Related
I'm trying
void function(int y,int w)
{
printf("int function");
}
void function(float y,float w)
{
printf("float function");
}
int main()
{
function(1.2,2.2);
return 0;
}
I get an error error like..
error C2668: 'function' : ambiguous call to overloaded function
and when I try to call function(1.2,2) or function(1,2.2) it is printing as "int function"
Please clarify when will the function(float y,float w) be called?
Look at the error message from gcc:
a.cpp:16: error: call of overloaded ‘function(double, double)’ is ambiguous
a.cpp:3: note: candidates are: void function(int, int)
a.cpp:9: note: void function(float, float)
A call to either function would require truncation, which is why neither is preferred over the other. I suspect you really want void function(double y,double w). Remember that in C/C++, the default floating-point type for literals and parameter passing is double, NOT float.
UPDATE
If you really don't want to change the function signature from float to double, you can always use literals that are typed as float. If you add the suffix f to the floating point numbers, they will be typed float.
Your examples would then be function(1.2f, 2f) and function(1, 2.2f).
What is operator overloading?
Sbi's famous Operator overloading faq answers this in great detail.
Why are the two function versions in OP allowed to exist?
Notice they take different function parameter types(int and float) and hence qualify as valid function overloads.
What is overload resolution?
It is the process of selecting the most appropriate function/operator by the compiler implementation. If a best viable function exists and is unique, overload resolution succeeds and produces it as the result. Otherwise overload resolution fails and the invocation is treated as ill-formed and compiler provides a diagnostic. The compiler uses implicit conversion sequence to find the best match function.
C++03 Standard 13.3.3.1 Implicit Conversions:
An implicit conversion sequence is a sequence of conversions used to convert an argument in a function call to the type of the corresponding parameter of the function being called.
The implicit conversion sequences can be one of the following categories:
A standard conversion sequence(13.3.3.1.1)
A user-defined conversion sequence(13.3.3.1.2)
An ellipsis conversion sequence(13.3.3.1.3)
Note that each of these are ranked to determine the best viable function. The best viable function is the one all whose parameters have either better or equal-ranked implicit conversion sequences than all of the other viable functions.The standard details each of these in detail in respective sections. The standard conversion sequence is relevant to this case, it is summarized as:
With enough background on overloading resolution.
let us examine the code examples in OP:
function(1.2,2.2);
Important Rule: 1.2 and 2.2 are literals and they are treated as a double data type.
During implicit conversion sequences mapping:
Both the function parameter literals with double type need a conversion rank to either call the float or int version and none is a better match than other, they score exactly the same on conversion rank. The compiler is unable to detect the best viable match and it reports an ambiguity.
function(1.2,2);
During implicit conversion sequence mapping:
One of the function parameters 2 has an exact match with the int function version while another 1.2 has a conversion rank. For function which takes float as parameters the implicit conversion sequences for both parameters are of conversion rank.
So the function which takes int version scores better than the float version and is the best match and gets called.
How to resolve overloading ambiguity errors?
If you don't want the implicit conversion sequence mapping to throw you off, just provide functions and call them in such a way so that the parameters are a exact match. Since exact match scores over all others, You have a definite guarantee of your desired function getting called. In your case there are two ways to do this:
Solution 1:
Call the function so that parameters are exact match to the functions available.
function(1.2f,2.2f);
Since 1.2f and 2.2f are treated as float types they match exactly to the float function version.
Solution 2:
Provide a function overload which exactly matches the parameter type in called function.
function(double, double){}
Since 1.2 and 2.2 are treated as double the called function is exact match to this overload.
If you don't want to (as explained in the accepted answer):
use float literals, e.g. 1.2f
or change the existing float overload to double
You can add another overload that calls the float one:
void function(double y, double w)
{
function((float)y, (float)w);
}
Your code in main now will call the above function, which will call the float overload.
Function overloading in the above example has ambiguous calls because the return type are same and the 2nd argument in the call of function is double, which can be treated as int or float and hence the compiler confuses to which function to execute.
