How to remove spaces from a string object in C++.
For example, how to remove leading and trailing spaces from the below string object.
//Original string: " This is a sample string "
//Desired string: "This is a sample string"
The string class, as far as I know, doesn't provide any methods to remove leading and trailing spaces.
To add to the problem, how to extend this formatting to process extra spaces between words of the string. For example,
// Original string: " This is a sample string "
// Desired string: "This is a sample string"
Using the string methods mentioned in the solution, I can think of doing these operations in two steps.
Remove leading and trailing spaces.
Use find_first_of, find_last_of, find_first_not_of, find_last_not_of and substr, repeatedly at word boundaries to get desired formatting.
This is called trimming. If you can use Boost, I'd recommend it.
Otherwise, use find_first_not_of to get the index of the first non-whitespace character, then find_last_not_of to get the index from the end that isn't whitespace. With these, use substr to get the sub-string with no surrounding whitespace.
In response to your edit, I don't know the term but I'd guess something along the lines of "reduce", so that's what I called it. :) (Note, I've changed the white-space to be a parameter, for flexibility)
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
std::string trim(const std::string& str,
const std::string& whitespace = " \t")
{
const auto strBegin = str.find_first_not_of(whitespace);
if (strBegin == std::string::npos)
return ""; // no content
const auto strEnd = str.find_last_not_of(whitespace);
const auto strRange = strEnd - strBegin + 1;
return str.substr(strBegin, strRange);
}
std::string reduce(const std::string& str,
const std::string& fill = " ",
const std::string& whitespace = " \t")
{
// trim first
auto result = trim(str, whitespace);
// replace sub ranges
auto beginSpace = result.find_first_of(whitespace);
while (beginSpace != std::string::npos)
{
const auto endSpace = result.find_first_not_of(whitespace, beginSpace);
const auto range = endSpace - beginSpace;
result.replace(beginSpace, range, fill);
const auto newStart = beginSpace + fill.length();
beginSpace = result.find_first_of(whitespace, newStart);
}
return result;
}
int main(void)
{
const std::string foo = " too much\t \tspace\t\t\t ";
const std::string bar = "one\ntwo";
std::cout << "[" << trim(foo) << "]" << std::endl;
std::cout << "[" << reduce(foo) << "]" << std::endl;
std::cout << "[" << reduce(foo, "-") << "]" << std::endl;
std::cout << "[" << trim(bar) << "]" << std::endl;
}
Result:
[too much space]
[too much space]
[too-much-space]
[one
two]
Easy removing leading, trailing and extra spaces from a std::string in one line
value = std::regex_replace(value, std::regex("^ +| +$|( ) +"), "$1");
removing only leading spaces
value.erase(value.begin(), std::find_if(value.begin(), value.end(), std::bind1st(std::not_equal_to<char>(), ' ')));
or
value = std::regex_replace(value, std::regex("^ +"), "");
removing only trailing spaces
value.erase(std::find_if(value.rbegin(), value.rend(), std::bind1st(std::not_equal_to<char>(), ' ')).base(), value.end());
or
value = std::regex_replace(value, std::regex(" +$"), "");
removing only extra spaces
value = regex_replace(value, std::regex(" +"), " ");
I am currently using these functions:
// trim from left
inline std::string& ltrim(std::string& s, const char* t = " \t\n\r\f\v")
{
s.erase(0, s.find_first_not_of(t));
return s;
}
// trim from right
inline std::string& rtrim(std::string& s, const char* t = " \t\n\r\f\v")
{
s.erase(s.find_last_not_of(t) + 1);
return s;
}
// trim from left & right
inline std::string& trim(std::string& s, const char* t = " \t\n\r\f\v")
{
return ltrim(rtrim(s, t), t);
}
// copying versions
inline std::string ltrim_copy(std::string s, const char* t = " \t\n\r\f\v")
{
return ltrim(s, t);
}
inline std::string rtrim_copy(std::string s, const char* t = " \t\n\r\f\v")
{
return rtrim(s, t);
}
inline std::string trim_copy(std::string s, const char* t = " \t\n\r\f\v")
{
return trim(s, t);
}
Boost string trim algorithm
#include <boost/algorithm/string/trim.hpp>
[...]
std::string msg = " some text with spaces ";
boost::algorithm::trim(msg);
This is my solution for stripping the leading and trailing spaces ...
std::string stripString = " Plamen ";
while(!stripString.empty() && std::isspace(*stripString.begin()))
stripString.erase(stripString.begin());
while(!stripString.empty() && std::isspace(*stripString.rbegin()))
stripString.erase(stripString.length()-1);
The result is "Plamen"
Here is how you can do it:
std::string & trim(std::string & str)
{
return ltrim(rtrim(str));
}
And the supportive functions are implemeted as:
std::string & ltrim(std::string & str)
{
auto it2 = std::find_if( str.begin() , str.end() , [](char ch){ return !std::isspace<char>(ch , std::locale::classic() ) ; } );
str.erase( str.begin() , it2);
return str;
}
std::string & rtrim(std::string & str)
{
auto it1 = std::find_if( str.rbegin() , str.rend() , [](char ch){ return !std::isspace<char>(ch , std::locale::classic() ) ; } );
str.erase( it1.base() , str.end() );
return str;
}
And once you've all these in place, you can write this as well:
std::string trim_copy(std::string const & str)
{
auto s = str;
return ltrim(rtrim(s));
}
C++17 introduced std::basic_string_view, a class template that refers to a constant contiguous sequence of char-like objects, i.e. a view of the string. Apart from having a very similar interface to std::basic_string, it has two additional functions: remove_prefix(), which shrinks the view by moving its start forward; and
remove_suffix(), which shrinks the view by moving its end backward. These can be used to trim leading and trailing space:
#include <string_view>
#include <string>
std::string_view ltrim(std::string_view str)
{
const auto pos(str.find_first_not_of(" \t\n\r\f\v"));
str.remove_prefix(std::min(pos, str.length()));
return str;
}
std::string_view rtrim(std::string_view str)
{
const auto pos(str.find_last_not_of(" \t\n\r\f\v"));
str.remove_suffix(std::min(str.length() - pos - 1, str.length()));
return str;
}
std::string_view trim(std::string_view str)
{
str = ltrim(str);
str = rtrim(str);
return str;
}
int main()
{
std::string str = " hello world ";
auto sv1{ ltrim(str) }; // "hello world "
auto sv2{ rtrim(str) }; // " hello world"
auto sv3{ trim(str) }; // "hello world"
//If you want, you can create std::string objects from std::string_view objects
std::string s1{ sv1 };
std::string s2{ sv2 };
std::string s3{ sv3 };
}
Note: the use of std::min to ensure pos is not greater than size(), which happens when all characters in the string are whitespace and find_first_not_of returns npos. Also, std::string_view is a non-owning reference, so it's only valid as long as the original string still exists. Trimming the string view has no effect on the string it is based on.
Example for trim leading and trailing spaces following jon-hanson's suggestion to use boost (only removes trailing and pending spaces):
#include <boost/algorithm/string/trim.hpp>
std::string str = " t e s t ";
boost::algorithm::trim ( str );
Results in "t e s t"
There is also
trim_left results in "t e s t "
trim_right results in " t e s t"
/// strip a string, remove leading and trailing spaces
void strip(const string& in, string& out)
{
string::const_iterator b = in.begin(), e = in.end();
// skipping leading spaces
while (isSpace(*b)){
++b;
}
if (b != e){
// skipping trailing spaces
while (isSpace(*(e-1))){
--e;
}
}
out.assign(b, e);
}
In the above code, the isSpace() function is a boolean function that tells whether a character is a white space, you can implement this function to reflect your needs, or just call the isspace() from "ctype.h" if you want.
Example for trimming leading and trailing spaces
std::string aString(" This is a string to be trimmed ");
auto start = aString.find_first_not_of(' ');
auto end = aString.find_last_not_of(' ');
std::string trimmedString;
trimmedString = aString.substr(start, (end - start) + 1);
OR
trimmedSring = aString.substr(aString.find_first_not_of(' '), (aString.find_last_not_of(' ') - aString.find_first_not_of(' ')) + 1);
Using the standard library has many benefits, but one must be aware of some special cases that cause exceptions. For example, none of the answers covered the case where a C++ string has some Unicode characters. In this case, if you use the function isspace, an exception will be thrown.
