I want to mask my password while writing it with *.
I use Linux GCC for this code.
I know one solution is to use getch() function like this
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
char c,password[10];
int i;
while( (c=getch())!= '\n');{
password[i] = c;
printf("*");
i++;
}
return 1;
}
but the problem is that GCC does not include conio.h file so, getch() is useless for me.
Does anyone have a solution?
In the Linux world, masking isn't usually done with asterisks, normally echoing is just turned off and the terminal displays blanks E.g. if you use su or log into a virtual terminal etc.
There is a library function to handle getting passwords, it won't mask the password with asterisks but will disable echoing of the password to terminal. I pulled this out of a linux book I have. I believe its part of the posix standard
#include <unistd.h>
char *getpass(const char *prompt);
/*Returns pointer to statically allocated input password string
on success, or NULL on error*/
The getpass() function first disables echoing and all processing of
terminal special characters (such as the interrupt character, normally
Control-C).
It then prints the string pointed to by prompt, and reads a line of
input, returning the null-terminated input string with the trailing
newline stripped, as its function result.
A google search for getpass() has a reference to the GNU implementation (should be in most linux distros) and some sample code for implementing your own if need be
http://www.gnu.org/s/hello/manual/libc/getpass.html
Their example for rolling your own:
#include <termios.h>
#include <stdio.h>
ssize_t
my_getpass (char **lineptr, size_t *n, FILE *stream)
{
struct termios old, new;
int nread;
/* Turn echoing off and fail if we can't. */
if (tcgetattr (fileno (stream), &old) != 0)
return -1;
new = old;
new.c_lflag &= ~ECHO;
if (tcsetattr (fileno (stream), TCSAFLUSH, &new) != 0)
return -1;
/* Read the password. */
nread = getline (lineptr, n, stream);
/* Restore terminal. */
(void) tcsetattr (fileno (stream), TCSAFLUSH, &old);
return nread;
}
If need be you could use this as the basis as modify it to display asterisks.
Without getch to rely on and avoiding the obsolete getpass, the recommended approach is to disable terminal ECHO through termios use. After a few searches to find a canned flexible password routine, I was surprised that very few for stand-alone use with C. Rather than simply recoding getch with termios c_lflag options, slightly more generalized approach takes just a few additions. Beyond replacing getch any routine should enforce a specified maximum length to prevent overflow, truncate if the user attempt to enter beyond the maximum, and warn if truncation occurs in some manner.
Below, the additions will allow reading from any FILE * input stream, limiting the length to a specified length, provide minimal editing (backspace) ability when taking input, allow the character mask to be specified or disabled completely, and finally return the length of the password entered. A warning was added when the password entered was truncated to the maximum or specified length.
Hopefully it will prove useful to others with this question looking for a similar solution:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <termios.h>
#define MAXPW 32
/* read a string from fp into pw masking keypress with mask char.
getpasswd will read upto sz - 1 chars into pw, null-terminating
the resulting string. On success, the number of characters in
pw are returned, -1 otherwise.