I hope this help
This code is self explaintary for all combination
You need to send two float to call a float function
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
using namespace std;
//when arguments are both int
void function(int y,int w) {
printf("int function\n");
}
//when arguments are both double
void function(double y, double w) {
printf("double function\n");
}
//when arguments are both float
void function(float y, float w) {
printf("float function\n");
}
//when arguments are int and float
void function(int y, float x) {
printf("int float function\n");
}
//when arguments are float and int
void function(float y,int w) {
printf("float int function\n");
}
//when arguments are int and double
void function(int y, double w) {
printf("int double function\n");
}
//when arguments are double and int
void function(double y, int x) {
printf("double int function\n");
}
//when arguments are double and float
void function(double y, float x) {
printf("double float function\n");
}
//when arguments are float and double
void function(float y, double x) {
printf("float double function\n");
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
function(1.2,2.2);
function(1.2f,2.2f);
function(1,2);
function(1.2,2.2f);
function(1.2f,2.2);
function(1,2.2);
function(1,2.2f);
function(1.2,2);
function(1.2f,2);
return 0;
}
When sending a primitive type to a function as argument, if the primitive type you are sending is not exactly the same as it requests, you should always cast it to the requested primitive type.
int main()
{
function(1.3f, 2.4f);
function(1.3f, static_cast<float>(2.4));
function(static_cast<float>(1.3), static_cast<float>(2.4));
function(static_cast<float>(1), static_cast<float>(2));
return 0;
}
By default decimal is considered as double. If you want decimal to be floats you suffix it with f.
In your example when you call function(1.2,2.2) the compiler considers the values you have passed it as double and hence you are getting mismatch in function signature.
function(1.2,1.2) ====> function(double,double)
If you want to retain the function signature you need to use floating point suffix while passing floating point literal.
function(1.2f,1.2f) ====> function(float,float).
If you are more interested in knowing about floating point literals you can refer
Why floating point value such as 3.14 are considered as double by default in MSVC?
Like others have said, you give doubles to your overloaded function which is designed for floats. The overloading itself doesn't have any errors.
Here's the correct use of the overloaded function (notice the 'f'´s right after the numbers):
function(1.0f, 2.0f);
function(1.2,2.2);
Those numbers aren't floats, they are doubles. So this code says:
double p1 = 1.2;
double p2 = 2.2;
void (*fn)(double /*decltype(p1)*/, double /*decltype(p2)*/) = function;
The compiler is now looking a "function" which takes two doubles. There is no exact match. So next it looks for a function which takes an argument that can be cast from doubles. There are two matches.
function(int, int);
function(float, float);
You have several options.
Add an exact match overload.
void function(double, double)
{
printf("double function\n");
}
Use casting.
function(static_cast(1.2), static_cast(2.2));
Call "function" with floats instead of doubles:
function(1.2f, 2.2f);
Try This
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void print(int i){
cout << i << endl;
}
void print(float i){
cout << i << endl;
}
int main(){
print(5);
print(5.5f);
return 0;
}
In function overloading when float can conflict with other data type in other same name functions then probably this is way to over come it. I tried it worked.
Just imagine how your arguments would be passed.
If it is passed as 1.2 and 2.2 to the (int,int) function then it would to truncated to 1 and 2.
If it is passed as 1.2 and 2.2 to the (float,float) it will be processed as is.
So here is where the ambiguity creeps in.
I have found two ways to solve this problem.
First is the use of literals:-
int main()
{
function(1.2F,2.2F);
return 0;
}
Secondly, and the way I like to do it, It always works (and can also be used for C++'s default conversion and promotion).
For int:-
int main()
{
int a=1.2, b=2.2;
function(a,b);
return 0;
}
For Float:-
int main()
{
float a=1.2, b=2.2;
function(a,b);
return 0;
}
So instead of using actual DIGITS. It is better to declare them as a type first, then overload!
See now, if you send it as (1.2,2) or (1,2.2) then compiler can simply send it to the int function and it would work.
However, to send it to the float function the compiler would have to promote 2 to float. Promotion only happens when no match is found.
Refer:-
Computer Science with C++
Sumita Arora
Chapter: Function Overloading
I have a function fun() I wish to overload in the same scope. As per the rules of overloading, different order of arguments should allow for the overloading of the function as mentioned here.
The Code:
#include "iostream"
using namespace std;
void fun(int i, float j)
{
cout << "int,float";
}
void fun(float i, int j)
{
cout << "float,int";
}
int main()
{
fun(20,20);
}
Error:
error: call of overloaded ‘fun(int, int)’ is ambiguous
15 | fun(20,20);
Question:
Had there been only one function with argument fun(int, float), that would have been called as the best match, so why does it throw error in this case.
You give two integers, so the compiler have to convert one into a float, but which function shall be taken?
int main()
{
fun(20.0,20);
fun( 20, 20.0);
}
these calls makes the compiler happy, since you tell which function shall be taken.
