Maybe I'm missing something, but I'm having a lot of trouble finding any information on how to how to read from an iostream (std::iostream& stream). Is there a way I can convert it to a string or similar?
For clarification this is (what I'm basically trying to do, for example):
std::stringstream ss("Maybe I'm missing something \n but I'm having a lot of trouble finding any information on how to how to read from an iostream.");
readStream(ss);
void readStream(std::iostream& stream)
{
std::string out;
stream >> out;
// Do some stuff with the string
}
This seems to work, but out will be equal to "Maybe" rather than the full string.
You read from an iostream the same way you would if you were using cin.
stream >> varName;
Crazy syntax yes, but that's what the makers of streams decided to do.
You can also use get and getline if your reading to strings. Get will get the next character or a specified buffer of characters, and getline will go to the next newline.
getline(stringName);
You can read more on this here: http://cplusplus.com/reference/iostream/iostream/
Streams converts automatically for the type they are shifting to.
using namespace std;
int number;
double fraction;
string world;
stream >> number >> fraction >> world;
When shifting to a string, it reads until the first word delimiter, you may wish to use std::getline.
using namespace std;
string line;
getline(stream,line);
Maybe you want to read whole lines. In this case you have to use std::getline, thus having:
void readStream(std::iostream& stream)
{
std::string out;
// while getting lines
while(std::getline(stream, out))
{
// Do some stuff with each line
}
}
You can also choose a line delimiter character, by passing it to std::getline as a third parameter.
The stream operator >> is used to read formatted white space separated text.
int val1;
stream >> val1; // reads a space separated int
float val2;
stream >> val2; // reads a space separated float
std::string val3;
stream >> val3; // reads a space separated word.
Unfortunately std::string (and C-Strings) are not symmetric (input/output do not work in the same way (unlike the other fundamental types)). When you write them they write the full string (up to the null terminator, '\0', of the C-string).
If you want to read a whole line of text use std::getline()
std::string line;
std::getline(stream, line);
But like most languages, you can loop reading the stream until it is finished.
std::string word;
while(stream >> word)
{
// Reads one word at a time until the EOF.
std::cout << "Got a word (" << word << ")\n";
}
Or the same thing one line at a time:
std::string line;
while(std::getline(stream, line))
{
// Reads one word at a time until the EOF.
std::cout << "Got a word (" << word << ")\n";
}
Note 1: I mentioned white space separated above. White space includes space/tab and most importantly new line so using the operator >> above it will read one word at a time until the end of file, but ignore new line.
Note 2: The operator >> is supposed to be used on formatted text. Thus its first action is to drop prefix white space characters. On the first non white space text, parse the input as appropriate for the input type and stop on the first character that does not match that type (this includes white space).
Related
int main()
{
std::string s = "my name is joe";
std::stringstream ss{s};
std::string temp;
while(std::getline(ss, temp, ' '))
{
cout << temp.size() << " " << temp << endl;
}
//----------------------------//
ss = std::stringstream{s};
while(ss >> temp)
{
cout << temp.size() << " " << temp << endl;
}
}
I've always used the former, but I'm wondering if there's any advantage to using the latter? I've typically always used the former because I feel that if someone were to instead change the string to a comma delimitated string, then all I need to do is put in a new delimiter, whereas the operator>> would read in the commas. But for space delimitation, it seems there is no difference.
std::getline() and operator>> are intended for different purposes. It is not a matter of which one is more advantageous than the other. Use the one that is better suited for the task at hand.
operator>> is for formatted input. It reads in and parses many different data types, including strings. If there is no error state on the input stream, it skips leading whitespace (unless the skipws flag on the input stream is disabled, such as with the std::noskipws manipulator), and then it reads and parses characters until it encounters whitespace, a character that does not belong to the data type being parsed, or the end of the stream.
std::getline() is for unformatted input of strings only. If there is no error state on the input stream, it does not skip leading whitespace, and then it reads characters until it encounters the specified delimiter (or '\n' if not specified), or the end of the stream.
So I was taking input some integers and then taking input some sentences.
This code works fine:
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
main(){
int c,b,n,i;string s;
cin>>n>>b>>c;
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
cin>>ws;
getline(cin,s,'\n');
cout<<s;
}
}
Example:
3 3 3
This is weird
This is weirdDefinitely makes
Definitely makesNo sense
No sense
However, when I try to omit the cin>>ws inside the forloop, it doesn't work properly, eg this code segment,
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
main(){
int c,b,n,i;string s;
cin>>n>>b>>c;
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
getline(cin,s,'\n');
cout<<s;
}
}
Example:
3 3 3
This is weird
This is weirdDefinitely makes
Definitely makes
..and terminates there instead of taking all three inputs.