I have been using the following code for trimming the strings and some other operations that might come in handy. The major benefits of this code are: it is really fast (faster than any code I have ever tested), it only uses the standard library, and it never causes an exception:
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
#include <locale>
#include <iostream>
typedef unsigned char BYTE;
std::string strTrim(std::string s, char option = 0)
{
// convert all whitespace characters to a standard space
std::replace_if(s.begin(), s.end(), (std::function<int(BYTE)>)::isspace, ' ');
// remove leading and trailing spaces
size_t f = s.find_first_not_of(' ');
if (f == std::string::npos) return "";
s = s.substr(f, s.find_last_not_of(' ') - f + 1);
// remove consecutive spaces
s = std::string(s.begin(), std::unique(s.begin(), s.end(),
[](BYTE l, BYTE r){ return l == ' ' && r == ' '; }));
switch (option)
{
case 'l': // convert to lowercase
std::transform(s.begin(), s.end(), s.begin(), ::tolower);
return s;
case 'U': // convert to uppercase
std::transform(s.begin(), s.end(), s.begin(), ::toupper);
return s;
case 'n': // remove all spaces
s.erase(std::remove(s.begin(), s.end(), ' '), s.end());
return s;
default: // just trim
return s;
}
}
This might be the simplest of all.
You can use string::find and string::rfind to find whitespace from both sides and reduce the string.
void TrimWord(std::string& word)
{
if (word.empty()) return;
// Trim spaces from left side
while (word.find(" ") == 0)
{
word.erase(0, 1);
}
// Trim spaces from right side
size_t len = word.size();
while (word.rfind(" ") == --len)
{
word.erase(len, len + 1);
}
}
To add to the problem, how to extend this formatting to process extra spaces between words of the string.
Actually, this is a simpler case than accounting for multiple leading and trailing white-space characters. All you need to do is remove duplicate adjacent white-space characters from the entire string.
The predicate for adjacent white space would simply be:
auto by_space = [](unsigned char a, unsigned char b) {
return std::isspace(a) and std::isspace(b);
};
and then you can get rid of those duplicate adjacent white-space characters with std::unique, and the erase-remove idiom:
// s = " This is a sample string "
s.erase(std::unique(std::begin(s), std::end(s), by_space),
std::end(s));
// s = " This is a sample string "
This does potentially leave an extra white-space character at the front and/or the back. This can be removed quite easily:
if (std::size(s) && std::isspace(s.back()))
s.pop_back();
if (std::size(s) && std::isspace(s.front()))
s.erase(0, 1);
Here's a demo.
I've tested this, it all works. So this method processInput will just ask the user to type something in. it will return a string that has no extra spaces internally, nor extra spaces at the begining or the end. Hope this helps. (also put a heap of commenting in to make it simple to understand).
you can see how to implement it in the main() at the bottom
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
string processInput() {
char inputChar[256];
string output = "";
int outputLength = 0;
bool space = false;
// user inputs a string.. well a char array
cin.getline(inputChar,256);
output = inputChar;
string outputToLower = "";
// put characters to lower and reduce spaces
for(int i = 0; i < output.length(); i++){
// if it's caps put it to lowercase
output[i] = tolower(output[i]);
// make sure we do not include tabs or line returns or weird symbol for null entry array thingy
if (output[i] != '\t' && output[i] != '\n' && output[i] != 'Ì') {
if (space) {
// if the previous space was a space but this one is not, then space now is false and add char
if (output[i] != ' ') {
space = false;
// add the char
outputToLower+=output[i];
}
} else {
// if space is false, make it true if the char is a space
if (output[i] == ' ') {
space = true;
}
// add the char
outputToLower+=output[i];
}
}
}
// trim leading and tailing space
string trimmedOutput = "";
for(int i = 0; i < outputToLower.length(); i++){
// if it's the last character and it's not a space, then add it
// if it's the first character and it's not a space, then add it
// if it's not the first or the last then add it
if (i == outputToLower.length() - 1 && outputToLower[i] != ' ' ||
i == 0 && outputToLower[i] != ' ' ||
i > 0 && i < outputToLower.length() - 1) {
trimmedOutput += outputToLower[i];
}
}
// return
output = trimmedOutput;
return output;
}
int main() {
cout << "Username: ";
string userName = processInput();
cout << "\nModified Input = " << userName << endl;
}
Why complicate?
std::string removeSpaces(std::string x){
if(x[0] == ' ') { x.erase(0, 1); return removeSpaces(x); }
if(x[x.length() - 1] == ' ') { x.erase(x.length() - 1, x.length()); return removeSpaces(x); }
else return x;
}
This works even if boost was to fail, no regex, no weird stuff nor libraries.
EDIT:
Fix for M.M.'s comment.
No boost, no regex, just the string library. It's that simple.
string trim(const string& s) { // removes whitespace characters from beginnig and end of string s
const int l = (int)s.length();
int a=0, b=l-1;
char c;
while(a<l && ((c=s[a])==' '||c=='\t'||c=='\n'||c=='\v'||c=='\f'||c=='\r'||c=='\0')) a++;
while(b>a && ((c=s[b])==' '||c=='\t'||c=='\n'||c=='\v'||c=='\f'||c=='\r'||c=='\0')) b--;
return s.substr(a, 1+b-a);
}
The constant time and space complexity for removing leading and trailing spaces can be achieved by using pop_back() function in the string. Code looks as follows:
void trimTrailingSpaces(string& s) {
while (s.size() > 0 && s.back() == ' ') {
s.pop_back();
}
}
void trimSpaces(string& s) {
//trim trailing spaces.
trimTrailingSpaces(s);
//trim leading spaces
//To reduce complexity, reversing and removing trailing spaces
//and again reversing back
reverse(s.begin(), s.end());
trimTrailingSpaces(s);
reverse(s.begin(), s.end());
}
char *str = (char*) malloc(50 * sizeof(char));
strcpy(str, " some random string (<50 chars) ");
while(*str == ' ' || *str == '\t' || *str == '\n')
str++;
int len = strlen(str);
while(len >= 0 &&
(str[len - 1] == ' ' || str[len - 1] == '\t' || *str == '\n')
{
*(str + len - 1) = '\0';
len--;
}
printf(":%s:\n", str);
void removeSpaces(string& str)
{
/* remove multiple spaces */
int k=0;
for (int j=0; j<str.size(); ++j)
{
if ( (str[j] != ' ') || (str[j] == ' ' && str[j+1] != ' ' ))
{
str [k] = str [j];
++k;
}
}
str.resize(k);
/* remove space at the end */
if (str [k-1] == ' ')
str.erase(str.end()-1);
/* remove space at the begin */
if (str [0] == ' ')
str.erase(str.begin());
}
string trim(const string & sStr)
{
int nSize = sStr.size();
int nSPos = 0, nEPos = 1, i;
for(i = 0; i< nSize; ++i) {
if( !isspace( sStr[i] ) ) {
nSPos = i ;
break;
}
}
for(i = nSize -1 ; i >= 0 ; --i) {
if( !isspace( sStr[i] ) ) {
nEPos = i;
break;
}
}
return string(sStr, nSPos, nEPos - nSPos + 1);
}
For leading- and trailing spaces, how about:
string string_trim(const string& in) {
stringstream ss;
string out;
ss << in;
ss >> out;
return out;
}
Or for a sentence:
string trim_words(const string& sentence) {
stringstream ss;
ss << sentence;
string s;
string out;
while(ss >> s) {
out+=(s+' ');
}
return out.substr(0, out.length()-1);
}
neat and clean
void trimLeftTrailingSpaces(string &input) {
input.erase(input.begin(), find_if(input.begin(), input.end(), [](int ch) {
return !isspace(ch);
}));
}
void trimRightTrailingSpaces(string &input) {
input.erase(find_if(input.rbegin(), input.rend(), [](int ch) {
return !isspace(ch);
}).base(), input.end());
}
This was the most intuitive way for me to solve this problem:
/**
* #brief Reverses a string, a helper function to removeLeadingTrailingSpaces
*
* #param line
* #return std::string
*/
std::string reverseString (std::string line) {
std::string reverse_line = "";
for(int i = line.length() - 1; i > -1; i--) {
reverse_line += line[i];
}
return reverse_line;
}
/**
* #brief Removes leading and trailing whitespace
* as well as extra whitespace within the line
*
* #param line
* #return std::string
*/
std::string removeLeadingTrailingSpaces(std::string line) {
std::string filtered_line = "";
std::string curr_line = line;
for(int loop = 0; loop < 2; loop++) {
bool leading_spaces_exist = true;
filtered_line = "";
std::string prev_char = "";
for(int i = 0; i < line.length(); i++) {
// Ignores leading whitespace
if(leading_spaces_exist) {
if(curr_line[i] != ' ') {
leading_spaces_exist = false;
}
}
// Puts the rest of the line in a variable
// and ignore back-to-back whitespace
if(!leading_spaces_exist) {
if(!(curr_line[i] == ' ' && prev_char == " ")) {
filtered_line += curr_line[i];
}
prev_char = curr_line[i];
}
}
/*
Reverses the line so that after we remove the leading whitespace
the trailing whitespace becomes the leading whitespace.
