putting an integer into a string - c++

I'm trying to put an integer into a string by separating its digits and putting them by order in a string of size 3
this is my code:
char pont[4];
void convertInteger(int number){
int temp100=0;
int temp10=0;
int ascii100=0;
int ascii10=0;
if (number>=100) {
temp100=number%100;
ascii100=temp100;
pont[0]=ascii100+48;
number-=temp100*100;
temp10=number%10;
ascii10=temp10;
pont[1]=ascii10+48;
number-=temp10*10;
pont[2]=number+48;
}
if (number>=10) {
pont[0]=48;
temp10=number%10;
ascii10=temp10;
pont[1]=ascii10+48;
number-=temp10*10;
pont[2]=number+48;
}
else{
pont[0]=48;
pont[1]=48;
pont[2]=number+48;
}
}
here's an example of what's suppose to happen:
number = 356
temp100 = 356%100 = 3
ascii100 = 3
pont[0]= ascii100 = 3
temp100 = 3*100 = 300
number = 365 - 300 = 56
temp10 = 56%10 = 5
ascii10 = 5
pont[1]= ascii10 = 5
temp10 = 5*10 = 50
number = 56 - 50 = 6
pont[2]=6
I might have an error somewhere and not seeing it (don't know why) ...
This is suppose to be C++ by the way. I might be mixing this up with C language...
Thanks in advance

Probably the mistake that you're overlooking right now:
pont[2]=number+48;
}
if (number>=10) { /* should be else if */
pont[0]=48;
However, I'd like to suggest a different approach; you don't care that the value is above 100, 10, etc., as 0 is still a useful value -- if you don't mind zero-padding your answer.
Consider the following numbers:
int hundreds = (number % 1000) / 100;
int tens = (number % 100) / 10;
int units = (number % 10);

All built-in types know how to represent themselves to std::ostream. They can be formatted for precision, converted to different representations, etc.
This uniform handling allows us to write built-ins to the standard output:
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
std::cout << 356 << std::endl; // outputting an integer
return 0;
}
Output:
356
We can stream to more than just cout. There is a standard class called std::ostringstream, which we can use just like cout, but it gives us an object which can be converted to a string, rather than sending everything to standard output:
#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
std::ostringstream oss;
oss << 356;
std::string number = oss.str(); // convert the stream to a string
std::cout << "Length: " << number.size() << std::endl;
std::cout << number << std::endl; // outputting a string
return 0;
}
Output:
Length: 3
356

