I have a system that i need to profile.
It is comprised of tens of processes, mostly c++, some comprised of several threads, that communicate to the network and to one another though various system calls.
I know there are performance bottlenecks sometimes, but no one has put in the time/effort to check where they are: they may be in userspace code, inefficient use of syscalls, or something else.
What would be the best way to approach profiling a system like this?
I have thought of the following strategy:
Manually logging the roundtrip times of various code sequences (for example processing an incoming packet or a cli command) and seeing which process takes the largest time. After that, profiling that process, fixing the problem and repeating.
This method seems sorta hacky and guess-worky. I dont like it.
How would you suggest to approach this problem?
Are there tools that would help me out (multi-process profiler?)?
What im looking for is more of a strategy than just specific tools.
Should i profile every process separately and look for problems? if so how do i approach this?
Do i try and isolate the problematic processes and go from there? if so, how do i isolate them?
Are there other options?
I don't think there is a single answer to this sort of question. And every type of issue has it's own problems and solutions.
Generally, the first step is to figure out WHERE in the big system is the time spent. Is it CPU-bound or I/O-bound?
If the problem is CPU-bound, a system-wide profiling tool can be useful to determine where in the system the time is spent - the next question is of course whether that time is actually necessary or not, and no automated tool can tell the difference between a badly written piece of code that does a million completely useless processing steps, and one that does a matrix multiplication with a million elements very efficiently - it takes the same amount of CPU-time to do both, but one isn't actually achieving anything. However, knowing which program takes most of the time in a multiprogram system can be a good starting point for figuring out IF that code is well written, or can be improved.
If the system is I/O bound, such as network or disk I/O, then there are tools for analysing disk and network traffic that can help. But again, expecting the tool to point out what packet response or disk access time you should expect is a different matter - if you contact google to search for "kerflerp", or if you contact your local webserver that is a meter away, will have a dramatic impact on the time for a reasonable response.
There are lots of other issues - running two pieces of code in parallel that uses LOTS of memory can cause both to run slower than if they are run in sequence - because the high memory usage causes swapping, or because the OS isn't able to use spare memory for caching file-I/O, for example.
On the other hand, two or more simple processes that use very little memory will benefit quite a lot from running in parallel on a multiprocessor system.
Adding logging to your applications such that you can see WHERE it is spending time is another method that works reasonably well. Particularly if you KNOW what the use-case is where it takes time.
If you have a use-case where you know "this should take no more than X seconds", running regular pre- or post-commit test to check that the code is behaving as expected, and no-one added a lot of code to slow it down would also be a useful thing.
I have some application, which makes database requests. I guess it doesn't actually matter, what kind of the database I am using, but let's say it's a simple SQLite-driven database.
Now, this application runs as a service and does some amount of requests per minute (this number might actually be huge).
I'm willing to benchmark the queries to retrieve their number, maximal / minimal / average running time for some period and I wish to design my own tool for this (obviously, there are some, but I need my own for some appropriate reasons :).
So - could you advice an approach for this task?
I guess there are several possible cases:
1) I have access to the application source code. Here, obviously, I want to make some sort of cross-application integration, probably using pipes. Could you advice something about how this should be done and (if there is one) any other possible solution?
2) I don't have sources. So, is this even possible to perform some neat injection from my application to benchmark the other one? I hope there is a way, maybe hacky, whatever.
Thanks a lot.
See C++ Code Profiler for a range of profilers.
Or C++ Logging and performance tuning library for rolling your own simple version
My answer is valid just for the case 1).
In my experience profiling it is a fun a difficult task. Using professional tools can be effective but it can take a lot of time to find the right one and learn how to use it properly. I usually start in a very simple way. I have prepared two very simple classes. The first one ProfileHelper the class populate the start time in the constructor and the end time in the destructor. The second class ProfileHelperStatistic is a container with extra statistical capability (a std::multimap + few methods to return average, standard deviation and other funny stuff).
The ProfilerHelper has an reference to the container and before exit the destructor push the data in the container.You can declare the ProfileHelperStatistic in the main and if you create on the stack ProfilerHelper at the beginning of a specific function the job is done. The constructor of the ProfileHelper will store the starting time and the destructor will push the result on the ProfileHelperStatistic.