*/
ssize_t getpasswd (char **pw, size_t sz, int mask, FILE *fp)
{
if (!pw || !sz || !fp) return -1; /* validate input */
#ifdef MAXPW
if (sz > MAXPW) sz = MAXPW;
#endif
if (*pw == NULL) { /* reallocate if no address */
void *tmp = realloc (*pw, sz * sizeof **pw);
if (!tmp)
return -1;
memset (tmp, 0, sz); /* initialize memory to 0 */
*pw = (char*) tmp;
}
size_t idx = 0; /* index, number of chars in read */
int c = 0;
struct termios old_kbd_mode; /* orig keyboard settings */
struct termios new_kbd_mode;
if (tcgetattr (0, &old_kbd_mode)) { /* save orig settings */
fprintf (stderr, "%s() error: tcgetattr failed.\n", __func__);
return -1;
} /* copy old to new */
memcpy (&new_kbd_mode, &old_kbd_mode, sizeof(struct termios));
new_kbd_mode.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO); /* new kbd flags */
new_kbd_mode.c_cc[VTIME] = 0;
new_kbd_mode.c_cc[VMIN] = 1;
if (tcsetattr (0, TCSANOW, &new_kbd_mode)) {
fprintf (stderr, "%s() error: tcsetattr failed.\n", __func__);
return -1;
}
/* read chars from fp, mask if valid char specified */
while (((c = fgetc (fp)) != '\n' && c != EOF && idx < sz - 1) ||
(idx == sz - 1 && c == 127))
{
if (c != 127) {
if (31 < mask && mask < 127) /* valid ascii char */
fputc (mask, stdout);
(*pw)[idx++] = c;
}
else if (idx > 0) { /* handle backspace (del) */
if (31 < mask && mask < 127) {
fputc (0x8, stdout);
fputc (' ', stdout);
fputc (0x8, stdout);
}
(*pw)[--idx] = 0;
}
}
(*pw)[idx] = 0; /* null-terminate */
/* reset original keyboard */
if (tcsetattr (0, TCSANOW, &old_kbd_mode)) {
fprintf (stderr, "%s() error: tcsetattr failed.\n", __func__);
return -1;
}
if (idx == sz - 1 && c != '\n') /* warn if pw truncated */
fprintf (stderr, " (%s() warning: truncated at %zu chars.)\n",
__func__, sz - 1);
return idx; /* number of chars in passwd */
}
A simple program showing the use would be as follows. If using a static array of character for holding the password, just insure a pointer is passed to the function.
int main (void ) {
char pw[MAXPW] = {0};
char *p = pw;
FILE *fp = stdin;
ssize_t nchr = 0;
printf ( "\n Enter password: ");
nchr = getpasswd (&p, MAXPW, '*', fp);
printf ("\n you entered : %s (%zu chars)\n", p, nchr);
printf ( "\n Enter password: ");
nchr = getpasswd (&p, MAXPW, 0, fp);
printf ("\n you entered : %s (%zu chars)\n\n", p, nchr);
return 0;
}
Example Output
$ ./bin/getpasswd2
Enter password: ******
you entered : 123456 (6 chars)
Enter password:
you entered : abcdef (6 chars)
The functionality of getch (which is a non-standard, Windows function) can be emulated with this code:
#include <termios.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int getch() {
struct termios oldt, newt;
int ch;
tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &oldt);
newt = oldt;
newt.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &newt);
ch = getchar();
tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &oldt);
return ch;
}
Note that your approach is not perfect - it's better to use something like ncurses or another terminal library to handle these things.
You can create your own getch() function on Linux in this manner.
int getch() {
struct termios oldtc, newtc;
int ch;
tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &oldtc);
newtc = oldtc;
newtc.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &newtc);
ch=getchar();
tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &oldtc);
return ch;
}
Demo code:
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
int ch;
printf("Press x to exit.\n\n");
for (;;) {
ch = getch();
printf("ch = %c (%d)\n", ch, ch);
if(ch == 'x')
break;
}
return 0;
}
Your method is correct, however you'll need to turn off terminal echo while the password is being entered:
#include <sgtty.h>
void echo_off()
{
struct sgttyb state;
(void)ioctl(0, (int)TIOCGETP, (char *)&state);
state.sg_flags &= ~ECHO;
(void)ioctl(0, (int)TIOCSETP, (char *)&state);
}
void echo_on()
{
struct sgttyb state;
(void)ioctl(0, (int)TIOCGETP, (char *)&state);
state.sg_flags |= ECHO;
(void)ioctl(0, (int)TIOCSETP, (char *)&state);
}
Instead of getch(), why not just use getc() instead?
Thanks all of you whose help & support to solve my problem.
I find a best way to hide my password in linux that fits me best.