After the second round, it needs to reverse the string back to
its regular order.
*/
curr_line = reverseString(filtered_line);
}
return curr_line;
}
Basically, I looped through the string and removed the leading whitespace, then flipped the string and repeated the same process, then flipped back to normal.
I also added the functionality of cleaning up the line if there were back-to-back spaces.
My Solution for this problem not using any STL methods but only C++ string's own methods is as following：
void processString(string &s) {
if ( s.empty() ) return;
//delete leading and trailing spaces of the input string
int notSpaceStartPos = 0, notSpaceEndPos = s.length() - 1;
while ( s[notSpaceStartPos] == ' ' ) ++notSpaceStartPos;
while ( s[notSpaceEndPos] == ' ' ) --notSpaceEndPos;
if ( notSpaceStartPos > notSpaceEndPos ) { s = ""; return; }
s = s.substr(notSpaceStartPos, notSpaceEndPos - notSpaceStartPos + 1);
//reduce multiple spaces between two words to a single space
string temp;
for ( int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++ ) {
if ( i > 0 && s[i] == ' ' && s[i-1] == ' ' ) continue;
temp.push_back(s[i]);
}
s = temp;
}
I have used this method to pass a LeetCode problem Reverse Words in a String
void TrimWhitespaces(std::wstring& str)
{
if (str.empty())
return;
const std::wstring& whitespace = L" \t";
std::wstring::size_type strBegin = str.find_first_not_of(whitespace);
std::wstring::size_type strEnd = str.find_last_not_of(whitespace);
if (strBegin != std::wstring::npos || strEnd != std::wstring::npos)
{
strBegin == std::wstring::npos ? 0 : strBegin;
strEnd == std::wstring::npos ? str.size() : 0;
const auto strRange = strEnd - strBegin + 1;
str.substr(strBegin, strRange).swap(str);
}
else if (str[0] == ' ' || str[0] == '\t') // handles non-empty spaces-only or tabs-only
{
str = L"";
}
}
void TrimWhitespacesTest()
{
std::wstring EmptyStr = L"";
std::wstring SpacesOnlyStr = L" ";
std::wstring TabsOnlyStr = L" ";
std::wstring RightSpacesStr = L"12345 ";
std::wstring LeftSpacesStr = L" 12345";
std::wstring NoSpacesStr = L"12345";
TrimWhitespaces(EmptyStr);
TrimWhitespaces(SpacesOnlyStr);
TrimWhitespaces(TabsOnlyStr);
TrimWhitespaces(RightSpacesStr);
TrimWhitespaces(LeftSpacesStr);
TrimWhitespaces(NoSpacesStr);
assert(EmptyStr == L"");
assert(SpacesOnlyStr == L"");
assert(TabsOnlyStr == L"");
assert(RightSpacesStr == L"12345");
assert(LeftSpacesStr == L"12345");
assert(NoSpacesStr == L"12345");
}
What about the erase-remove idiom?
std::string s("...");
s.erase( std::remove(s.begin(), s.end(), ' '), s.end() );
Sorry. I saw too late that you don't want to remove all whitespace.
Related
I have to create a function in C++ that would remove all the words from a string that start with a certain character inputted by a user. For example, if I were to have a string "She made up her mind to meet up with him in the morning" and a substring "m", I would like my string to be "She up her to up with him in the".
I believe I would need to find the occurrences of "m", erase it and all the characters after it till the space " ". Would that be the right approach and if so what would be the best methods to use in this case?
With your kind help I have altered and added code a little bit. The first function 'GetNextWord' seems to be working alright, however, there is definitely something wrong with my function, which is supposed to strip the words, as I am not getting any output. Here is the code:
string GetNextWord(string& s, size_t pos) {
string word;
char del = ' ';
int i = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
if (s[i] != del) {
word += s[i];
}
else break;
}
return word;
}
string StripWordsThatBeginWithLetter(string& s, char c) {
string result;
string word;
size_t pos = 0;
while (true)
{
word = GetNextWord(s, pos);
pos += word.size() + 1;
if (word.size() == 0)
{
break;
}
if (word[0] == c) {
size_t inx = 0;
inx = s.find(word[0]);
s.erase(inx, word.length());
}
else result = s;
}
return result;
}
Here's a hint. I'm guessing this is a homework problem. And I'm probably giving too much away.
std::string GetNextWord(const std::string &s, size_t pos)
{
std::string word;
// your code goes here to return a string that includes all the chars starting from s[pos] until the start of the next word (including trailing whitespace)
// return an empty string if at the end of the string
return word;
}
std::string StripWordsThatBeginWithLetter(const std::string& s, char c)
{
std::string result;
std::string word;
size_t pos = 0;
while (true)
{
word = GetNextWord(s, pos);
pos += word.size();
if (word.size() == 0)
{
break;
}
// your code on processing "word" goes here with respect
// to "c" goes here
}
return result;
}
Simple example in french. You are a gentleman and dont want to say "merde" too often, and so decided not to say any word starting with 'm'.
This program will help you :
"je suis beau merde je sais" becomes "je suis beau je sais"
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
int main(){
std::string str ("je suis beau merde je le sais");
const auto forbiden_start ((const char) 'm');
std::cout << "initial rude string (word starting with \'" << forbiden_start << "\') : " << str << std::endl;
auto i (str.begin ());
auto wait (false);
std::for_each (str.begin (), str.end (), [&i, &forbiden_start, &wait] (const auto& c) {
if (wait) {
if (c == ' ') {
wait = false; return;
}
}
else {
if (c == forbiden_start) {
wait = true;
}
else *i++ = c;
}
});
if (i != str.end ()) str.erase (i, str.end ());
std::cout << "polite string : " << str << std::endl;
return 0;
}
All is not tested (separator is " "), but it is the idea
How to remove spaces from a string object in C++.
For example, how to remove leading and trailing spaces from the below string object.
//Original string: " This is a sample string "
//Desired string: "This is a sample string"
The string class, as far as I know, doesn't provide any methods to remove leading and trailing spaces.
To add to the problem, how to extend this formatting to process extra spaces between words of the string. For example,
// Original string: " This is a sample string "
// Desired string: "This is a sample string"
Using the string methods mentioned in the solution, I can think of doing these operations in two steps.
Remove leading and trailing spaces.
Use find_first_of, find_last_of, find_first_not_of, find_last_not_of and substr, repeatedly at word boundaries to get desired formatting.
This is called trimming. If you can use Boost, I'd recommend it.
Otherwise, use find_first_not_of to get the index of the first non-whitespace character, then find_last_not_of to get the index from the end that isn't whitespace. With these, use substr to get the sub-string with no surrounding whitespace.