It is fairly easy to implement and with minor modification can be implemented as cross-platform. The time to create and destroy the object are not recorded, so you will not polluted the result. Calculating the final statistic can be expensive, so I suggest you to run it once at the end.
You can also customize the information that you are going to store in ProfileHelperStatistic adding extra information (like timestamp or memory usage for example).
The implementation is fairly easy, two class that are not bigger than 50 lines each. Just two hints:
1) catch all in the destructor!
2) consider to use collection that take constant time to insert if you are going to store a lot of data.
This is a simple tool and it can help you profiling your application in a very effective way. My suggestion is to start with few macro functions (5-7 logical block) and then increase the granularity. Remember the 80-20 rule: 20% of the source code use 80% of the time.
Last note about database: database tunes the performance dynamically, if you run a query several time at the end the query will be quicker than at the beginning (Oracle does, I guess other database as well). In other word, if you test heavily and artificially the application focusing on just few specific queries you can get too optimistic results.
I guess it doesn't actually matter,
what kind of the database I am using,
but let's say it's a simple
SQLite-driven database.
It's very important what kind of database you use, because the database-manager might have integrated monitoring.
I could speak only about IBM DB/2, but I beliefe that IBM DB/2 is not the only dbm with integrated monitoring tools.
Here for example an short overview what you could monitor in IBM DB/2:
statements (all executed statements, execution count, prepare-time, cpu-time, count of reads/writes: tablerows, bufferpool, logical, physical)
tables (count of reads / writes)
bufferpools (logical and physical reads/writes for data and index, read/write times)
active connections (running statements, count of reads/writes, times)
locks (all locks and type)
and many more
Monitor-data could be accessed via SQL or API from own software, like for example DB2 Monitor does.
Under Unix, you might want to use gprof and its graphical front-end, kprof. Compile your app with the -pg flag (I assume you're using g++) and run it through gprof and observe the results.
Note, however, that this type of profiling will measure the overall performance of an application, not just SQL queries. If it's the performance of queries you want to measure, you should use special tools that are designed for your DBMS - for example, MySQL has a builtin query profiler (for SQLite, see this question: Is there a tool to profile sqlite queries? )
There is a (linux) solution you might find interesting since it could be used on both cases.
It's the LD_PRELOAD trick. It's an environment variable that let's you specify a shared library to be loaded right before your program is executed. The symbols load from this library will override any other available on the system.
The basic idea is to this custom library as a wrapper around the original functions.
There is a bunch of resources available that explain how to use this trick: 1 , 2, 3
Here, obviously, I want to make some sort of cross-application integration, probably using pipes.
I don't think that's obvious at all.
If you have access to the application, I'd suggest dumping all the necessary information to a log file and process that log file later on.
If you want to be able to activate and deactivate this behavior on-the-fly, without re-starting the service, you could use a logging library that supports enabling/disabling log channels on-the-fly.
Then you'd only need to send a message to the service by whatever means (socket connection, ...) to enable/disable logging.
If you don't have access to the application, then I think the best way would be what MacGucky suggested: let the profiling/monitoring tools of the DBMS do it. E.g. MS-SQL has a nice profiler that can capture requests to the server, including all kinds of useful data (CPU time for each request, IO time, wait time etc.).
And if it's really SQLite (plus you don't have access to the source) then your chances are rather low. If the program in question uses SQLite as a DLL, then you could substitute your own version of SQLite, modified to write the necessary log files.
Use the apache jmeter.
To test performances of your sql queries under high load
A Hacker's Tale
The date is 12/02/10. The days before Christmas are dripping away and I've pretty much hit a major road block as a windows programmer. I've been using AQTime, I've tried sleepy, shiny, and very sleepy, and as we speak, VTune is installing. I've tried to use the VS2008 profiler, and it's been positively punishing as well as often insensible. I've used the random pause technique. I've examined call-trees. I've fired off function traces. But the sad painful fact of the matter is that the app I'm working with is over a million lines of code, with probably another million lines worth of third-party apps.
I need better tools. I've read the other topics. I've tried out each profiler listed in each topic. There simply has to be something better than these junky and expensive options, or ludicrous amounts of work for almost no gain. To further complicate matters, our code is heavily threaded, and runs a number of Qt Event loops, some of which are so fragile that they crash under heavy instrumentation due to timing delays. Don't ask me why we're running multiple event loops. No one can tell me.