Why is that? cin>>ws extracts all whitespace from the input but isn't getline() doing that too? So why does it not work properly when I omit cin>>ws in the forloop?
std::getline() extract characters until it extracted the first delimiter character (by default '\n'). The delimiter is not stored in the result but it is extracted. It does not extract whitespace in general or multiple delimiter characters.
As an aside: always check whether input works after trying to read a value.
In the example printed, the issue is is that after formatted input, i.e., using the >> operator, whitespaces are not extracted. That is, the first calls to std::getline() extracts the empty string terminated by the initial newline. It generally is necessary to extract trailing whitespace when switching between formatted and unformatted I/O. That is, You'd want code like
if (cin>>n>>b>>c >> std::ws) {
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
if (getline(cin,s,'\n')) {
cout << "i=" << i << ":'" << s << "'\n";
}
}
}
I can't recommend input operations without adding check for success. The output is changed to make it more easily visible what is going on: try the code with/without this particular std::endl to see what is happening.
When you use cin >> it doesn't remove any whitespace after the input. This means the newline that terminated the first 3 inputs is still in the buffer, waiting to be read by the first getline. Since there's nothing before the newline, the first getline delivered an empty string. Your output should have included a newline so you could have seen the empty line, then it would have made sense.
Originally the code you posted showed a cin >> ws just before the for loop which would have eliminated this problem.
The default delimiter for getline() is '\n', so there is no need to include that in the getline call, though, it should not change the functionality.
See for example Same as getline(input, str, input.widen('\n')), that is, the default delimiter is the endline character.
The change in formatting from the integer input to the getline() input leaves some whitespace (endl) after the integer as explained by #DietmarKühl.
You can change the getline() call to eliminate the delimiter to
getline(cin,s);
which will cause getline() to use '\n' as the default delimiter.
I have modified the 'n' variable to count and removed the other integers to make the code a little simpler to read:
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int i; // index
int count; // number of strings to accept
std::string str;
std::cout << "Input the number of strings you would like me to process: " << std::endl;
std::cin >> count;
if (std::cin >> count >> std::ws) {
for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
if (getline(std::cin, str)) {
std::cout << "i=" << i << ":'" << str << "'\n";
}
}
}
}
Cin doesn't extract all white spaces, it just gets the first word until the first white space. It is like having a getline with a space delimiter(not quite but close to).
Getline takes the whole line and has the default '\n' delimiter like mentioned above.
Ex:
string a = "Stack Overflow is awesome";
can give you Stack and getline will give you everything at that line
i'm trying to get my program to read a string and then output each word on an individual line. When I call this function it is not printing the last word of the sentence. I have not been able to find an answer to this problem.
For example:
Input:
Hello there my friend
Output:
Hello
there
my
Here is my code:
istream& operator >> (istream& in, FlexString& input) {
std::string content;
while (std::getline (in,content,' ')) {
cout << content << endl;
}
return in;
}
I'm new to C++ so this may be dumb, but I tried adding another cout call to print content on the next line after the while loop but it won't print it for some reason.
getline didn't skip the last word. It's still waiting for you to finish it. You selected the space character (' ') as the delimiter, so getline is going to read until if finds a space (not a tab or a newline), or until the input stream ends. Your loop isn't going to stop at the end of the line either, like you seem to be expecting. It is going to keep reading until the stream ends.
If you want to read a single line, and then separate the line word by word, then just call getline once, with the \n delimiter (which is the default). Then use an istringstream to separate the resulting string word by word.
std::string line;
std::getline(in, line);
std::istringstreaam iss(line);
std::string content;
while (iss >> content)
std::cout << content << std::endl;
For example, when parsing a text file, some times this file have stuff like this:
keyword a string here
keyword another string
keyword
keyword again a string
Note that the 3th line have an empty string (nothing or white spaces).. The thing is that when you do stringstream>>laststring, and stringstream have an empty string (null or just white space), it will not overwrite the "laststring", it will do nothing. Theres anyway to check this situation before hand? I dont want to create a temp empty string just to check it is still empty after stringstream>>, seems lame.
When you cannot read from stream - its state changes, so when casting to bool, it returns false:
bool read = static_cast<bool>(ss >> laststring);
Or - in if-expr:
if (ss >> laststring)
cout << "Just read: " << laststring;
See example
You can only know after trying to read whether there was something or not. What you might be able to do is to skip whitespace and see if there is a non-space in the next location:
if ((in >> std::ws).peek() != std::char_traits<char>::eof()) {
...
