I was used to use Matlab, and for very long simulation I created a function which sent me an email whenever Matlab finished. It was a very easy Matlab function, you just had to add your email, password and the SMTP (I think).
Now, because of university stuff, I have to use C++ (I'm not very familiar with it, as you have probably guessed) but I can't find an equivalent way for sending an email to myself.
I compile my .cpp in Terminal, using g++.
Can you please help me? I don't know if I miss some libraries or what.
If you want to do this in C++ it would be the best to go for some library like
libquickmail
vmime
If it is ok for you to call some other program (like linux terminal program) go and check this stackoverflow answers send-mail-from-linux-terminal-in-one-line
Using the last method will leave with you with something like that (minimal example):
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc,char* argv[]){
int status;
status = system(R"(echo "this is the body" | mail -s "this is the subject" "to#address")");
return 0;
}
R"()" is c++ string literal so you don't have to care about escape characters (but is available since C++11).
Here see the documentation for system to check how it work.
This question already has answers here:
C++ Update console output
(4 answers)
Closed 5 years ago.
I'm developing some application in which I want to manipulate some data comming from the embedded system. So, what do I want to do is that I want to display the values which are comming on the same position where they were before, leaving the static text on the same place and not using new line. Being more specific, I want to output my data in form of a table, and in this table on the same positions I want to update that data. There is some analogy in Linux, when in the terminal there is some update of the value(let's say some progress) while the static text remains and only the value is changing.
So, the output should look like this:
Some_data: 0xFFFF
Some_data2: 0xA1B3
Some_data3: 0x1201
So in this case, "Some_data" remains unchanged on the same place, and only the data itself is updated.
Are there maybe some libraries for doing that? What about Windows Console Functions? Also, it would be very nice if it could be made in such a way, in which the console would not flick, like when you clear the console and print something back. Any hints or suggestions? Thanks very much in advance guys!
P.S. There is no need to write the code, I just need some hints or suggestions, with very short examples if possible(but not required).
On a *nix system you have two options.
1) If you want to manipulate the entire console in table form like you ask, then ncurses is the best option. The complete reference can be found here.
As you can see, that package is quite heavyweight and can often be overkill for simple projects, so I often use . ..
2) If you can contain your changing information on a single line, use the backspace escape char \b and then rewrite the information repeatedly to that line
For example, try this . . .
#include <iostream>
#include <chrono>
#include <thread>
using namespace std;
void writeStuff(int d)
{
cout << string(100,'\b') << flush;
cout << "Thing = " << d;
}
int main()
{
cout << "AMAZING GIZMO" << "\n============" << endl;
while(1) {
writeStuff(rand());
this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::milliseconds(250));
}
}
For a real world example, the sox audio console playback command uses this technique to good effect by displaying a bar chart made of console characters to represent the audio playback level in real time.
Of course, you can get more creative with the method shown above if your console supports ANSI escape sequences.
I am trying to write a simple C++ program that sends an SMS message out based on its input from the user. The simple C++ program fails to do the job:
#include<stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h> /* system, NULL, EXIT_FAILURE */
#include<iostream>
#define CTRL(x) (#x[0]-'a'+1)
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char buffer[128];
sprintf(buffer, "/opt/modemcli AT+CMGC=\"+112345678\"\rTEST%c", CTRL(z));
printf (buffer);
system(buffer);
return 0;
}
modemcli is just a simple C++ program that writes messages to the USB port and reads the response.
modemcli is simple, here is a test:
/opt/modemcli AT
Received AT
OK
My guess is CMGC is not formed properly. The format is:
AT+CMGC="PHONE_NUMBER"<CR>SMS MESSAGE BODY.<Ctrl+z>
Can someone please help me figure this out?
First of all, I think you want to use the AT+CMGS command, not AT+CMGC. Check out the description of each command in 27.005 to see if you really want AT+CMGC. But before reading that document, read all of chapter 5 in V.250, that will teach you all the basics for AT command handling you need.
What you are attempting is impossible to do by using a generic command line program for sending AT command like modemcli or my atinout program. In order to run AT+CMGS on a modem, the program issuing it must have explicitly support for this specific AT command's behaviour.
This is because the need to wait for the "ready to receive" prompt from the modem before sending the payload. See the first part of this answer for details.
I have started working on a companion program to atinout specifically to handle AT+CMGS, but it is not done yet and do not hold your breath, the development is currently on hold.