Are there any options more along the lines of Valgrind in a windows environment?
Is there anything better than the long swath of broken tools I've already tried?
Is there anything designed to integrate with Qt, perhaps with a useful display of events in queue?
A full list of the tools I tried, with the ones that were really useful in italics:
AQTime: Rather good! Has some trouble with deep recursion, but the call graph is correct in these cases, and can be used to clear up any confusion you might have. Not a perfect tool, but worth trying out. It might suit your needs, and it certainly was good enough for me most of the time.
Random Pause attack in debug mode: Not enough information enough of the time.
A good tool but not a complete solution.
Parallel Studios: The nuclear option. Obtrusive, weird, and crazily powerful. I think you should hit up the 30 day evaluation, and figure out if it's a good fit. It's just darn cool, too.
AMD Codeanalyst: Wonderful, easy to use, very crash-prone, but I think that's an environment thing. I'd recommend trying it, as it is free.
Luke Stackwalker: Works fine on small projects, it's a bit trying to get it working on ours. Some good results though, and it definitely replaces Sleepy for my personal tasks.
PurifyPlus: No support for Win-x64 environments, most prominently Windows 7. Otherwise excellent. A number of my colleagues in other departments swear by it.
VS2008 Profiler: Produces output in the 100+gigs range in function trace mode at the required resolution. On the plus side, produces solid results.
GProf: Requires GCC to be even moderately effective.
VTune: VTune's W7 support borders on criminal. Otherwise excellent
PIN: I'd need to hack up my own tool, so this is sort of a last resort.
Sleepy\VerySleepy: Useful for smaller apps, but failing me here.
EasyProfiler: Not bad if you don't mind a bit of manually injected code to indicate where to instrument.
Valgrind: *nix only, but very good when you're in that environment.
OProfile: Linux only.
Proffy: They shoot wild horses.
Suggested tools that I haven't tried:
XPerf:
Glowcode:
Devpartner:
Notes:
Intel environment at the moment. VS2008, boost libraries. Qt 4+. And the wretched humdinger of them all: Qt/MFC integration via trolltech.
Now: Almost two weeks later, it looks like my issue is resolved. Thanks to a variety of tools, including almost everything on the list and a couple of my personal tricks, we found the primary bottlenecks. However, I'm going to keep testing, exploring, and trying out new profilers as well as new tech. Why? Because I owe it to you guys, because you guys rock. It does slow the timeline down a little, but I'm still very excited to keep trying out new tools.
Synopsis
Among many other problems, a number of components had recently been switched to the incorrect threading model, causing serious hang-ups due to the fact that the code underneath us was suddenly no longer multithreaded. I can't say more because it violates my NDA, but I can tell you that this would never have been found by casual inspection or even by normal code review. Without profilers, callgraphs, and random pausing in conjunction, we'd still be screaming our fury at the beautiful blue arc of the sky. Thankfully, I work with some of the best hackers I've ever met, and I have access to an amazing 'verse full of great tools and great people.
Gentlefolk, I appreciate this tremendously, and only regret that I don't have enough rep to reward each of you with a bounty. I still think this is an important question to get a better answer to than the ones we've got so far on SO.
As a result, each week for the next three weeks, I'll be putting up the biggest bounty I can afford, and awarding it to the answer with the nicest tool that I think isn't common knowledge. After three weeks, we'll hopefully have accumulated a definitive profile of the profilers, if you'll pardon my punning.
Take-away
Use a profiler. They're good enough for Ritchie, Kernighan, Bentley, and Knuth. I don't care who you think you are. Use a profiler. If the one you've got doesn't work, find another. If you can't find one, code one. If you can't code one, or it's a small hang up, or you're just stuck, use random pausing. If all else fails, hire some grad students to bang out a profiler.
A Longer View
So, I thought it might be nice to write up a bit of a retrospective. I opted to work extensively with Parallel Studios, in part because it is actually built on top of the PIN Tool. Having had academic dealings with some of the researchers involved, I felt that this was probably a mark of some quality. Thankfully, I was right. While the GUI is a bit dreadful, I found IPS to be incredibly useful, though I can't comfortably recommend it for everyone. Critically, there's no obvious way to get line-level hit counts, something that AQT and a number of other profilers provide, and I've found very useful for examining rate of branch-selection among other things. In net, I've enjoyed using AQTime as well, and I've found their support to be really responsive. Again, I have to qualify my recommendation: A lot of their features don't work that well, and some of them are downright crash-prone on Win7x64. XPerf also performed admirably, but is agonizingly slow for the sampling detail required to get good reads on certain kinds of applications.