Related

Combining elements of an integer array into a single integer variable

I am writing a simple C++ program that should combine all elements of an integer array to form one number. Eg. {4,5,6} --> should be 456. But my output is one less than the original number. i.e instead of 456, I am getting 455. Sometimes my program works fine and sometimes not. Can someone please explain to me what is causing this unpredictible behaviour? Thank You!!
Please take a look at my code:
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int A[5] = {4,5,6,7,8};
int lengthA = 5;
int num = 0;
for(int x = 0; x < lengthA; x++)
{
num = A[x]*pow(10,lengthA-1-x) + num;
}
printf("%d\n", num ); // My O/P is 45677
}
As mentioned by Bob__, pow is a function for doubles and other floating-point types. For this specific algorithm, instead, we can do this:
int A[5] = {4,5,6,7,8};
int lengthA = 5;
int num = 0;
for(int x = 0; x < lengthA; x++)
{
num = num*10 + A[x];
}
At each step, this multiplies the previous number by 10, and makes the digit correct at that place.
E.g.
Step 1: num = 0*10 + 4 == 4
Step 2: num = 4 * 10 + 5 == 40 + 5 == 45
Step 3: num = 45 * 10 + 6 == 450 + 6 == 456
Step 4: num = 456 * 10 + 7 == 4560 + 7 == 4567
Step 5: num == 4567 * 10 + 8 == 45670 + 8 == 45678
From this simple problem you can already learn quite a bit to improve your C++ code.
Example :
// #include <bits/stdc++.h> // NO : https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31816095/why-should-i-not-include-bits-stdc-h
// using namespace std // NO : https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1452721/why-is-using-namespace-std-considered-bad-practice
#include <iostream> // include only what you need for std::cout
int main()
{
int values[]{ 4,5,6,7,8 }; // no need for an =
int num{ 0 };
// prefer range based for loops
// they will not run out of bounds
// https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/range-for
for (const int value : values)
{
num *= 10;
num += value;
}
// avoid printf, use std::cout with C++20 std::format for formatting
// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/64042652/is-printf-unsafe-to-use-in-c
// https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/format/format
std::cout << "num = " << num << "\n";
return 0;
}
Here is another way for this problem. You can use string to convert this numbers as you need.
With this loop, we convert each number to string and pase it to end of the num string. At the end, you have the number as you need as string. If you need that number as integer, you can conver it back at the end of the loop. To conver string to int you can check this :Converting String to Numbers
#include <iostream> //include to use cout
#include <string> // include to use string
using namespace std;
int main() {
int A[5] = {4,5,6,7,8}; // input array
int lengthA = sizeof(A) / sizeof(A[0]); // size of array
std::string num = "";
for(int i=0; i<lengthA; i++){
num += std::to_string(A[i]);
}
std::cout << "Number : " << num;
}
In addition to jh316's solution;
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int A[] = {4,5,6,7,8};
int num = 0;
int main()
{
for(int i: A){
num = num * 10 + i;
}
cout << num;
}
Description of the code:
Initial state of the variable: num = 0
For each iteration the num variable is:
1. num = 0 * 10 + 4 = 4
2. num = 4 * 10 + 5 = 45
3. num = 45 * 10 + 6 = 456
4. num = 456 * 10 + 7 = 4567
5. num = 4567 * 10 + 8 = 45678
Here when you call pow;
pow(10,lengthA-1-x)
your code is probably calling the following overload of std::pow:
double pow ( double base, int iexp );
And as can be seen, it returns a floating-point value which might have a rounding error. I ran your code on my system and the results were correct. However, your code might generate different results on different platforms. And it seems that this is the case in your system.
Instead, you can do this:
#include <cstdio>
#include <array>
#include <span>
constexpr int convertDigitsToNumber( const std::span<const int> digits )
{
int resultNum { };
for ( const auto digit : digits )
{
resultNum = resultNum * 10 + digit;
}
return resultNum;
}
int main( )
{
constexpr std::size_t arraySize { 5 };
// use std::array instead of raw arrays
constexpr std::array<int, arraySize> arrayOfDigits { 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 };
constexpr int num { convertDigitsToNumber( arrayOfDigits ) };
std::printf( "%d\n", num );
return 0;
}
As a result of using constexpr keyword, the above function will be evaluated at compile-time (whenever possible, which is the case in the above code).
Note regarding constexpr: Use const and constexpr keywords wherever possible. It's a very good practice. Read about it here constexpr (C++).
Note: If you are not familiar with std::span then check it out here.

How do I get the only the first 3 digits of a number?

I have a vector of numbers (floats), representing everything after the second of some time stamp. They have varying lengths. It looks something like this:
4456
485926
346
...
Representing 0.4456, 0.485926, and 0.346 seconds, respectively. I need to convert each of these to milliseconds, however I can’t simply multiply each by some constant since they’re all of different lengths. I’m fine with loosing accuracy, I just need the first 3 digits (the millisecond bit). How can this be done?
Try this:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int getFirstThreeDigits(int number){
return stoi(to_string(number).substr(0,3));
}
int main()
{
float values[] = {4456, 485926, 346};
int arrLength = (sizeof(values)/sizeof(*values));
for( int i = 0 ; i < arrLength ; i++){
cout << getFirstThreeDigits(values[i]) << endl;
}
}
I'm assuming here that the integral portion of the float represents a subsecond value, so that 1234f is actually 0.1234 seconds. That seems to be what your question states.
If that's the case, it seems to me you can just continuously divide the value by ten until you get something less than one. Then multiply it by one thousand and round. That would go something like:
#include <iostream>
int millis(float value) {
if (value < 0) return -millis(-value);
//while (value >= 1000f) value /= 1000f;
while (value >= 1.0f) value /= 10.f;
return static_cast<int>(value * 1000 + .5f);
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
float f= atof(argv[i]);
std::cout << " " << f << " -> " << millis(f) << "\n";
}
}
I've also put in a special case to handle negative number and a (commented-out, optional) optimisation to more quickly get down to sub-one for larger numbers.
A transcript follows with your example values:
pax> ./testprog 4456 485926 346
4456 -> 446
485926 -> 486
346 -> 346
If instead the values are already sub-second floats and you just want the number of milli-seconds, you do the same thing but without the initial divisions:
int millis(float value) {
if (value < 0) return -millis(-value);
return static_cast<int>(value * 1000 + .5f);
}
Using "(int)log10 + 1" is an easy way to get the number of integer digits
auto x = 485926;
auto len = (int)std::log10(x) + 1;
https://godbolt.org/z/v1jz7P