Alright, I'm a little bit (honestly way too) confused about how the heck I can make a program interact with another program.
For example, let's say a game, a shooter, when you run an external program and you make your character not able to die, or immediately shoot when detects an enemy, etc...
I was reading a little bit about it, and they say you have to know how the "target" is composed. But I still don't get it.
For example, let's say we've got a simple code like this:
#include <iostream>
#include <windows.h>
int main() {
for(int h = 0; ; h++) {
std::cout << "The H's value is: " << h << std::endl;
Sleep(1000);
}
return 0;
}
Then, how do I create another program where I can change the H's value to zero everytime I press any key?
Don't get me wrong, I ain't trying to hack anyone or anything, I'm just curious about how those programs work.
(Sorry if I've got some grammar issues, English isn't my native language).
Specific to your program in the exapmle if we take that the program is already compiled and you are not allowed to make any changes to the source code the solution would be to build a program which will run with high enough privileges to examine this process's memory and directly change the in-memory value of h, which should be on the top of the stack(or almost).
Speaking of some more "legal" ways to do so you should check you should read about inter process communication which can be done with multiple methods. Read this.
However most "Bots" and programs which help cheaters in games are in many cases graphics based and are able to analyse the image and thus help aim. On the other hand some "recoil reducers" simply move your mouse in the opposite direction of the recoil of the gun in game. So there is a ton of approaches to your question and for every particular case the answer might be different.
I'd like to be able to unit test my Arduino code. Ideally, I would be able to run any tests without having to upload the code to the Arduino. What tools or libraries can help me with this?
There is an Arduino emulator in development which could be useful, but it doesn't yet seem to be ready for use.
AVR Studio from Atmel contains a chip simulator which could be useful, but I can't see how I would use it in conjunction with the Arduino IDE.
Don't Run Unit Tests on the Arduino Device or Emulator
The case against microcontroller Device/Emulator/Sim-based tests
There's a lot of discussion about what unit test means and I'm not
really trying to make an argument about that here. This post is not
telling you to avoid all practical testing on your ultimate target
hardware. I am trying to make a point about optimizing your
development feedback cycle by eliminating your target hardware from
your most mundane and frequent tests. The units under test are assumed
to be much smaller than the whole project.
The purpose of unit testing is to test the quality of your own code. Unit tests should generally never test the functionality of factors outside of your control.
Think about it this way: Even if you were to test functionality of the Arduino library, the microcontroller hardware, or an emulator, it is absolutely impossible for such test results to tell you anything about the quality of your own work. Hence, it is far more valuable and efficient to write unit tests that do not run on the target device (or emulator).
Frequent testing on your target hardware has a painfully slow cycle:
Tweak your code
Compile and upload to Arduino device
Observe behavior and guess whether your code is doing what you expect
Repeat
Step 3 is particularly nasty if you expect to get diagnostic messages via serial port but your project itself needs to use your Arduino's only hardware serial port. If you were thinking that the SoftwareSerial library might help, you should know that doing so is likely to disrupt any functionality that requires accurate timing like generating other signals at the same time. This problem has happened to me.
Again, if you were to test your sketch using an emulator and your time-critical routines ran perfectly until you uploaded to the actual Arduino, then the only lesson you're going to learn is that the emulator is flawed--and knowing this still reveals nothing about the quality of your own work.
If it's silly to test on the device or emulator, what should I do?
You're probably using a computer to work on your Arduino project. That computer is orders of magnitudes faster than the microcontroller. Write the tests to build and run on your computer.
Remember, the behavior of the Arduino library and microcontroller should be assumed to be either correct or at least consistently incorrect.
When your tests produce output contrary to your expectations, then you likely have a flaw in your code that was tested. If your test output matches your expectations, but the program does not behave correctly when you upload it to the Arduino, then you know that your tests were based on incorrect assumptions and you likely have a flawed test. In either case, you will have been given real insights on what your next code changes should be. The quality of your feedback is improved from "something is broken" to "this specific code is broken".
How to Build and Run Tests on Your PC
The first thing you need to do is identify your testing goals. Think about what parts of your own code you want to test and then make sure to construct your program in such a way that you can isolate discrete parts for testing.
If the parts that you want to test call any Arduino functions, you will need to provide mock-up replacements in your test program. This is much less work than it seems. Your mock-ups don't have to actually do anything but providing predictable input and output for your tests.