In response to your edit, I don't know the term but I'd guess something along the lines of "reduce", so that's what I called it. :) (Note, I've changed the white-space to be a parameter, for flexibility)
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
std::string trim(const std::string& str,
const std::string& whitespace = " \t")
{
const auto strBegin = str.find_first_not_of(whitespace);
if (strBegin == std::string::npos)
return ""; // no content
const auto strEnd = str.find_last_not_of(whitespace);
const auto strRange = strEnd - strBegin + 1;
return str.substr(strBegin, strRange);
}
std::string reduce(const std::string& str,
const std::string& fill = " ",
const std::string& whitespace = " \t")
{
// trim first
auto result = trim(str, whitespace);
// replace sub ranges
auto beginSpace = result.find_first_of(whitespace);
while (beginSpace != std::string::npos)
{
const auto endSpace = result.find_first_not_of(whitespace, beginSpace);
const auto range = endSpace - beginSpace;
result.replace(beginSpace, range, fill);
const auto newStart = beginSpace + fill.length();
beginSpace = result.find_first_of(whitespace, newStart);
}
return result;
}
int main(void)
{
const std::string foo = " too much\t \tspace\t\t\t ";
const std::string bar = "one\ntwo";
std::cout << "[" << trim(foo) << "]" << std::endl;
std::cout << "[" << reduce(foo) << "]" << std::endl;
std::cout << "[" << reduce(foo, "-") << "]" << std::endl;
std::cout << "[" << trim(bar) << "]" << std::endl;
}
Result:
[too much space]
[too much space]
[too-much-space]
[one
two]
Easy removing leading, trailing and extra spaces from a std::string in one line
value = std::regex_replace(value, std::regex("^ +| +$|( ) +"), "$1");
removing only leading spaces
value.erase(value.begin(), std::find_if(value.begin(), value.end(), std::bind1st(std::not_equal_to<char>(), ' ')));
or
value = std::regex_replace(value, std::regex("^ +"), "");
removing only trailing spaces
value.erase(std::find_if(value.rbegin(), value.rend(), std::bind1st(std::not_equal_to<char>(), ' ')).base(), value.end());
or
value = std::regex_replace(value, std::regex(" +$"), "");
removing only extra spaces
value = regex_replace(value, std::regex(" +"), " ");
I am currently using these functions:
// trim from left
inline std::string& ltrim(std::string& s, const char* t = " \t\n\r\f\v")
{
s.erase(0, s.find_first_not_of(t));
return s;
}
// trim from right
inline std::string& rtrim(std::string& s, const char* t = " \t\n\r\f\v")
{
s.erase(s.find_last_not_of(t) + 1);
return s;
}
// trim from left & right
inline std::string& trim(std::string& s, const char* t = " \t\n\r\f\v")
{
return ltrim(rtrim(s, t), t);
}
// copying versions
inline std::string ltrim_copy(std::string s, const char* t = " \t\n\r\f\v")
{
return ltrim(s, t);
}
inline std::string rtrim_copy(std::string s, const char* t = " \t\n\r\f\v")
{
return rtrim(s, t);
}
inline std::string trim_copy(std::string s, const char* t = " \t\n\r\f\v")
{
return trim(s, t);
}
Boost string trim algorithm
#include <boost/algorithm/string/trim.hpp>
[...]
std::string msg = " some text with spaces ";
boost::algorithm::trim(msg);
This is my solution for stripping the leading and trailing spaces ...
std::string stripString = " Plamen ";
while(!stripString.empty() && std::isspace(*stripString.begin()))
stripString.erase(stripString.begin());
while(!stripString.empty() && std::isspace(*stripString.rbegin()))
stripString.erase(stripString.length()-1);
The result is "Plamen"
Here is how you can do it:
std::string & trim(std::string & str)
{
return ltrim(rtrim(str));
}
And the supportive functions are implemeted as:
std::string & ltrim(std::string & str)
{
auto it2 = std::find_if( str.begin() , str.end() , [](char ch){ return !std::isspace<char>(ch , std::locale::classic() ) ; } );
str.erase( str.begin() , it2);
return str;
}
std::string & rtrim(std::string & str)
{
auto it1 = std::find_if( str.rbegin() , str.rend() , [](char ch){ return !std::isspace<char>(ch , std::locale::classic() ) ; } );
str.erase( it1.base() , str.end() );
return str;
}
And once you've all these in place, you can write this as well:
std::string trim_copy(std::string const & str)
{
auto s = str;
return ltrim(rtrim(s));
}
C++17 introduced std::basic_string_view, a class template that refers to a constant contiguous sequence of char-like objects, i.e. a view of the string. Apart from having a very similar interface to std::basic_string, it has two additional functions: remove_prefix(), which shrinks the view by moving its start forward; and
remove_suffix(), which shrinks the view by moving its end backward. These can be used to trim leading and trailing space:
#include <string_view>
#include <string>
std::string_view ltrim(std::string_view str)
{
const auto pos(str.find_first_not_of(" \t\n\r\f\v"));
str.remove_prefix(std::min(pos, str.length()));
return str;
}
std::string_view rtrim(std::string_view str)
{
const auto pos(str.find_last_not_of(" \t\n\r\f\v"));
str.remove_suffix(std::min(str.length() - pos - 1, str.length()));
return str;
}
std::string_view trim(std::string_view str)
{
str = ltrim(str);
str = rtrim(str);
return str;
}
int main()
{
std::string str = " hello world ";
auto sv1{ ltrim(str) }; // "hello world "
auto sv2{ rtrim(str) }; // " hello world"
auto sv3{ trim(str) }; // "hello world"
//If you want, you can create std::string objects from std::string_view objects
std::string s1{ sv1 };
std::string s2{ sv2 };
std::string s3{ sv3 };
}
Note: the use of std::min to ensure pos is not greater than size(), which happens when all characters in the string are whitespace and find_first_not_of returns npos. Also, std::string_view is a non-owning reference, so it's only valid as long as the original string still exists. Trimming the string view has no effect on the string it is based on.
Example for trim leading and trailing spaces following jon-hanson's suggestion to use boost (only removes trailing and pending spaces):
#include <boost/algorithm/string/trim.hpp>
std::string str = " t e s t ";
boost::algorithm::trim ( str );
Results in "t e s t"
There is also
trim_left results in "t e s t "
trim_right results in " t e s t"
/// strip a string, remove leading and trailing spaces
void strip(const string& in, string& out)
{
string::const_iterator b = in.begin(), e = in.end();
// skipping leading spaces
while (isSpace(*b)){
++b;
}
if (b != e){
// skipping trailing spaces
while (isSpace(*(e-1))){
--e;
}
}
out.assign(b, e);
}
In the above code, the isSpace() function is a boolean function that tells whether a character is a white space, you can implement this function to reflect your needs, or just call the isspace() from "ctype.h" if you want.
Example for trimming leading and trailing spaces
std::string aString(" This is a string to be trimmed ");
auto start = aString.find_first_not_of(' ');
auto end = aString.find_last_not_of(' ');
std::string trimmedString;
trimmedString = aString.substr(start, (end - start) + 1);
OR
trimmedSring = aString.substr(aString.find_first_not_of(' '), (aString.find_last_not_of(' ') - aString.find_first_not_of(' ')) + 1);
Using the standard library has many benefits, but one must be aware of some special cases that cause exceptions. For example, none of the answers covered the case where a C++ string has some Unicode characters. In this case, if you use the function isspace, an exception will be thrown.
I have been using the following code for trimming the strings and some other operations that might come in handy. The major benefits of this code are: it is really fast (faster than any code I have ever tested), it only uses the standard library, and it never causes an exception:
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
#include <locale>
#include <iostream>
typedef unsigned char BYTE;
std::string strTrim(std::string s, char option = 0)
{
// convert all whitespace characters to a standard space
std::replace_if(s.begin(), s.end(), (std::function<int(BYTE)>)::isspace, ' ');
// remove leading and trailing spaces
size_t f = s.find_first_not_of(' ');
if (f == std::string::npos) return "";
s = s.substr(f, s.find_last_not_of(' ') - f + 1);
// remove consecutive spaces
s = std::string(s.begin(), std::unique(s.begin(), s.end(),
[](BYTE l, BYTE r){ return l == ' ' && r == ' '; }));
switch (option)
{
case 'l': // convert to lowercase
std::transform(s.begin(), s.end(), s.begin(), ::tolower);
return s;
case 'U': // convert to uppercase
std::transform(s.begin(), s.end(), s.begin(), ::toupper);
return s;
case 'n': // remove all spaces
s.erase(std::remove(s.begin(), s.end(), ' '), s.end());
return s;
default: // just trim
return s;
}
}
This might be the simplest of all.
You can use string::find and string::rfind to find whitespace from both sides and reduce the string.
void TrimWord(std::string& word)
{
if (word.empty()) return;
// Trim spaces from left side
while (word.find(" ") == 0)
{
word.erase(0, 1);
}
// Trim spaces from right side
size_t len = word.size();
while (word.rfind(" ") == --len)
{
word.erase(len, len + 1);
}
}
To add to the problem, how to extend this formatting to process extra spaces between words of the string.
Actually, this is a simpler case than accounting for multiple leading and trailing white-space characters. All you need to do is remove duplicate adjacent white-space characters from the entire string.
The predicate for adjacent white space would simply be:
auto by_space = [](unsigned char a, unsigned char b) {
return std::isspace(a) and std::isspace(b);
};
and then you can get rid of those duplicate adjacent white-space characters with std::unique, and the erase-remove idiom:
// s = " This is a sample string "
s.erase(std::unique(std::begin(s), std::end(s), by_space),
std::end(s));
// s = " This is a sample string "
This does potentially leave an extra white-space character at the front and/or the back. This can be removed quite easily:
if (std::size(s) && std::isspace(s.back()))
s.pop_back();
if (std::size(s) && std::isspace(s.front()))
s.erase(0, 1);
Here's a demo.