Storing output from setfill and setw to a string

I am trying to produce binary numbers using C's itoa function and C++ setfill and setw function. If I use only itoa, the output displayed does not have proper 0 padding.
This is a small code snippet.
int s = 8;
for (int i = 1; i<s;i++)
{
itoa(i,buffer,2);
cout<<setfill('0')<<setw(3)<<endl;
cout<<buffer<<endl;
}
Now it does a great job in printing out the output.
If I hadn't used setfill and setw, the formatting would have been something like
1
10
11
100
101
110
111
instead of
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
Now I want to store the padded binary numbers produced and store it into a vector. Is it possible?
I think I have got a solution using bitset, and it works fine.
std::ostringstream oss;
int s = 3;
for (int i = 1; i<s;i++)
{
itoa(i,buffer,2);
oss<<setfill('0')<<setw(3);
oss<<buffer;
string s = oss.str();
cout<<s<<'\n'<<endl;
};
However, I just want to point out that the solution I obtained looks some this!
Can it manipulated by flushing out streams in consecutive iterations. Its just an afterthought.
Consider using a bitset instead of itoa:
#include <bitset>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
int main() {
std::vector<std::string> binary_representations;
int s = 8;
for (int i = 1; i < s; i++)
{
binary_representations.push_back(std::bitset<3>(i).to_string());
}
}
EDIT: If you need a variable length, one possibility is
// Note: it might be better to make x unsigned here.
// What do you expect to happen if x < 0?
std::string binary_string(int x, std::size_t len) {
std::string result(len, '0');
for(std::string::reverse_iterator i = result.rbegin(); i != result.rend(); ++i) {
*i = x % 2 + '0';
x /= 2;
}
return result;
}
and then later
binary_representations.push_back(binary_string(i, 3));

Is it possible to store a leading zero in an int?

I have a programming assignment where I need to encrypt a 4 digit int, input by user. I have split the int into four separate values and the encrypt and decrypt functions work. My problem is when I put the four separate ints back together, some numbers encrypt to zero (eg. in:1234 out:0189) and I want to store the output into an int for use with other functions.
Right now I have a half-baked solution that prints 0 first if the first int is 0.
void joinInt(){
if(int1 == 0) {cout << 0;}
joined = int1 * 1000;
joined += int2 * 100;
joined += int3 * 10;
joined += int4;
cout << joined << endl;
}
My goal is to return joined (with the leading zero) rather than just print it within the function.
Do this:
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
std::cout << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(4) << joined << std::endl;
An int contains a number. It does not contain any particular representation information, like whether it was input from text containing one leading zero or two, or whether it was written in hexadecimal, octal, or chicken scratches, or even if it was computed from adding a bunch of numbers. It is just a value.
If you want to display an int with leading zeros, then you have to explicitly convert it that way:
char buf [20];
snprintf (buf, sizeof buf, "%04d", myint); // output base 10, + leading zeros
// for a field width of 4
An int basically stores leading zeros. The problem that you are running into is that you are not printing the leading zeros that are there.
Another, different approach is to create a function that will accept the four int values along with a string and to then return a string with the numbers.
With this approach you have a helper function with very good cohesion, no side effects, reusable where you need something similar to be done.
For instance:
char *joinedIntString (char *pBuff, int int1, int int2, int int3, int int4)
{
pBuff[0] = (int1 % 10) + '0';
pBuff[1] = (int2 % 10) + '0';
pBuff[2] = (int3 % 10) + '0';
pBuff[3] = (int4 % 10) + '0';
pBuff[4] = 0; // end of string needed.
return pBuff;
}
Then in the place where you need to print the value you can just call the function with the arguments and the provided character buffer and then just print the character buffer.
With this approach if you have some unreasonable numbers that end up have more than one leading zero, you will get all of the zeros.
Or you may want to have a function that combines the four ints into a single int and then another function that will print the combined int with leading zeros.
int createJoinedInt (int int1, int int2, int int3, int int4)
{
return (int1 % 10) * 1000 + (int2 % 10) * 100 + (int 3 % 10) * 10 + (int4 % 10);
}
char *joinedIntString (char *pBuff, int joinedInt)
{
pBuff[0] = ((joinedInt / 1000) % 10) + '0';
pBuff[1] = ((joinedInt / 100) % 10) + '0';
pBuff[2] = ((joinedInt / 10) % 10) + '0';
pBuff[3] = (joinedInt % 10) + '0';
pBuff[4] = 0; // end of string needed.
return pBuff;
}
This should do the trick.
cout << setw(4) << setfill('0') << joined << endl;
In order to use these manipulators, you'll need to:
#include <iomanip>
C++ stores int as a binary number. However all IO is as string. So, to display an int there must be a conversion from an int to a string. It's in the conversion process that you can set the with from the displayed number. Use the streams manipulators setw and setfill for this purpose.