To use getpass() function. It just need to include "unistd.h" file.
syntex of getpass function:
char * getpass (const char *prompt)
Parameters:
prompt: string pointer to print while asking for Password
Return Value:
string pointer of password
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main()
{
char *password; // password string pointer
password = getpass("Enter Password: "); // get a password
printf("%s\n",password); // this is just for conformation
// that password stored successfully
return 1;
}
output:
Enter Password:
heet
You might use ncurses.h if it is not necessary to be portable onto Windows for that, but here is some kind of a more "portable" version:
If it is not necessery to be portable ill point you to a ncurses solution
portablegetch.h
/*portablegetch.h*/
#ifndef PGETCH
#define PGETCH
#ifdef __unix__
#include <termios.h>
#include <unistd.h>
static struct termios n_term;
static struct termios o_term;
static int
cbreak(int fd)
{
if((tcgetattr(fd, &o_term)) == -1)
return -1;
n_term = o_term;
n_term.c_lflag = n_term.c_lflag & ~(ECHO|ICANON);
n_term.c_cc[VMIN] = 1;
n_term.c_cc[VTIME]= 0;
if((tcsetattr(fd, TCSAFLUSH, &n_term)) == -1)
return -1;
return 1;
}
int
getch()
{
int cinput;
if(cbreak(STDIN_FILENO) == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "cbreak failure, exiting \n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
cinput = getchar();
tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &o_term);
return cinput;
}
#elif _MSC_VER || __WIN32__ || __MS_DOS__
#include <conio.h>
#endif
#endif
And the c-file
whatever.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "portablegetch.h"
int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
int input;
printf("Please Enter your Password:\t");
while(( input=getch() ) != '\n')
printf("*");
printf("\n");
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
That should fit to your problem.
Hope that helps.
#include <termios.h>
#include <stdio.h>
static struct termios old, new;
void initTermios(int echo) {
tcgetattr(0, &old);
new = old;
new.c_lflag &= ~ICANON;
new.c_lflag &= echo ? ECHO : ~ECHO;
tcsetattr(0, TCSANOW, &new);
}
void resetTermios(void) {
tcsetattr(0, TCSANOW, &old);
}
char getch_(int echo) {
char ch;
initTermios(echo);
ch = getchar();
resetTermios();
return ch;
}
char getch(void) {
return getch_(0);
}
int main(void) {
char c;
printf("(getch example) please type a letter...");
c = getch();
printf("\nYou typed: %c\n", c);
return 0;
}
Just copy these snippet and use it. Hope it helped
Just pass for it the char* that you want to set password in and its size and the function will do its job
void set_Password(char *get_in, int sz){
for (int i = 0; i < sz;) {
char ch = getch();
if (ch == 13) {
get_in[i] = '\0';
break;
}
else if(ch != 8){
get_in[i++] = ch;
putch('*');
}
else if(i > 0)
cout << "\b \b",get_in[i--] = '\0';
}
cout << "\n";
}
This is an example, run it on your compiler
Unfortunately in the C standard library there is no such function out of the box. Maybe in third party library.
One option is use ANSI escape sequences to set the background color to foreground color in the console to conceal the password. Try this link.
With scanning the characters you can take it into a buffer. Also you need to write code if backspace is pressed, and appropriately correct the inserted password.