I've tested this, it all works. So this method processInput will just ask the user to type something in. it will return a string that has no extra spaces internally, nor extra spaces at the begining or the end. Hope this helps. (also put a heap of commenting in to make it simple to understand).
you can see how to implement it in the main() at the bottom
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
string processInput() {
char inputChar[256];
string output = "";
int outputLength = 0;
bool space = false;
// user inputs a string.. well a char array
cin.getline(inputChar,256);
output = inputChar;
string outputToLower = "";
// put characters to lower and reduce spaces
for(int i = 0; i < output.length(); i++){
// if it's caps put it to lowercase
output[i] = tolower(output[i]);
// make sure we do not include tabs or line returns or weird symbol for null entry array thingy
if (output[i] != '\t' && output[i] != '\n' && output[i] != 'Ì') {
if (space) {
// if the previous space was a space but this one is not, then space now is false and add char
if (output[i] != ' ') {
space = false;
// add the char
outputToLower+=output[i];
}
} else {
// if space is false, make it true if the char is a space
if (output[i] == ' ') {
space = true;
}
// add the char
outputToLower+=output[i];
}
}
}
// trim leading and tailing space
string trimmedOutput = "";
for(int i = 0; i < outputToLower.length(); i++){
// if it's the last character and it's not a space, then add it
// if it's the first character and it's not a space, then add it
// if it's not the first or the last then add it
if (i == outputToLower.length() - 1 && outputToLower[i] != ' ' ||
i == 0 && outputToLower[i] != ' ' ||
i > 0 && i < outputToLower.length() - 1) {
trimmedOutput += outputToLower[i];
}
}
// return
output = trimmedOutput;
return output;
}
int main() {
cout << "Username: ";
string userName = processInput();
cout << "\nModified Input = " << userName << endl;
}
Why complicate?
std::string removeSpaces(std::string x){
if(x[0] == ' ') { x.erase(0, 1); return removeSpaces(x); }
if(x[x.length() - 1] == ' ') { x.erase(x.length() - 1, x.length()); return removeSpaces(x); }
else return x;
}
This works even if boost was to fail, no regex, no weird stuff nor libraries.
EDIT:
Fix for M.M.'s comment.
No boost, no regex, just the string library. It's that simple.
string trim(const string& s) { // removes whitespace characters from beginnig and end of string s
const int l = (int)s.length();
int a=0, b=l-1;
char c;
while(a<l && ((c=s[a])==' '||c=='\t'||c=='\n'||c=='\v'||c=='\f'||c=='\r'||c=='\0')) a++;
while(b>a && ((c=s[b])==' '||c=='\t'||c=='\n'||c=='\v'||c=='\f'||c=='\r'||c=='\0')) b--;
return s.substr(a, 1+b-a);
}
The constant time and space complexity for removing leading and trailing spaces can be achieved by using pop_back() function in the string. Code looks as follows:
void trimTrailingSpaces(string& s) {
while (s.size() > 0 && s.back() == ' ') {
s.pop_back();
}
}
void trimSpaces(string& s) {
//trim trailing spaces.
trimTrailingSpaces(s);
//trim leading spaces
//To reduce complexity, reversing and removing trailing spaces
//and again reversing back
reverse(s.begin(), s.end());
trimTrailingSpaces(s);
reverse(s.begin(), s.end());
}
char *str = (char*) malloc(50 * sizeof(char));
strcpy(str, " some random string (<50 chars) ");
while(*str == ' ' || *str == '\t' || *str == '\n')
str++;
int len = strlen(str);
while(len >= 0 &&
(str[len - 1] == ' ' || str[len - 1] == '\t' || *str == '\n')
{
*(str + len - 1) = '\0';
len--;
}
printf(":%s:\n", str);
void removeSpaces(string& str)
{
/* remove multiple spaces */
int k=0;
for (int j=0; j<str.size(); ++j)
{
if ( (str[j] != ' ') || (str[j] == ' ' && str[j+1] != ' ' ))
{
str [k] = str [j];
++k;
}
}
str.resize(k);
/* remove space at the end */
if (str [k-1] == ' ')
str.erase(str.end()-1);
/* remove space at the begin */
if (str [0] == ' ')
str.erase(str.begin());
}
string trim(const string & sStr)
{
int nSize = sStr.size();
int nSPos = 0, nEPos = 1, i;
for(i = 0; i< nSize; ++i) {
if( !isspace( sStr[i] ) ) {
nSPos = i ;
break;
}
}
for(i = nSize -1 ; i >= 0 ; --i) {
if( !isspace( sStr[i] ) ) {
nEPos = i;
break;
}
}
return string(sStr, nSPos, nEPos - nSPos + 1);
}
For leading- and trailing spaces, how about:
string string_trim(const string& in) {
stringstream ss;
string out;
ss << in;
ss >> out;
return out;
}
Or for a sentence:
string trim_words(const string& sentence) {
stringstream ss;
ss << sentence;
string s;
string out;
while(ss >> s) {
out+=(s+' ');
}
return out.substr(0, out.length()-1);
}
neat and clean
void trimLeftTrailingSpaces(string &input) {
input.erase(input.begin(), find_if(input.begin(), input.end(), [](int ch) {
return !isspace(ch);
}));
}
void trimRightTrailingSpaces(string &input) {
input.erase(find_if(input.rbegin(), input.rend(), [](int ch) {
return !isspace(ch);
}).base(), input.end());
}
This was the most intuitive way for me to solve this problem:
/**
* #brief Reverses a string, a helper function to removeLeadingTrailingSpaces
*
* #param line
* #return std::string
*/
std::string reverseString (std::string line) {
std::string reverse_line = "";
for(int i = line.length() - 1; i > -1; i--) {
reverse_line += line[i];
}
return reverse_line;
}
/**
* #brief Removes leading and trailing whitespace
* as well as extra whitespace within the line
*
* #param line
* #return std::string
*/
std::string removeLeadingTrailingSpaces(std::string line) {
std::string filtered_line = "";
std::string curr_line = line;
for(int loop = 0; loop < 2; loop++) {
bool leading_spaces_exist = true;
filtered_line = "";
std::string prev_char = "";
for(int i = 0; i < line.length(); i++) {
// Ignores leading whitespace
if(leading_spaces_exist) {
if(curr_line[i] != ' ') {
leading_spaces_exist = false;
}
}
// Puts the rest of the line in a variable
// and ignore back-to-back whitespace
if(!leading_spaces_exist) {
if(!(curr_line[i] == ' ' && prev_char == " ")) {
filtered_line += curr_line[i];
}
prev_char = curr_line[i];
}
}
/*
Reverses the line so that after we remove the leading whitespace
the trailing whitespace becomes the leading whitespace.
After the second round, it needs to reverse the string back to
its regular order.
*/
curr_line = reverseString(filtered_line);
}
return curr_line;
}
Basically, I looped through the string and removed the leading whitespace, then flipped the string and repeated the same process, then flipped back to normal.
I also added the functionality of cleaning up the line if there were back-to-back spaces.
My Solution for this problem not using any STL methods but only C++ string's own methods is as following：
void processString(string &s) {
if ( s.empty() ) return;
//delete leading and trailing spaces of the input string
int notSpaceStartPos = 0, notSpaceEndPos = s.length() - 1;
while ( s[notSpaceStartPos] == ' ' ) ++notSpaceStartPos;
while ( s[notSpaceEndPos] == ' ' ) --notSpaceEndPos;
if ( notSpaceStartPos > notSpaceEndPos ) { s = ""; return; }
s = s.substr(notSpaceStartPos, notSpaceEndPos - notSpaceStartPos + 1);
//reduce multiple spaces between two words to a single space
string temp;
for ( int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++ ) {
if ( i > 0 && s[i] == ' ' && s[i-1] == ' ' ) continue;
temp.push_back(s[i]);
}
s = temp;
}
I have used this method to pass a LeetCode problem Reverse Words in a String
void TrimWhitespaces(std::wstring& str)
{
if (str.empty())
return;
const std::wstring& whitespace = L" \t";
std::wstring::size_type strBegin = str.find_first_not_of(whitespace);
std::wstring::size_type strEnd = str.find_last_not_of(whitespace);
if (strBegin != std::wstring::npos || strEnd != std::wstring::npos)
{
strBegin == std::wstring::npos ? 0 : strBegin;
strEnd == std::wstring::npos ? str.size() : 0;
const auto strRange = strEnd - strBegin + 1;
str.substr(strBegin, strRange).swap(str);
}
else if (str[0] == ' ' || str[0] == '\t') // handles non-empty spaces-only or tabs-only
{
str = L"";
}
}
void TrimWhitespacesTest()
{
std::wstring EmptyStr = L"";
std::wstring SpacesOnlyStr = L" ";
std::wstring TabsOnlyStr = L" ";
std::wstring RightSpacesStr = L"12345 ";
std::wstring LeftSpacesStr = L" 12345";
std::wstring NoSpacesStr = L"12345";
TrimWhitespaces(EmptyStr);
TrimWhitespaces(SpacesOnlyStr);
TrimWhitespaces(TabsOnlyStr);
TrimWhitespaces(RightSpacesStr);
TrimWhitespaces(LeftSpacesStr);
TrimWhitespaces(NoSpacesStr);
assert(EmptyStr == L"");
assert(SpacesOnlyStr == L"");
assert(TabsOnlyStr == L"");
assert(RightSpacesStr == L"12345");
assert(LeftSpacesStr == L"12345");
assert(NoSpacesStr == L"12345");
}
What about the erase-remove idiom?