Right now, I'd have to say that I don't think there's a definitive option for profiling C++ code in a W7x64 environment, but there are certainly options that simply fail to perform any useful service.
First:
Time sampling profilers are more robust than CPU sampling profilers. I'm not extremely familiar with Windows development tools so I can't say which ones are which. Most profilers are CPU sampling.
A CPU sampling profiler grabs a stack trace every N instructions.
This technique will reveal portions of your code that are CPU bound. Which is awesome if that is the bottle neck in your application. Not so great if your application threads spend most of their time fighting over a mutex.
A time sampling profiler grabs a stack trace every N microseconds.
This technique will zero in on "slow" code. Whether the cause is CPU bound, blocking IO bound, mutex bound, or cache thrashing sections of code. In short what ever piece of code is slowing your application will standout.
So use a time sampling profiler if at all possible especially when profiling threaded code.
Second:
Sampling profilers generate gobs of data. The data is extremely useful, but there is often too much to be easily useful. A profile data visualizer helps tremendously here. The best tool I've found for profile data visualization is gprof2dot. Don't let the name fool you, it handles all kinds of sampling profiler output (AQtime, Sleepy, XPerf, etc). Once the visualization has pointed out the offending function(s), jump back to the raw profile data to get better hints on what the real cause is.
The gprof2dot tool generates a dot graph description that you then feed into a graphviz tool. The output is basically a callgraph with functions color coded by their impact on the application.
A few hints to get gprof2dot to generate nice output.
I use a --skew of 0.001 on my graphs so I can easily see the hot code paths. Otherwise the int main() dominates the graph.
If you're doing anything crazy with C++ templates you'll probably want to add --strip. This is especially true with Boost.
I use OProfile to generate my sampling data. To get good output I need configure it to load the debug symbols from my 3rd party and system libraries. Be sure to do the same, otherwise you'll see that CRT is taking 20% of your application's time when what's really going on is malloc is trashing the heap and eating up 15%.
What happened when you tried random pausing? I use it all the time on a monster app. You said it did not give enough information, and you've suggested you need high resolution. Sometimes people need a little help in understanding how to use it.
What I do, under VS, is configure the stack display so it doesn't show me the function arguments, because that makes the stack display totally unreadable, IMO.
Then I take about 10 samples by hitting "pause" during the time it's making me wait. I use ^A, ^C, and ^V to copy them into notepad, for reference. Then I study each one, to try to figure out what it was in the process of trying to accomplish at that time.
If it was trying to accomplish something on 2 or more samples, and that thing is not strictly necessary, then I've found a live problem, and I know roughly how much fixing it will save.
There are things you don't really need to know, like precise percents are not important, and what goes on inside 3rd-party code is not important, because you can't do anything about those. What you can do something about is the rich set of call-points in code you can modify displayed on each stack sample. That's your happy hunting ground.
Examples of the kinds of things I find:
During startup, it can be about 30 layers deep, in the process of trying to extract internationalized character strings from DLL resources. If the actual strings are examined, it can easily turn out that the strings don't really need to be internationalized, like they are strings the user never actually sees.
During normal usage, some code innocently sets a Modified property in some object. That object comes from a super-class that captures the change and triggers notifications that ripple throughout the entire data structure, manipulating the UI, creating and desroying obects in ways hard to foresee. This can happen a lot - the unexpected consequences of notifications.
Filling in a worksheet row-by-row, cell-by-cell. It turns out if you build the row all at once, from an array of values, it's a lot faster.
P.S. If you're multi-threaded, when you pause it, all threads pause. Take a look at the call stack of each thread. Chances are, only one of them is the real culprit, and the others are idling.
I've had some success with AMD CodeAnalyst.
Do you have an MFC OnIdle function? In the past I had a near real-time app I had to fix that was dropping serial packets when set at 19.2K speed which a PentiumD should have been able to keep up with. The OnIdle function was what was killing things. I'm not sure if QT has that concept, but I'd check for that too.
Re the VS Profiler -- if it's generating such large files, perhaps your sampling interval is too frequent? Try lowering it, as you probably have enough samples anyway.