Here is a code which once i wrote with the curses. Compile with gcc file.c -o pass_prog -lcurses
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <curses.h>
#define ENOUGH_SIZE 256
#define ECHO_ON 1
#define ECHO_OFF 0
#define BACK_SPACE 127
char *my_getpass (int echo_state);
int main (void)
{
char *pass;
initscr ();
printw ("Enter Password: ");
pass = my_getpass (ECHO_ON);
printw ("\nEntered Password: %s", pass);
refresh ();
getch ();
endwin ();
return 0;
}
char *my_getpass (int echo_state)
{
char *pass, c;
int i=0;
pass = malloc (sizeof (char) * ENOUGH_SIZE);
if (pass == NULL)
{
perror ("Exit");
exit (1);
}
cbreak ();
noecho ();
while ((c=getch()) != '\n')
{
if (c == BACK_SPACE)
{
/* Do not let the buffer underflow */
if (i > 0)
{
i--;
if (echo_state == ECHO_ON)
printw ("\b \b");
}
}
else if (c == '\t')
; /* Ignore tabs */
else
{
pass[i] = c;
i = (i >= ENOUGH_SIZE) ? ENOUGH_SIZE - 1 : i+1;
if (echo_state == ECHO_ON)
printw ("*");
}
}
echo ();
nocbreak ();
/* Terminate the password string with NUL */
pass[i] = '\0';
endwin ();
return pass;
}
In C you can use getpasswd() function which pretty much doing similar thing as stty in shell, example:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <pwd.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main()
{
char acct[80], password[80];
printf(“Account: “);
fgets(acct, 80, stdin);
acct[strlen(acct)-1] = 0; /* remove carriage return */
strncpy(password, getpass(“Password: “), 80);
printf(“You entered acct %s and pass %s\n”, acct, password);
return 0;
}
Here is equivalent shell script which use stty (which changes the settings of your tty):
save_state=$(stty -g)
/bin/echo -n “Account: “
read acct
/bin/echo -n “Password: “
stty -echo
read password # this won’t echo
stty “$save_state”
echo “”
echo account = $acct and password = $password
Source: How can I read a password without echoing it in C?
man getpass
This function is obsolete. Do not use it. If you want to read input
without terminal echoing enabled, see the description of the ECHO flag
in termios(3)
# include <termios.h>
# include <unistd.h> /* needed for STDIN_FILENO which is an int file descriptor */
struct termios tp, save;
tcgetattr( STDIN_FILENO, &tp); /* get existing terminal properties */
save = tp; /* save existing terminal properties */
tp.c_lflag &= ~ECHO; /* only cause terminal echo off */
tcsetattr( STDIN_FILENO, TCSAFLUSH, &tp ); /* set terminal settings */
/*
now input by user in terminal will not be displayed
and cursor will not move
*/
tcsetattr( STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &save); /* restore original terminal settings */
If you notice, most current linux distro's do not mask a password with asterisks. Doing so divulges the length of the password which is no way beneficial. It is easier and better to simply make the cursor not move when a password is typed in. If for whatever reason you require a * to be printed for every character that's typed then you would have to grab every keypress before Enter is hit and that's always been problematic.
printf("\nENTER PASSWORD: ");
while (1)
{
ch=getch();
if(ch==13) //ON ENTER PRESS
break;
else if(ch==8) //ON BACKSPACE PRESS REMOVES CHARACTER
{
if(i>0)
{
i--;
password[i]='\0';
printf("\b \b");
}
}
else if (ch==32 || ch==9) //ON PRESSING TAB OR SPACE KEY
continue;
else
{
password[i]=ch;
i++;
printf("*");
}
}
password[i]='\0';
Here is my idea, adapted from that of the C++ official site.
#include <termios.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
string getpass(const char *prompt, bool showchar = false, char echochar = '*')
{
struct termios oi, ni;
tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &oi);
ni = oi;
ni.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
const char DELETE = 127;
const char RETURN = 10;
string password;
unsigned char ch = 0;
cout << prompt;
tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &ni);
while (getchar() != RETURN) {
if (ch == DELETE) {
if(password.length != 0){
if (showchar) cout << "\b \b";
password.resize(password.length() - 1);
}
}else {
password += getchar();
if (showchar) cout << echochar;
}
}
tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO,TCSANOW,&oi)
cout << endl;
return password;
}
It will read one character at once and add it to the string and supports showing another character.
note that the ICANON termios lflag turns off the processing carriagereturn/linefeed, and the negative ECHO termios setting turns off echo for STDIN.