std::string s("...");
s.erase( std::remove(s.begin(), s.end(), ' '), s.end() );
Sorry. I saw too late that you don't want to remove all whitespace.
How do I replace part of a string with another string using the standard C++ libraries?
QString s("hello $name"); // Example using Qt.
s.replace("$name", "Somename");
There's a function to find a substring within a string (find), and a function to replace a particular range in a string with another string (replace), so you can combine those to get the effect you want:
bool replace(std::string& str, const std::string& from, const std::string& to) {
size_t start_pos = str.find(from);
if(start_pos == std::string::npos)
return false;
str.replace(start_pos, from.length(), to);
return true;
}
std::string string("hello $name");
replace(string, "$name", "Somename");
In response to a comment, I think replaceAll would probably look something like this:
void replaceAll(std::string& str, const std::string& from, const std::string& to) {
if(from.empty())
return;
size_t start_pos = 0;
while((start_pos = str.find(from, start_pos)) != std::string::npos) {
str.replace(start_pos, from.length(), to);
start_pos += to.length(); // In case 'to' contains 'from', like replacing 'x' with 'yx'
}
}
With C++11 you can use std::regex like so:
#include <regex>
...
std::string string("hello $name");
string = std::regex_replace(string, std::regex("\\$name"), "Somename");
The double backslash is required for escaping an escape character.
Using std::string::replace:
s.replace(s.find("$name"), sizeof("$name") - 1, "Somename");
To have the new string returned use this:
std::string ReplaceString(std::string subject, const std::string& search,
const std::string& replace) {
size_t pos = 0;
while ((pos = subject.find(search, pos)) != std::string::npos) {
subject.replace(pos, search.length(), replace);
pos += replace.length();
}
return subject;
}
If you need performance, here is an optimized function that modifies the input string, it does not create a copy of the string:
void ReplaceStringInPlace(std::string& subject, const std::string& search,
const std::string& replace) {
size_t pos = 0;
while ((pos = subject.find(search, pos)) != std::string::npos) {
subject.replace(pos, search.length(), replace);
pos += replace.length();
}
}
Tests:
std::string input = "abc abc def";
std::cout << "Input string: " << input << std::endl;
std::cout << "ReplaceString() return value: "
<< ReplaceString(input, "bc", "!!") << std::endl;
std::cout << "ReplaceString() input string not modified: "
<< input << std::endl;
ReplaceStringInPlace(input, "bc", "??");
std::cout << "ReplaceStringInPlace() input string modified: "
<< input << std::endl;
Output:
Input string: abc abc def
ReplaceString() return value: a!! a!! def
ReplaceString() input string not modified: abc abc def
ReplaceStringInPlace() input string modified: a?? a?? def
string.replace(string.find("%s"), string("%s").size(), "Something");
You could wrap this in a function but this one-line solution sounds acceptable.
The problem is that this will change the first occurence only, you might want to loop over it, but it also allows you to insert several variables into this string with the same token (%s).
Yes, you can do it, but you have to find the position of the first string with string's find() member, and then replace with it's replace() member.
string s("hello $name");
size_type pos = s.find( "$name" );
if ( pos != string::npos ) {
s.replace( pos, 5, "somename" ); // 5 = length( $name )
}
If you are planning on using the Standard Library, you should really get hold of a copy of the book The C++ Standard Library which covers all this stuff very well.
I use generally this:
std::string& replace(std::string& s, const std::string& from, const std::string& to)
{
if(!from.empty())
for(size_t pos = 0; (pos = s.find(from, pos)) != std::string::npos; pos += to.size())
s.replace(pos, from.size(), to);
return s;
}
It repeatedly calls std::string::find() to locate other occurrences of the searched for string until std::string::find() doesn't find anything. Because std::string::find() returns the position of the match we don't have the problem of invalidating iterators.
If all strings are std::string, you'll find strange problems with the cutoff of characters if using sizeof() because it's meant for C strings, not C++ strings. The fix is to use the .size() class method of std::string.
sHaystack.replace(sHaystack.find(sNeedle), sNeedle.size(), sReplace);
That replaces sHaystack inline -- no need to do an = assignment back on that.
Example usage:
std::string sHaystack = "This is %XXX% test.";
std::string sNeedle = "%XXX%";
std::string sReplace = "my special";
sHaystack.replace(sHaystack.find(sNeedle),sNeedle.size(),sReplace);
std::cout << sHaystack << std::endl;
This could be even better to use
void replace(string& input, const string& from, const string& to)
{
auto pos = 0;
while(true)
{
size_t startPosition = input.find(from, pos);
if(startPosition == string::npos)
return;
input.replace(startPosition, from.length(), to);
pos += to.length();
}
}
wstring myString = L"Hello $$ this is an example. By $$.";
wstring search = L"$$";
wstring replace = L"Tom";
for (int i = myString.find(search); i >= 0; i = myString.find(search))
myString.replace(i, search.size(), replace);
If you want to do it quickly you can use a two scan approach.
Pseudo code:
first parse. find how many matching chars.
expand the length of the string.
second parse. Start from the end of the string when we get a match we replace, else we just copy the chars from the first string.
I am not sure if this can be optimized to an in-place algo.
And a C++11 code example but I only search for one char.
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
void ReplaceString(string& subject, char search, const string& replace)
{
size_t initSize = subject.size();
int count = 0;
for (auto c : subject) {
if (c == search) ++count;
}
size_t idx = subject.size()-1 + count * replace.size()-1;
subject.resize(idx + 1, '\0');
string reverseReplace{ replace };
reverse(reverseReplace.begin(), reverseReplace.end());
char *end_ptr = &subject[initSize - 1];
while (end_ptr >= &subject[0])
{
if (*end_ptr == search) {
for (auto c : reverseReplace) {
subject[idx - 1] = c;
--idx;
}
}
else {
subject[idx - 1] = *end_ptr;
--idx;
}
--end_ptr;
}
}
int main()
{
string s{ "Mr John Smith" };
ReplaceString(s, ' ', "%20");
cout << s << "\n";
}
What about the boost solution:
boost::replace_all(value, "token1", "token2");
std::string replace(std::string base, const std::string from, const std::string to) {
std::string SecureCopy = base;
for (size_t start_pos = SecureCopy.find(from); start_pos != std::string::npos; start_pos = SecureCopy.find(from,start_pos))
{
SecureCopy.replace(start_pos, from.length(), to);
}
return SecureCopy;
}
My own implementation, taking into account that string needs to be resized only once, then replace can happen.
template <typename T>
std::basic_string<T> replaceAll(const std::basic_string<T>& s, const T* from, const T* to)
{
auto length = std::char_traits<T>::length;
size_t toLen = length(to), fromLen = length(from), delta = toLen - fromLen;
bool pass = false;
std::string ns = s;
size_t newLen = ns.length();
for (bool estimate : { true, false })
{
size_t pos = 0;
for (; (pos = ns.find(from, pos)) != std::string::npos; pos++)
{
if (estimate)
{
newLen += delta;
pos += fromLen;
}
else
{
ns.replace(pos, fromLen, to);
pos += delta;
}
}
if (estimate)
ns.resize(newLen);
}
return ns;
}
Usage could be for example like this:
std::string dirSuite = replaceAll(replaceAll(relPath.parent_path().u8string(), "\\", "/"), ":", "");
I'm just now learning C++, but editing some of the code previously posted, I'd probably use something like this. This gives you the flexibility to replace 1 or multiple instances, and also lets you specify the start point.
using namespace std;
// returns number of replacements made in string
long strReplace(string& str, const string& from, const string& to, size_t start = 0, long count = -1) {
if (from.empty()) return 0;
size_t startpos = str.find(from, start);
long replaceCount = 0;
while (startpos != string::npos){
str.replace(startpos, from.length(), to);
startpos += to.length();
replaceCount++;
if (count > 0 && replaceCount >= count) break;
startpos = str.find(from, startpos);
}
return replaceCount;
}
Here is a one liner that uses c++'s standard library.
