CountryRecordType &ctryRec)
{
const char * output = ctryRec.Country;
return output;
}

Answer 2

I'd rewrite the code pretty much from the ground up, attempting to actually use C++ instead of C with a few bits of C++ mixed in.
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
#include <fstream>
struct CountryRecord {
std::string TLD;
std::string Country;
std::string FIPS104;
std::string ISO2;
std::string ISO3;
double ISONo;
std::string Capital;
std::string Region;
std::string Currency;
std::string CurrencyCode;
double Population;
};
template <class T>
std::istream &get_field(std::istream &is, T &field) {
is >> field;
is.ignore(1);
return is;
}
template<>
std::istream &get_field<std::string>(std::istream &is, std::string &field) {
return std::getline(is, field, ',');
}
std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &is, CountryRecord &r) {
get_field(is, r.TLD);
get_field(is, r.Country);
get_field(is, r.FIPS104);
get_field(is, r.ISO2);
get_field(is, r.ISO3);
get_field(is, r.ISONo);
get_field(is, r.Capital);
get_field(is, r.Region);
get_field(is, r.Currency);
get_field(is, r.CurrencyCode);
return get_field(is, r.Population);
}
std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, CountryRecord const &r) {
return os << r.Country;
}
int main() {
std::ifstream in("countries.txt");
std::vector<CountryRecord> countries(
(std::istream_iterator<CountryRecord>(in)),
std::istream_iterator<CountryRecord>());
std::copy(countries.begin(), countries.end(),
std::ostream_iterator<CountryRecord>(std::cout, "\n"));
return 0;
}