}
Given that empty strings are cheap to create, I wouldn't bother and try read the string. Note, however, that reading from streams isn't line based, i.e., in your case above you need to split the lines first or use something like std::getline() to read the second part of line.
You can use getline, to read a line from the file. Then, copy the line into a string stream and read words from the string stream one at a time. The streams will automatically stop reading when they run out of lines / words.
// open file
std::ifstream fin("text.txt");
// 'iterate' through all the lines in the file
unsigned lineCount = 1;
std::string line;
while (std::getline(fin, line))
{
// print the line number for debugging
std::cout << "Line " << lineCount << '\n';
// copy line into another stream
std::stringstream lineStream(line);
// 'iterate' through all the words in the line
unsigned wordCount = 1;
std::string word;
while (lineStream >> word)
{
// print the words for debugging
std::cout << '\t' << wordCount++ << ' ' << word << '\n';
}
}
You need to include iostream, fstream, sstream and string.
For checking if string is empty, use foo.size() == 0.
For checking if string stream is empty fooStream.rdbuf()->in_avail() == 0
As my learning, I am trying to use c++ ifstream and its operator>> to read data from a text file using code below. The text file outdummy.txt has following contents:
just dummy
Hello ofstream
555
My questions is how to read char data present in the file into a char array or string. How to do this using the ifstream::operator>> in code below.
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
int main()
{
int a;
string s;
char buf[100];
ifstream in("outdummy.txt",ios_base::in);
in.operator>>(a); //How to read integer? How to read the string data.??
cout << a;
in.close();
getchar();
return 0;
}
If you want to use formatted input, you have to know in advance what data to expect and read it into variables of the according data type. For example, if you know that the number is always the fifth token, as in your example, you could do this:
std::string s1, s2, s3, s4;
int n;
std::ifstream in("outdummy.txt");
if (in >> s1 >> s2 >> s3 >> s4 >> n)
{
std::cout << "We read the number " << n << std::endl;
}
On the other hand, if you know that the number is always on the third line, by itself:
std::string line;
std::getline(in, line); // have line 1
std::getline(in, line); // have line 2
std::getline(in, line); // have line 3
std::istringstream iss(line);
if (iss >> n)
{
std::cout << "We read the number " << n << std::endl;
}
As you can see, to read a token as a string, you just stream it into a std::string. It's important to remember that the formatted input operator works token by token, and tokens are separated by whitespace (spaces, tabs, newlines). The usual fundamental choice to make is whether you process a file entirely in tokens (first version), or line by line (second version). For line-by-line processing, you use getline first to read one line into a string, and then use a string stream to tokenize the string.
A word about validation: You cannot know whether a formatted extraction will actually succeed, because that depends on the input data. Therefore, you should always check whether an input operation succeeded, and abort parsing if it doesn't, because in case of a failure your variables won't contain the correct data, but you have no way of knowing that later. So always say it like this:
if (in >> v) { /* ... */ } // v is some suitable variable
else { /* could not read into v */ }
if (std::getline(in, line)) { /* process line */ }
else { /* error, no line! */ }
The latter construction is usually used in a while loop, to read an entire file line by line:
while (std::getline(in, line)) { /* process line */ }
ifstream has ios_base::in by default. You don't need to specify it.
operator>> can be invoked directly as an operator: in >> a.
Reading strings is the same: in >> s, but the caveat is that it is whitespace-delimited, so it will read "just" by itself, without "dummy".
If you want to read complete lines, use std::getline(in, s).
Since you have elected to use C-strings, you can use the getline method of your ifstream object (not std::getline() which works with std::strings), which will allow you to specify the C-string and a maximum size for the buffer.
Based on what you had, and adding an additional buffer for the second line:
char buf[100];
char buf2[100];
in.getline(buf,sizeof(buf));
in.getline(buf2,sizeof(buf2));
in >> a;
However, as the other poster has proposed, try using the std::string and its methods, it will make your life easier.
You can read file contents and use a Finite State Machine for parsing.
Example:
void Parse(const char* buffer, size_t length);
size_t GetBufferSize();
size_t bufferSize = GetBufferSize();
char* buffer = new char[bufferSize];
std::ifstream in("input.txt");
while(in.getline(buffer, bufferSize)) {
Parse(buffer, in.gcount());
}
Alternatively, you can use a tool like Flex to write your parser.