The replacement better not have the old string in it (ex: replacing , with ,,), otherwise you have an INFINITE LOOP. Moreso, it is slow for large strings compared to other techniques because the find operations start at the begining of the string call every time. Look for better solutions if you're not too lazy. I put this in for completeness and inspiration for others. You've been warned.
while(s.find(old_s) != string::npos) s.replace(s.find(old_s), old_s.size(), new_s);
And a lambda option
auto replaceAll = [](string& s, string o, string n){ while(s.find(o) != string::npos) s.replace(s.find(o), o.size(), n); };
// EXAMPLES:
// Used like
string text = "hello hello world";
replaceAll(text, "hello", "bye"); // Changes text to "bye bye world"
// Do NOT use like
string text = "hello hello world";
replaceAll(text, "hello", "hello hello"); // Loops forever
You can use this code for remove subtring and also replace , and also remove extra white space .
code :
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
void removeSpaces(string &str)
{
int n = str.length();
int i = 0, j = -1;
bool spaceFound = false;
while (++j <= n && str[j] == ' ');
while (j <= n)
{
if (str[j] != ' ')
{
if ((str[j] == '.' || str[j] == ',' ||
str[j] == '?') && i - 1 >= 0 &&
str[i - 1] == ' ')
str[i - 1] = str[j++];
else str[i++] = str[j++];
spaceFound = false;
}
else if (str[j++] == ' ')
{
if (!spaceFound)
{
str[i++] = ' ';
spaceFound = true;
}
}
}
if (i <= 1)
str.erase(str.begin() + i, str.end());
else str.erase(str.begin() + i - 1, str.end());
}
int main()
{
string s;
cin >> s;
for(int i = s.find("WUB"); i >= 0; i = s.find("WUB"))
s.replace(i,3," ");
removeSpaces(s);
cout << s << endl;
return 0;
}
How do I replace part of a string with another string using the standard C++ libraries?
QString s("hello $name"); // Example using Qt.
s.replace("$name", "Somename");
There's a function to find a substring within a string (find), and a function to replace a particular range in a string with another string (replace), so you can combine those to get the effect you want:
bool replace(std::string& str, const std::string& from, const std::string& to) {
size_t start_pos = str.find(from);
if(start_pos == std::string::npos)
return false;
str.replace(start_pos, from.length(), to);
return true;
}
std::string string("hello $name");
replace(string, "$name", "Somename");
In response to a comment, I think replaceAll would probably look something like this:
void replaceAll(std::string& str, const std::string& from, const std::string& to) {
if(from.empty())
return;
size_t start_pos = 0;
while((start_pos = str.find(from, start_pos)) != std::string::npos) {
str.replace(start_pos, from.length(), to);
start_pos += to.length(); // In case 'to' contains 'from', like replacing 'x' with 'yx'
}
}
With C++11 you can use std::regex like so:
#include <regex>
...
std::string string("hello $name");
string = std::regex_replace(string, std::regex("\\$name"), "Somename");
The double backslash is required for escaping an escape character.
Using std::string::replace:
s.replace(s.find("$name"), sizeof("$name") - 1, "Somename");
To have the new string returned use this:
std::string ReplaceString(std::string subject, const std::string& search,
const std::string& replace) {
size_t pos = 0;
while ((pos = subject.find(search, pos)) != std::string::npos) {
subject.replace(pos, search.length(), replace);
pos += replace.length();
}
return subject;
}
If you need performance, here is an optimized function that modifies the input string, it does not create a copy of the string:
void ReplaceStringInPlace(std::string& subject, const std::string& search,
const std::string& replace) {
size_t pos = 0;
while ((pos = subject.find(search, pos)) != std::string::npos) {
subject.replace(pos, search.length(), replace);
pos += replace.length();
}
}
Tests:
std::string input = "abc abc def";
std::cout << "Input string: " << input << std::endl;
std::cout << "ReplaceString() return value: "
<< ReplaceString(input, "bc", "!!") << std::endl;
std::cout << "ReplaceString() input string not modified: "
<< input << std::endl;
ReplaceStringInPlace(input, "bc", "??");
std::cout << "ReplaceStringInPlace() input string modified: "
<< input << std::endl;
Output:
Input string: abc abc def
ReplaceString() return value: a!! a!! def
ReplaceString() input string not modified: abc abc def
ReplaceStringInPlace() input string modified: a?? a?? def
string.replace(string.find("%s"), string("%s").size(), "Something");
You could wrap this in a function but this one-line solution sounds acceptable.
The problem is that this will change the first occurence only, you might want to loop over it, but it also allows you to insert several variables into this string with the same token (%s).
Yes, you can do it, but you have to find the position of the first string with string's find() member, and then replace with it's replace() member.
string s("hello $name");
size_type pos = s.find( "$name" );
if ( pos != string::npos ) {
s.replace( pos, 5, "somename" ); // 5 = length( $name )
}
If you are planning on using the Standard Library, you should really get hold of a copy of the book The C++ Standard Library which covers all this stuff very well.
I use generally this:
std::string& replace(std::string& s, const std::string& from, const std::string& to)
{
if(!from.empty())
for(size_t pos = 0; (pos = s.find(from, pos)) != std::string::npos; pos += to.size())
s.replace(pos, from.size(), to);
return s;
}
It repeatedly calls std::string::find() to locate other occurrences of the searched for string until std::string::find() doesn't find anything. Because std::string::find() returns the position of the match we don't have the problem of invalidating iterators.
If all strings are std::string, you'll find strange problems with the cutoff of characters if using sizeof() because it's meant for C strings, not C++ strings. The fix is to use the .size() class method of std::string.
sHaystack.replace(sHaystack.find(sNeedle), sNeedle.size(), sReplace);
That replaces sHaystack inline -- no need to do an = assignment back on that.
Example usage:
std::string sHaystack = "This is %XXX% test.";
std::string sNeedle = "%XXX%";
std::string sReplace = "my special";
sHaystack.replace(sHaystack.find(sNeedle),sNeedle.size(),sReplace);
std::cout << sHaystack << std::endl;
This could be even better to use
void replace(string& input, const string& from, const string& to)
{
auto pos = 0;
while(true)
{
size_t startPosition = input.find(from, pos);
if(startPosition == string::npos)
return;
input.replace(startPosition, from.length(), to);
pos += to.length();
}
}
wstring myString = L"Hello $$ this is an example. By $$.";
wstring search = L"$$";
wstring replace = L"Tom";
for (int i = myString.find(search); i >= 0; i = myString.find(search))
myString.replace(i, search.size(), replace);
If you want to do it quickly you can use a two scan approach.
Pseudo code:
first parse. find how many matching chars.
expand the length of the string.
second parse. Start from the end of the string when we get a match we replace, else we just copy the chars from the first string.
I am not sure if this can be optimized to an in-place algo.
And a C++11 code example but I only search for one char.