when using this (with or without the echo being on) to read a password and print '*' for entered characters, it's not just a matter of reading characters until a newline/carriage return is encountered, you also have to process backspace in your 'string building routine' (else the backspaces end up in the actual string, and do not cause characters to be removed from it such as would be the case with the various string based input functions).
the same would happen in C in DOS with getch tho. that would also happily return 0x08 for backspace (or 127 or whatever your specific os uses as backspace)
keeping track of 'not deleting -before- the start of the string', replacing the 'new end of the string' with 0 and moving the current position counter back by one (unless you are at position 0) is up to the programmer with any of these functions (even the getch on dos C).
getpass() doesn't do what the user originally asked for btw, he wants *'s (which still disclose the length of the password to people standing behind him and looking at his screen, as well as in the scrollbuffer of the terminal if he doesn't close it after use). but without *'s is probably a better idea in 'non closed environments'.
Can someone tell me what am i doing wrong here i am getting an error saying getline() not declared in this scope.........any help would be appreciated.
no matching function for call to getline(char**, size_t*, FILE*&)
#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
char *s;
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
FILE* fd = fopen("input.txt", "r");
if(fd == NULL)
{
fputs("Unable to open input.txt\n", stderr);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
size_t length = 0;
ssize_t read;
const char* backup;
while ((read = getline(&s, &length, fd) ) > 0)
{
backup = s;
if (A() && *s == '\n')
{
printf("%sis in the language\n", backup);
}
else
{
fprintf(stderr, "%sis not in the language\n", backup);
}
}
fclose(fd);
return 0;
}
You'll need to use C++ style code in order to use getline in a cross platform way.
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
std::string s;
bool A() { return true; }
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
ifstream myfile("input.txt");
if(!myfile.is_open())
{
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to open input.txt\n");
return 1;
}
size_t length = 0;
size_t read;
std::string backup;
while (getline(myfile, s))
{
backup = s;
if (A() && s == "\n")
{
printf("%s is in the language\n", backup.c_str());
}
else
{
fprintf(stderr, "%s is not in the language\n", backup.c_str());
}
}
return 0;
}
What are you trying to do with getline(&s, &length, fd)? Are you trying to use the C getline?
Assuming you have opened the file correctly, in c++ your getline should look something like this: getline(inputStream, variableToReadInto, optionalDelimiter).
You didn't include <stdio.h> but you did include <fstream>. Maybe use ifstream fd("input.txt");
What's A()
If you ARE trying to use the C getline, the using namespace std may be interfering
Why are you using printf and fprintf and not cout << xxxxxx and fd << xxxxxx
You seem to be a bit confused with various getline function signatures.
The standard C++ std::getline signature is
template< class CharT, class Traits, class Allocator >
std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>& getline( std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>& input,
std::basic_string<CharT,Traits,Allocator>& str,
CharT delim );
It takes an input stream object, a string and a character delimiter (there's an overload without the delimiter too).
The posix getline signature is
ssize_t getdelim(char **lineptr, size_t *n, int delim, FILE *stream);
with the delimiter optional again.
now in your code your passing arguments as if calling the posix version without delimiter. If you want to use the standard one you'll have to change the arguments (i.e. istream object instead of FILE*). I don't know if the posix one is even available for you, since posix is different from any C++ standard.
Note that the fputs, FILE*, fprintf are C filehandling functions, not the C++ ones.
Can anyone Provide a Simple Example to Read and Write in the Unicode File a Unicode Character ?
try http://utfcpp.sourceforge.net/. the link has an introductory example to read a utf8 file, line by line.