Get the number of digits in an int

How do I detect the length of an integer? In case I had le: int test(234567545);
How do I know how long the int is? Like telling me there is 9 numbers inside it???
*I have tried:**
char buffer_length[100];
// assign directly to a string.
sprintf(buffer_length, "%d\n", 234567545);
string sf = buffer_length;
cout <<sf.length()-1 << endl;
But there must be a simpler way of doing it or more clean...
How about division:
int length = 1;
int x = 234567545;
while ( x /= 10 )
length++;
or use the log10 method from <math.h>.
Note that log10 returns a double, so you'll have to adjust the result.
Make a function :
int count_numbers ( int num) {
int count =0;
while (num !=0) {
count++;
num/=10;
}
return count;
}
Nobody seems to have mentioned converting it to a string, and then getting the length. Not the most performant, but it definitely does it in one line of code :)
int num = -123456;
int len = to_string(abs(num)).length();
cout << "LENGTH of " << num << " is " << len << endl;
// prints "LENGTH of 123456 is 6"
You can use stringstream for this as shown below
stringstream ss;
int i = 234567545;
ss << i;
cout << ss.str().size() << endl;
if "i" is the integer, then
int len ;
char buf[33] ;
itoa (i, buf, 10) ; // or maybe 16 if you want base-16 ?
len = strlen(buf) ;
if(i < 0)
len-- ; // maybe if you don't want to include "-" in length ?
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
int i=2384995;
char buf[100];
itoa(i, buf, 10); // 10 is the base decimal
printf("Lenght: %d\n", strlen(buf));
return 0;
}
Beware that itoa is not a standard function, even if it is supported by many compilers.
len=1+floor(log10(n));//c++ code lib (cmath)
looking across the internet it's common to make the mistake of initializing the counter variable to 0 and then entering a pre-condition loop testing for as long as the count does not equal 0. a do-while loop is perfect to avoid this.
unsigned udc(unsigned u) //unsigned digit count
{
unsigned c = 0;
do
++c;
while ((u /= 10) != 0);
return c;
}
it's probably cheaper to test whether u is less than 10 to avoid the uneccessary division, increment, and cmp instructions for cases where u < 10.
but while on that subject, optimization, you could simply test u against constant powers of ten.
unsigned udc(unsigned u) //unsigned digit count
{
if (u < 10) return 1;
if (u < 100) return 2;
if (u < 1000) return 3;
//...
return 0; //number was not supported
}
which saves you 3 instructions per digit, but is less adaptable for different radixes inaddition to being not as attractive, and tedious to write by hand, in which case you'd rather write a routine to write the routine before inserting it into your program. because C only supports very finite numbers, 64bit,32bit,16bit,8bit, you could simply limit yourself to the maximum when generating the routine to benefit all sizes.
to account for negative numbers, you'd simply negate u if u < 0 before counting the number of digits. of course first making the routine support signed numbers.
if you know that u < 1000,
it's probably easier to just write, instead of writing the routine.
if (u > 99) len = 3;
else
if (u > 9) len = 2;
else len = 1;
Here are a few different C++ implementations* of a function named digits() which takes a size_t as argument and returns its number of digits. If your number is negative, you are going to have to pass its absolute value to the function in order for it to work properly:
The While Loop
int digits(size_t i)
{
int count = 1;
while (i /= 10) {
count++;
}
return count;
}
The Exhaustive Optimization Technique
int digits(size_t i) {
if (i > 9999999999999999999ull) return 20;
if (i > 999999999999999999ull) return 19;
if (i > 99999999999999999ull) return 18;