Any of your own code that you intend to test needs to exist in source files other than the .pde sketch. Don't worry, your sketch will still compile even with some source code outside of the sketch. When you really get down to it, little more than your program's normal entry point should be defined in the sketch file.
All that remains is to write the actual tests and then compile it using your favorite C++ compiler! This is probably best illustrated with a real world example.
An actual working example
One of my pet projects found here has some simple tests that run on the PC. For this answer submission, I'll just go over how I mocked-up some of Arduino library functions and the tests I wrote to test those mock-ups. This is not contrary to what I said before about not testing other people's code because I was the one who wrote the mock-ups. I wanted to be very certain that my mock-ups were correct.
Source of mock_arduino.cpp, which contains code that duplicates some support functionality provided by the Arduino library:
#include <sys/timeb.h>
#include "mock_arduino.h"
timeb t_start;
unsigned long millis() {
timeb t_now;
ftime(&t_now);
return (t_now.time - t_start.time) * 1000 + (t_now.millitm - t_start.millitm);
}
void delay( unsigned long ms ) {
unsigned long start = millis();
while(millis() - start < ms){}
}
void initialize_mock_arduino() {
ftime(&t_start);
}
I use the following mock-up to produce readable output when my code writes binary data to the hardware serial device.
fake_serial.h
#include <iostream>
class FakeSerial {
public:
void begin(unsigned long);
void end();
size_t write(const unsigned char*, size_t);
};
extern FakeSerial Serial;
fake_serial.cpp
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include "fake_serial.h"
void FakeSerial::begin(unsigned long speed) {
return;
}
void FakeSerial::end() {
return;
}
size_t FakeSerial::write( const unsigned char buf[], size_t size ) {
using namespace std;
ios_base::fmtflags oldFlags = cout.flags();
streamsize oldPrec = cout.precision();
char oldFill = cout.fill();
cout << "Serial::write: ";
cout << internal << setfill('0');
for( unsigned int i = 0; i < size; i++ ){
cout << setw(2) << hex << (unsigned int)buf[i] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
cout.flags(oldFlags);
cout.precision(oldPrec);
cout.fill(oldFill);
return size;
}
FakeSerial Serial;
and finally, the actual test program:
#include "mock_arduino.h"
using namespace std;
void millis_test() {
unsigned long start = millis();
cout << "millis() test start: " << start << endl;
while( millis() - start < 10000 ) {
cout << millis() << endl;
sleep(1);
}
unsigned long end = millis();
cout << "End of test - duration: " << end - start << "ms" << endl;
}
void delay_test() {
unsigned long start = millis();
cout << "delay() test start: " << start << endl;
while( millis() - start < 10000 ) {
cout << millis() << endl;
delay(250);
}
unsigned long end = millis();
cout << "End of test - duration: " << end - start << "ms" << endl;
}
void run_tests() {
millis_test();
delay_test();
}
int main(int argc, char **argv){
initialize_mock_arduino();
run_tests();
}
This post is long enough, so please refer to my project on GitHub to see some more test cases in action. I keep my works-in-progress in branches other than master, so check those branches for extra tests, too.
I chose to write my own lightweight test routines, but more robust unit-test frameworks like CppUnit are also available.
In the absence of any pre-existing unit test frameworks for Arduino, I have created ArduinoUnit. Here's a simple Arduino sketch demonstrating its use:
#include <ArduinoUnit.h>
// Create test suite
TestSuite suite;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
// Create a test called 'addition' in the test suite
test(addition) {
assertEquals(3, 1 + 2);
}
void loop() {
// Run test suite, printing results to the serial port
suite.run();
}
I have considerable success unit testing my PIC code by abstracting out the hardware access and mocking it in my tests.
For example, I abstract PORTA with
#define SetPortA(v) {PORTA = v;}
Then SetPortA can easily be mocked, without adding overhead code in the PIC version.
Once the hardware abstraction has been tested a while I soon find that generally code goes from the test rig to the PIC and works first time.
Update:
I use a #include seam for the unit code, #including the unit code in a C++ file for the test rig, and a C file for the target code.
As an example I want to multiplex four 7 segment displays, one port driving the segments and a second selecting the display. The display code interfaces with the displays via SetSegmentData(char) and SetDisplay(char). I can mock these in my C++ test rig and check that I get the data I expect. For the target I use #define so that I get a direct assignment without the overhead of a function call
#define SetSegmentData(x) {PORTA = x;}
It seems that emulino would do the job perfectly.