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
void ReplaceString(string& subject, char search, const string& replace)
{
size_t initSize = subject.size();
int count = 0;
for (auto c : subject) {
if (c == search) ++count;
}
size_t idx = subject.size()-1 + count * replace.size()-1;
subject.resize(idx + 1, '\0');
string reverseReplace{ replace };
reverse(reverseReplace.begin(), reverseReplace.end());
char *end_ptr = &subject[initSize - 1];
while (end_ptr >= &subject[0])
{
if (*end_ptr == search) {
for (auto c : reverseReplace) {
subject[idx - 1] = c;
--idx;
}
}
else {
subject[idx - 1] = *end_ptr;
--idx;
}
--end_ptr;
}
}
int main()
{
string s{ "Mr John Smith" };
ReplaceString(s, ' ', "%20");
cout << s << "\n";
}
What about the boost solution:
boost::replace_all(value, "token1", "token2");
std::string replace(std::string base, const std::string from, const std::string to) {
std::string SecureCopy = base;
for (size_t start_pos = SecureCopy.find(from); start_pos != std::string::npos; start_pos = SecureCopy.find(from,start_pos))
{
SecureCopy.replace(start_pos, from.length(), to);
}
return SecureCopy;
}
My own implementation, taking into account that string needs to be resized only once, then replace can happen.
template <typename T>
std::basic_string<T> replaceAll(const std::basic_string<T>& s, const T* from, const T* to)
{
auto length = std::char_traits<T>::length;
size_t toLen = length(to), fromLen = length(from), delta = toLen - fromLen;
bool pass = false;
std::string ns = s;
size_t newLen = ns.length();
for (bool estimate : { true, false })
{
size_t pos = 0;
for (; (pos = ns.find(from, pos)) != std::string::npos; pos++)
{
if (estimate)
{
newLen += delta;
pos += fromLen;
}
else
{
ns.replace(pos, fromLen, to);
pos += delta;
}
}
if (estimate)
ns.resize(newLen);
}
return ns;
}
Usage could be for example like this:
std::string dirSuite = replaceAll(replaceAll(relPath.parent_path().u8string(), "\\", "/"), ":", "");
I'm just now learning C++, but editing some of the code previously posted, I'd probably use something like this. This gives you the flexibility to replace 1 or multiple instances, and also lets you specify the start point.
using namespace std;
// returns number of replacements made in string
long strReplace(string& str, const string& from, const string& to, size_t start = 0, long count = -1) {
if (from.empty()) return 0;
size_t startpos = str.find(from, start);
long replaceCount = 0;
while (startpos != string::npos){
str.replace(startpos, from.length(), to);
startpos += to.length();
replaceCount++;
if (count > 0 && replaceCount >= count) break;
startpos = str.find(from, startpos);
}
return replaceCount;
}
Here is a one liner that uses c++'s standard library.
The replacement better not have the old string in it (ex: replacing , with ,,), otherwise you have an INFINITE LOOP. Moreso, it is slow for large strings compared to other techniques because the find operations start at the begining of the string call every time. Look for better solutions if you're not too lazy. I put this in for completeness and inspiration for others. You've been warned.
while(s.find(old_s) != string::npos) s.replace(s.find(old_s), old_s.size(), new_s);
And a lambda option
auto replaceAll = [](string& s, string o, string n){ while(s.find(o) != string::npos) s.replace(s.find(o), o.size(), n); };
// EXAMPLES:
// Used like
string text = "hello hello world";
replaceAll(text, "hello", "bye"); // Changes text to "bye bye world"
// Do NOT use like
string text = "hello hello world";
replaceAll(text, "hello", "hello hello"); // Loops forever
You can use this code for remove subtring and also replace , and also remove extra white space .
code :
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
void removeSpaces(string &str)
{
int n = str.length();
int i = 0, j = -1;
bool spaceFound = false;
while (++j <= n && str[j] == ' ');
while (j <= n)
{
if (str[j] != ' ')
{
if ((str[j] == '.' || str[j] == ',' ||
str[j] == '?') && i - 1 >= 0 &&
str[i - 1] == ' ')
str[i - 1] = str[j++];
else str[i++] = str[j++];
spaceFound = false;
}
else if (str[j++] == ' ')
{
if (!spaceFound)
{
str[i++] = ' ';
spaceFound = true;
}
}
}
if (i <= 1)
str.erase(str.begin() + i, str.end());
else str.erase(str.begin() + i - 1, str.end());
}
int main()
{
string s;
cin >> s;
for(int i = s.find("WUB"); i >= 0; i = s.find("WUB"))
s.replace(i,3," ");
removeSpaces(s);
cout << s << endl;
return 0;
}
So essentially what I want to do is erase all the whitespace from an std::string object, however excluding parts within speech marks and quote marks (so basically strings), eg:
Hello, World! I am a string
Would result in:
Hello,World!Iamastring
However things within speech marks/quote marks would be ignored:
"Hello, World!" I am a string
Would result in:
"Hello, World!"Iamastring
Or:
Hello,' World! I' am a string
Would be:
Hello,' World! I'amastring
Is there a simple routine to perform this to a string, either one build into the standard library or an example of how to write my own? It doesn't have to be the most efficient one possible, as it will only be run once or twice every time the program runs.
No, there is not such a routine ready.
You may build your own though.
You have to loop over the string and you want to use a flag. If the flag is true, then you delete the spaces, if it is false, you ignore them. The flag is true when you are not in a part of quotes, else it's false.
Here is a naive, not widely tested example:
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// we will copy the result in new string for simplicity
// of course you can do it inplace. This takes into account only
// double quotes. Easy to extent do single ones though!
string str("\"Hello, World!\" I am a string");
string new_str = "";
// flags for when to delete spaces or not
// 'start' helps you find if you are in an area of double quotes
// If you are, then don't delete the spaces, otherwise, do delete
bool delete_spaces = true, start = false;
for(unsigned int i = 0; i < str.size(); ++i) {
if(str[i] == '\"') {
start ? start = false : start = true;
if(start) {
delete_spaces = false;
}
}
if(!start) {
delete_spaces = true;
}
if(delete_spaces) {
if(str[i] != ' ') {
new_str += str[i];
}
} else {
new_str += str[i];
}
}
cout << "new_str=|" << new_str << "|\n";
return 0;
}
Output:
new_str=|"Hello, World!"Iamastring|
Here we go. I ended up iterating through the string, and if it finds either a " or a ', it will flip the ignore flag. If the ignore flag is true and the current character is not a " or a ', the iterator just increments until it either reaches the end of the string or finds another "/'. If the ignore flag is false, it will remove the current character if it's whitespace (either space, newline or tab).
EDIT: this code now supports ignoring escaped characters (\", \') and making sure a string starting with a " ends with a ", and a string starting with a ' ends with a ', ignoring anything else in between.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
int main() {
std::string str("I am some code, with \"A string here\", but not here\\\". 'This sentence \" should not end yet', now it should. There is also 'a string here' too.\n");
std::string::iterator endVal = str.end(); // a kind of NULL pointer
std::string::iterator type = endVal; // either " or '
bool ignore = false; // whether to ignore the current character or not
for (std::string::iterator it=str.begin(); it!=str.end();)
{
// ignore escaped characters
if ((*it) == '\\')
{
it += 2;
}
else
{
if ((*it) == '"' || (*it) == '\'')
{
if (ignore) // within a string
{
if (type != endVal && (*it) == (*type))
{
// end of the string
ignore = false;
type = endVal;
}
}
else // outside of a string, so one must be starting.
{
type = it;
ignore = true;
}
it++;
//ignore ? ignore = false : ignore = true;
//type = it;
}
else
{
if (!ignore)
{
if ((*it) == ' ' || (*it) == '\n' || (*it) == '\t')
{
it = str.erase(it);
}
else
{
it++;
}
}
else
{
it++;
}
}
}
}
std::cout << "string now is: " << str << std::endl;
return 0;
}
Argh, and here I spent time writing this (simple) version:
#include <cctype>
#include <ciso646>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
template <typename Predicate>
std::string remove_unquoted_chars( const std::string& s, Predicate p )
{
bool skip = false;
char q = '\0';
std::string result;
for (char c : s)
if (skip)
{
result.append( 1, c );
skip = false;
}
else if (q)
{
result.append( 1, c );
skip = (c == '\\');
if (c == q) q = '\0';
}
else
{
if (!std::isspace( c ))
result.append( 1, c );
q = p( c ) ? c : '\0';
}
return result;
}
std::string remove_unquoted_whitespace( const std::string& s )
{
return remove_unquoted_chars( s, []( char c ) -> bool { return (c == '"') or (c == '\''); } );
}
int main()
{
std::string s;
std::cout << "s? ";
std::getline( std::cin, s );
std::cout << remove_unquoted_whitespace( s ) << "\n";
}
Removes all characters identified by the given predicate except stuff inside a single-quoted or double-quoted C-style string, taking care to respect escaped characters.
you may use erase-remove idiom like this
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
int main()
{
std::string str("\"Hello, World!\" I am a string");
std::size_t x = str.find_last_of("\"");
std::string split1 = str.substr(0, ++x);
std::string split2 = str.substr(x, str.size());
split1.erase(std::remove(split1.begin(), split1.end(), '\\'), split1.end());
split2.erase(std::remove(split2.begin(), split2.end(), ' '), split2.end());
std::cout << split1 + split2;
}