if (i > 9999999999999999ull) return 17;
if (i > 999999999999999ull) return 16;
if (i > 99999999999999ull) return 15;
if (i > 9999999999999ull) return 14;
if (i > 999999999999ull) return 13;
if (i > 99999999999ull) return 12;
if (i > 9999999999ull) return 11;
if (i > 999999999ull) return 10;
if (i > 99999999ull) return 9;
if (i > 9999999ull) return 8;
if (i > 999999ull) return 7;
if (i > 99999ull) return 6;
if (i > 9999ull) return 5;
if (i > 999ull) return 4;
if (i > 99ull) return 3;
if (i > 9ull) return 2;
return 1;
}
The Recursive Way
int digits(size_t i) { return i < 10 ? 1 : 1 + digits(i / 10); }
Using snprintf() as a Character Counter
⚠ Requires #include <stdio.h> and may incur a significant performance penalty compared to other solutions. This method capitalizes on the fact that snprintf() counts the characters it discards when the buffer is full. Therefore, with the right arguments and format specifiers, we can force snprintf() to give us the number of digits of any size_t.
int digits(size_t i) { return snprintf (NULL, 0, "%llu", i); }
The Logarithmic Way
⚠ Requires #include <cmath> and is unreliable for unsigned integers with more than 14 digits.
// WARNING! There is a silent implicit conversion precision loss that happens
// when we pass a large int to log10() which expects a double as argument.
int digits(size_t i) { return !i? 1 : 1 + log10(i); }
Driver Program
You can use this program to test any function that takes a size_t as argument and returns its number of digits. Just replace the definition of the function digits() in the following code:
#include <iostream>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <cmath>
using std::cout;
// REPLACE this function definition with the one you want to test.
int digits(size_t i)
{
int count = 1;
while (i /= 10) {
count++;
}
return count;
}
// driver code
int main ()
{
const int max = digits(-1ull);
size_t i = 0;
int d;
do {
d = digits(i);
cout << i << " has " << d << " digits." << '\n';
i = d < max ? (!i ? 9 : 10 * i - 1) : -1;
cout << i << " has " << digits(i) << " digits." << '\n';
} while (++i);
}
* Everything was tested on a Windows 10 (64-bit) machine using GCC 12.2.0 in Visual Studio Code .
As long as you are mixing C stdio and C++ iostream, you can use the snprintf NULL 0 trick to get the number of digits in the integer representation of the number. Specifically, per man 3 printf If the string exceeds the size parameter provided and is truncated snprintf() will return
... the number of characters (excluding the terminating null byte)
which would have been written to the final string if enough space
had been available.
This allows snprintf() to be called with the str parameter NULL and the size parameter 0, e.g.
int ndigits = snprintf (NULL, 0, "%d", 234567545)
In your case where you simply wish to output the number of digits required for the representation, you can simply output the return, e.g.
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
int main() {
std::cout << "234567545 is " << snprintf (NULL, 0, "%d", 234567545) <<
" characters\n";
}
Example Use/Output
$ ./bin/snprintf_trick
234567545 is 9 characters
note: the downside to using the snprintf() trick is that you must provide the conversion specifier which will limit the number of digits representable. E.g "%d" will limit to int values while "%lld" would allow space for long long values. The C++ approach using std::stringstream while still limited to numeric conversion using the << operator handles the different integer types without manually specifying the conversion. Something to consider.
second note: you shouldn't dangle the "\n" of the end of your sprintf() conversion. Add the new line as part of your output and you don't have to subtract 1 from the length...