Emulino is an emulator for the Arduino platform by Greg Hewgill. (Source)
GitHub repository
simavr is an AVR simulator using avr-gcc.
It already supports a few ATTiny and ATMega microcontrollers, and - according to the author - it's easy to add some more.
In the examples lies simduino, an Arduino emulator. It supports running the Arduino bootloader and can be programmed with avrdude through Socat (a modified Netcat).
You can unit test in Python with my project, PySimAVR. Arscons is used for building and simavr for simulation.
Example:
from pysimavr.sim import ArduinoSim
def test_atmega88():
mcu = 'atmega88'
snippet = 'Serial.print("hello");'
output = ArduinoSim(snippet=snippet, mcu=mcu, timespan=0.01).get_serial()
assert output == 'hello'
Start test:
$ nosetests pysimavr/examples/test_example.py
pysimavr.examples.test_example.test_atmega88 ... ok
I built arduino_ci for this purpose. Although it's limited to testing Arduino libraries (and not standalone sketches), it enables unit tests to be run either locally or on a CI system (like Travis CI or Appveyor).
Consider a very simple library in your Arduino Library directory, called DoSomething, with do-something.cpp:
#include <Arduino.h>
#include "do-something.h"
int doSomething(void) {
return 4;
};
You'd unit test it as follows (with a test file called test/is_four.cpp or some such):
#include <ArduinoUnitTests.h>
#include "../do-something.h"
unittest(library_does_something)
{
assertEqual(4, doSomething());
}
unittest_main() // this is a macro for main(). just go with it.
That's all. If that assertEqual syntax and test structure looks familiar, it's because I adopted some of Matthew Murdoch's ArduinoUnit library
that he referred to in his answer.
See Reference.md for more information about unit testing I/O pins, the clock, Serial ports, etc.
These unit tests are compiled and run using a script contained in a ruby gem. For examples of how to set that up, see the README.md or just copy from one of these examples:
A practical example, testing a Queue implementation
Another set of tests on another Queue project
A complex example, simulating a library that controls an interactive device over a SoftwareSerial connection as part of the Adafruit FONA library
The DoSomething example library shown above, used to test arduino_ci itself
I am not aware of any platform which can test Arduino code.
However, there is the Fritzing platform, which you can use to model the hardware and later on export PCB diagrams and stuff.
Worth checking.
We are using Arduino boards for data acquisition in a large scientific experiment. Subsequently, we have to support several Arduino boards with different implementations. I wrote Python utilities to dynamically load Arduino hex images during unit testing. The code found on the link below supports Windows and Mac OS X via a configuration file. To find out where your hex images are placed by the Arduino IDE, hit the shift key before you hit the build (play) button. Hit the shift key while hitting upload to find out where your avrdude (command line upload utility) is located on your system / version of Arduino. Alternatively, you can look at the included configuration files and use your install location (currently on Arduino 0020).
http://github.com/toddstavish/Python-Arduino-Unit-Testing
This program allows automated running of several Arduino unit tests. The testing process is started on the PC but the tests run on the actual Arduino hardware. One set of unit tests is typically used to test one Arduino library.
(this
Arduino Forum: http://arduino.cc/forum/index.php?topic=140027.0
GitHub project page: http://jeroendoggen.github.com/Arduino-TestSuite
Page in the Python Package Index: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/arduino_testsuite
The unit tests are written with the "Arduino Unit Testing Library": http://code.google.com/p/arduinounit
The following steps are performed for each set of unit tests:
Read the config file to find out which tests to run
The script compiles and uploads an Arduino sketch that contains the unit testing code.
The unit tests are run on the Arduino board.
The results of the test are printed over the serial port and analyzed by the Python script.
The script starts the next test, repeating the above steps for all test that are requested in the configuration file.
The script prints a summary showing an overview of all the failed/passed tests in the complete testsuite.
Keep hardware-specific code separate or abstracted away from the rest so you can test and debug that bigger "rest" on any platform for which you have good tools and with which you're familiar most.
Basically, try to build as much of the final code from as many known-to-work building blocks as possible. The remaining hardware-specific work will then be much easier and faster. You may finish it by using existing emulators and/or emulating devices on your own. And then, of course, you'll need to test the real thing somehow. Depending on circumstances, that may or may not be very well automatable (i.e. who or what will press buttons and provide other inputs? who or what will observe and interpret various indicators and outputs?).