And ideally, make sure you're not collecting samples until you're actually exercising the problem area. So start with collection paused, get your program to do its "slow activity", then start collection. You only need at most 20 seconds of collection. Stop collection after this.
This should help reduce your sample file sizes, and only capture what is necessary for your analysis.
I have successfully used PurifyPlus for Windows. Although it is not cheap, IBM provides a trial version that is slightly crippled. All you need for profiling with quantify are pdb files and linking with /FIXED:NO. Only drawback: No support for Win7/64.
Easyprofiler - I haven't seen it mentioned here yet so not sure if you've looked at it already. It takes a slightly different approach in how it gathers metric data. A drawback to using its compile-time profile approach is you have to make changes to the code-base. Thus you'll need to have some idea of where the slow might be and insert profiling code there.
Going by your latest comments though, it sounds like you're at least making some headway. Perhaps this tool might provide some useful metrics for you. If nothing else it has some really purdy charts and pictures :P
Two more tool suggestions.
Luke Stackwalker has a cute name (even if it's trying a bit hard for my taste), it won't cost you anything, and you get the source code. It claims to support multi threaded programs, too. So it is surely worth a spin.
http://lukestackwalker.sourceforge.net/
Also Glowcode, which I've had pointed out to me as worth using:
http://www.glowcode.com/
Unfortunately I haven't done any PC work for a while, so I haven't tried either of these. I hope the suggestions are of help anyway.
Checkout XPerf
This is free, non-invasive and extensible profiler offered by MS. It was developed by Microsoft to profile Windows.
If you're suspicious of the event loop, could overriding QCoreApplication::notify() and dosome manual profiling (one or two maps of senders/events to counts/time)?
I'm thinking that you first log the frequency of event types, then examine those events more carefully (which object sends it, what does it contain, etc). Signals across threads are queued implicitly, so they end up in the event loop (as well explicit queued connections too, obviously).
We've done it to trap and report exceptions in our event handlers, so really, every event goes through there.
Just an idea.
Edit: I see now you mentioned this in your first post. Dammit, I never thought I'd be that guy.
You can use Pin to instrument your code with finer granularity. I think Pin would let you create a tool to count how many times you enter a function or how many clockticks you spend there, roughly emulating something like VTune or CodeAnalyst. Then you could strip down which functions get instrumented until your timing issues go away.
I can tell you what I use everyday.
a) AMD Code Analyst
It is easy, and it will give you a quick overview of what is happening. It will be ok for most of the time.
With AMD CPUs, it will tell you info about the cpu pipeline, but you only need this only if you have heavy loops, like in graphic engines, video codecs, etc.
b) VTune.
It is very well integrated in vs2008
after you know the hotspots, you need to sample not only time, but other things like cache misses, and memory usage. This is very important. Setup a sampling session, and edit the properties. I always sample for time, memory read/write, and cache misses (three different runs)
But more than the tool, you need to get experience with profiling. And that means understanding how the CPU/Memory/PCI works... so, this is my 3rd option
c) Unit testing
This is very important if you are developing a big application that needs huge performance. If you cannot split the app in some pieces, it will be difficult to track cpu usage. I dont test all the cases and classes, but I have hardcoded executions and input files with important features.
My advice is using random sampling in several small tests, and try to standardise a profile strategy.
I use xperf/ETW for all of my profiling needs. It has a steep learning curve but is incredibly powerful. If you are profiling on Windows then you must know xperf. I frequently use this profiler to find performance problems in my code and in other people's code.
In the configuration that I use it:
xperf grabs CPU samples from every core that is executing code every
ms. The sampling rate can be increased to 8 KHz and the samples
include user-mode and kernel code. This allows finding out what a
thread is doing while it is running
xperf records every context
switch (allowing for perfect reconstruction of how much time each
thread uses), plus call stacks for when threads are switched in, plus
call stacks for what thread readied another thread, allowing tracing
of wait chains and finding out why a thread is not running
xperf
records all file I/O from all processes
xperf records all disk I/O
from all processes
xperf records what window is active, the CPU
frequency, CPU power state, UI delays, etc.
xperf can also record all
heap allocations from one process, all virtual allocations from all
processes, and much more.
That's a lot of data, all on one timeline, for all processes. No other profiler on Windows can do that.