On linux I use the iconv (link) library which is very standard. An overly simple program is:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iconv.h>
#define BUF_SZ 1024
int main( int argc, char* argv[] )
{
char bin[BUF_SZ];
char bout[BUF_SZ];
char* inp;
char* outp;
ssize_t bytes_in;
size_t bytes_out;
size_t conv_res;
if( argc != 3 )
{
fprintf( stderr, "usage: convert from to\n" );
return 1;
}
iconv_t conv = iconv_open( argv[2], argv[1] );
if( conv == (iconv_t)(-1) )
{
fprintf( stderr, "Cannot conver from %s to %s\n", argv[1], argv[2] );
return 1;
}
bytes_in = read( 0, bin, BUF_SZ );
{
bytes_out = BUF_SZ;
inp = bin;
outp = bout;
conv_res = iconv( conv, &inp, &bytes_in, &outp, &bytes_out );
if( conv_res >= 0 )
{
write( 1, bout, (size_t)(BUF_SZ) - bytes_out );
}
}
iconv_close( conv );
return 0;
}
This is overly simple to demonstrate the conversion. In the real world you would normally have two nested loops:
One reading input, so handle when its more than BUF_SZ
One converting input to output. Remember if you're converting from ascii to UTF-32LE you will end up with each iunput byte being 4 bytes of output. So the inner loop would handle this by examining conv_res and then checking errno.
In case you're using Windows.
Use fgetws http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/c37dh6kf(VS.71).aspx to read
and fputws http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/t33ya8ky(VS.71).aspx to write.
The example code are in the provided links.
I'm trying to output text from a file one line at a time. I'm currently hardcoding it and I have this so far:
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int x;
int k;
int limit = 5;
FILE *file;
file = fopen("C:\\Documents and Settings\\jon\\My Documents\\Visual Studio 2008\\Projects\\Project1\\Assignment8_2\\Debug\\TestFile1.txt", "r");
if (file == NULL) {
perror("Error");
}
for (k = 1; k <= limit; k++) {
while ((x = fgetc(file)) != '\n') {
printf("%c", x);
}
}
fclose(file);
}
I was wondering where in the code above, if at all, I can check for EOF. I assume I need to do that, but not sure why. Still learning.... Thanks!
If you can bound the maximum length of a line, fgets may be a better way to read each line; but since you mention C++, you might consider using, instead, getline (caveat: fgets also put the \n in the buffer it fills, getline doesn't). Both make easy to check for end of file (fgets returns NULL on eof, getline sets the eofbit on its istream argument, which it also returns).
Maybe you can try this:
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int sum = 0;
int x;
ifstream inFile;
inFile.open("test.txt");
if (!inFile) {
cout << "Unable to open file";
exit(1); // terminate with error
}
while (inFile >> x) {
sum = sum + x;
}
inFile.close();
cout << "Sum = " << sum << endl;
return 0;
}
fgets() for C, getline() for C++.
C:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
// adjust as appropriate
size_t const MAX_LINE_LENGTH = 1024;
int main()
{
FILE * in;
char line[ MAX_LINE_LENGTH ];
if ( ( in = fopen( "test.txt", "r" ) ) == NULL )
{
puts( "Failed to open test.txt." );
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
while ( fgets( line, MAX_LINE_LENGTH, in ) != NULL )
{
printf( "%s", line );
}
fclose( in );
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
C++:
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
int main()
{
std::ifstream in( "test.txt" );
std::string line;
while ( getline( in, line ) )
{
std::cout << line << std::endl;
}
in.close();
return 0;
}
you can call feof() to check for EOF or check if the return code for fgetc() matches EOF.
I'm adding both versions to your code although I'm not sure what the loops (especially the outer one) are supposed to do, but within the context of your sample, EOF checking would look like this..
/* EOF would now terminate both loops, using feof() and fgetc() return to check EOF */
for (k = 1; k <= limit && !feof(file); k++) {
while ((x = fgetc(file))!='\n' && x!=EOF) {
printf("%c", x);
}
}
you should check the eof from the output of fgetc:
...
x = fgetc(file);
while (x != '\n' && x != EOF) {
...
fgetc manual there