James W. Grenning writes great books and this one is about unit testing embedded C code Test Driven Development for Embedded C.
I am using Searduino when writing Arduino code. Searduino is an Arduino simulator and a development environment (Makefiles, C code ...) that makes it easy to hack in C/C++ using your favorite editor. You can import Arduino sketches and run them in the simulator.
Screenshot of Searduino 0.8: http://searduino.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/jearduino-0-8.png
Searduino 0.9 will be released and a video will be recorded as soon as the lasts tests are done .... in a day or two.
Testing on the simulator is not to be considered as real tests, but it certainly have helped me a lot in finding stupid/logical mistakes (forgetting to do pinMode(xx, OUTPUT), etc.).
BTW: I am one of the people developing Searduino.
There is a project called ncore, which provides native core for Arduino. And allows you to write tests for Arduino code.
From the project description
The native core allows you to compile and run Arduino sketches on the
PC, generally with no modification. It provides native versions of
standard Arduino functions, and a command-line interepreter to give
inputs to your sketch that would normally come from the hardware
itself.
Also on the "what do I need to use it" section
If you want to build the tests, you'll need cxxtest from
http://cxxtest.tigris.org. NCORE has been tested with cxxtest 3.10.1.
If you want to unit-test code outside MCU (on desktop), check out libcheck:
https://libcheck.github.io/check/
I used it to test my own embedded code few times. It's pretty robust framework.
You can use emulare — you can drag and drop a microcontroller on a diagram and run your code in Eclipse. The documentation on the website tells you how to set it up.
Use Proteus VSM with an Arduino library to debug your code or to test it.
It is a best practice before getting your code onboard, but be sure with timings because the simulation does not run realtime as they run on the board.
Try Autodesk circuit simulator. It allows to test Arduino code and circuits with many other hardware components.
In basic Arduino is written with C and C++, even libraries of arduino are written in C and C++. So,in simple terms just handle the code as C and C++ and try doing the unit testing. Here, by the word "handle" I mean you to change all the basic syntax like serial.println to sysout, pinmode to varaibles, void loop to while() loop which breaks either in keystock or after some iteration.
I know this is little a long process and not so straight forward.On my personal experience, once you get to do with it, this turns to be more reliable.
-Nandha_Frost
In case you are interested in running an INO sketch and checkout the serial output, I have a working implementation of that in my Arduino NMEA checksum project.
The following script takes the file and uses Arduino CLI to compile it to a HEX file which is then loaded to SimAVR which evaluates it and prints the serial output. Since all Arduino programs run forever without really having an option of killing themselves (exit(0) doesn't work), I let the sketch run for a few seconds and then diff the captured output with expected output.
Download and extract Arduino CLI (in this case version 0.5.0 - latest at the time of writing):
curl -L https://github.com/arduino/arduino-cli/releases/download/0.5.0/arduino-cli_0.5.0_Linux_64bit.tar.gz -o arduino-cli.tar.gz
tar -xvzf arduino-cli.tar.gz
Now you can update the index and install the appropriate core:
./arduino-cli core update-index
./arduino-cli core install arduino:avr
Assuming your sketch is named nmea-checksum.ino, to get ELF and HEX, run:
./arduino-cli compile -b arduino:avr:uno nmea-checksum.ino
Next up, SimAVR to run the HEX (or ELF) - I build from source because the latest release didn't work for me:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y build-essential libelf-dev avr-libc gcc-avr freeglut3-dev libncurses5-dev pkg-config
git clone https://github.com/buserror/simavr.git
cd simavr
make
Successful compilation will give you simavr/run_avr which you can use to run the sketch. Like I said, timeout it otherwise it will never terminate:
cd simavr
timeout 10 ./run_avr -m atmega168 -f 16000000 ../../nmea-checksum.ino.arduino.avr.uno.elf &> nmea-checksum.ino.clog || true
The generated file will have ANSI color code control characters wrapping the serial output, to get rid of those:
cat nmea-checksum.ino.clog | sed -r "s/\x1B\[([0-9]{1,2}(;[0-9]{1,2})?)?[mGK]//g" > nmea-checksum.ino.log
cat nmea-checksum.ino.log
Now all you need to do is compared this file to a known good file:
diff nmea-checksum.ino.log ../../nmea-checksum.ino.test
If there are no differences, diff will exit with code 0, otherwise the script will fail.