I have blogged extensively about how to use xperf/ETW. These blog posts, and some professionally quality training videos, can be found here:
http://randomascii.wordpress.com/2014/08/19/etw-training-videos-available-now/
If you want to find out what might happen if you don't use xperf read these blog posts:
http://randomascii.wordpress.com/category/investigative-reporting/
These are tales of performance problems I have found in other people's code, that should have been found by the developers. This includes mshtml.dll being loaded into the VC++ compiler, a denial of service in VC++'s find-in-files, thermal throttling in a surprising number of customer machines, slow single-stepping in Visual Studio, a 4 GB allocation in a hard-disk driver, a powerpoint performance bug, and more.
I just finished the first usable version of CxxProf, a portable manual instrumented profiling library for C++.
It fulfills the following goals:
Easy integration
Easily remove the lib during compile time
Easily remove the lib during runtime
Support for multithreaded applications
Support for distributed systems
Keep impact on a minimum
These points were ripped from the project wiki, have a look there for more details.
Disclaimer: Im the main developer of CxxProf
Just to throw it out, even though it's not a full-blown profiler: if all you're after is hung event loops that take long processing an event, an ad-hoc tool is simple matter in Qt. That approach could be easily expanded to keep track of how long did each event take to process, and what those events were, and so on. It's not a universal profiler, but an event-loop-centric one.
In Qt, all cross-thread signal-slot calls are delivered via the event loop, as are timers, network and serial port notifications, and all user interaction,. Thus, observing the event loops is a big step towards understanding where the application is spending its time.
DevPartner, originally developed by NuMega and now distributed by MicroFocus, was once the solution of choice for profiling and code analysis (memory and resource leaks for example).
I haven't tried it recently, so I cannot assure you it will help you; but I once had excellent results with it, so that this is an alternative I do consider to re-install in our code quality process (they provide a 14 days trial)
though your os is win7,the programm cann't run under xp?
how about profile it under xp and the result should be a hint for win7.
There are lots of profilers listed here and I've tried a few of them myself - however I ended up writing my own based on this:
http://code.google.com/p/high-performance-cplusplus-profiler/
It does of course require that you modify the code base, but it's perfect for narrowing down bottlenecks, should work on all x86s (could be a problem with multi-core boxes, i.e. it uses rdtsc, however - this is purely for indicative timing anyway - so I find it's sufficient for my needs..)
I use Orbit profiler, easy, open source and powerfull ! https://orbitprofiler.com/
I'm trying to optimize several bottlenecks on an application which is supposed to run on a really wide range of CPUs and architectures (some of them very close to embeded devices).
The results of my profiler, however, aren't really significant because of the speed of my CPU. Is there any way (preferably under Windows or Mac OS X) to limit the speed of my CPU for profiling purposes?
I've thought about using a virtual machine, but haven't found any with such functionality.
This works well and supports multicore. http://www.cpukiller.com/
It's a common misconception that you need to know how fast your code is to know where your performance problems are. That confuses problem-finding with problem-measurement.
This is the method I use.
If there is some wasteful logic in the program, it will be wasteful no matter what CPU runs it.
What you need to know is where it is. For measurement, you don't need to know how big it is; you only need to know that it is big enough to need to be fixed.
Usually there are a number of problems, of different sizes. You will probably find the biggest ones first, but no matter what order you fix them in, each one you fix will make it easier to find the remaining ones, because they will take a larger percentage.
I'm afraid I don't know any answer other than to start looking around in your area for old hardware. The CPU isn't the only variable that can (usually) affect things. L1/L2 cache size, memory bus speed, memory speed/latency, hard drive speed, etc. are all significant factors in many applications.
There was an app on Downloadsquad.com recently. I dont remember the name of it but it did some fun stiff woth processors and task manager. It may have only been to manage what apps are on what cpu but maybe it would give you this. I will try to look for it this afternoon, and respond back if I find it.
Many profilers (for example oprofile - but thats linux only) let you set the frequency that they collect data. See if your profiler supports this, and if not try a different one that does.
I've thought about using a virtual
machine, but haven't found any with
such functionality.
Why do you need a VM that explicitly offers that functionality? Just limit the CPU usage of the VM in the host OS (where it is just a regular process). That should have exactly the same effect.
You can do this e.g. using cpulimit on Linux; similar solutions exist for MS Windows.