The reason why you are facing this error is due to the data type of the arguments you have provided
In this case
fun(20,20);
which are both int, int.
A correct function call in this scenario would be,
fun(20,20.0);
or
fun(20.0,20);
(edit)
as mentioned by Ivan Vnucec
it would be better to explicitly call the function with arguments that are float instead of double
so call it in this way:
fun(20,20.0f);
or
fun(20.0f,20);
I am trying to create a simple (absolute) function in c++, I have created two functions with the same name one that takes an integer and returns an integer and one that takes a float and returns a float but every time I try to run the code I receive this error:
"error: call of overloaded 'absolute(double)' is ambiguous"
I tried changing the input parameters of the second function so that it takes a double and returns a float and the code ran perfectly, I'd like to know why the code won't run when the parameters and return type are both set to float, thank you.
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int absolute(int x){
if (x<0){
x=-x;
}
return x;
}
float absolute (float x)
{
if (x<0){
x=-x;
}
return x;
}
int main( )
{
cout << absolute(3.5);
}
The type of the literal 3.5 is double, not float.
Choosing either of the overloads would require a conversion. Hence the ambiguity.
You can use 3.5f to make it a float literal.
cout << absolute(3.5f);
A better solution, IMO, would be to use a function template.
template <typename T>
T absolute(T x)
{
return (x < 0 ? -x : x);
}
Read that error message again. Notice how it says double as the argument type it want to use.
That's because floating point constants like 3.5 are of type double. And the compiler don't know if it should convert the double value to an int or a float, thereby giving you the error.
If you want to call the float overload, use 3.5f to make it a float value. Or change your overload to use type double instead of float.
you write that 3.5 is a float this value is not a float it is a double.
I'm trying
void function(int y,int w)
{
printf("int function");
}
void function(float y,float w)
{
printf("float function");
}
int main()
{
function(1.2,2.2);
return 0;
}
I get an error error like..
error C2668: 'function' : ambiguous call to overloaded function
and when I try to call function(1.2,2) or function(1,2.2) it is printing as "int function"
Please clarify when will the function(float y,float w) be called?
Look at the error message from gcc:
a.cpp:16: error: call of overloaded ‘function(double, double)’ is ambiguous
a.cpp:3: note: candidates are: void function(int, int)
a.cpp:9: note: void function(float, float)
A call to either function would require truncation, which is why neither is preferred over the other. I suspect you really want void function(double y,double w). Remember that in C/C++, the default floating-point type for literals and parameter passing is double, NOT float.
UPDATE
If you really don't want to change the function signature from float to double, you can always use literals that are typed as float. If you add the suffix f to the floating point numbers, they will be typed float.
Your examples would then be function(1.2f, 2f) and function(1, 2.2f).
What is operator overloading?
Sbi's famous Operator overloading faq answers this in great detail.
Why are the two function versions in OP allowed to exist?
Notice they take different function parameter types(int and float) and hence qualify as valid function overloads.
What is overload resolution?
It is the process of selecting the most appropriate function/operator by the compiler implementation. If a best viable function exists and is unique, overload resolution succeeds and produces it as the result. Otherwise overload resolution fails and the invocation is treated as ill-formed and compiler provides a diagnostic. The compiler uses implicit conversion sequence to find the best match function.
C++03 Standard 13.3.3.1 Implicit Conversions:
An implicit conversion sequence is a sequence of conversions used to convert an argument in a function call to the type of the corresponding parameter of the function being called.
The implicit conversion sequences can be one of the following categories:
A standard conversion sequence(13.3.3.1.1)
A user-defined conversion sequence(13.3.3.1.2)
An ellipsis conversion sequence(13.3.3.1.3)
Note that each of these are ranked to determine the best viable function. The best viable function is the one all whose parameters have either better or equal-ranked implicit conversion sequences than all of the other viable functions.The standard details each of these in detail in respective sections. The standard conversion sequence is relevant to this case, it is summarized as:
With enough background on overloading resolution.
let us examine the code examples in OP:
function(1.2,2.2);
Important Rule: 1.2 and 2.2 are literals and they are treated as a double data type.
During implicit conversion sequences mapping:
Both the function parameter literals with double type need a conversion rank to either call the float or int version and none is a better match than other, they score exactly the same on conversion rank. The compiler is unable to detect the best viable match and it reports an ambiguity.
function(1.2,2);
During implicit conversion sequence mapping:
One of the function parameters 2 has an exact match with the int function version while another 1.2 has a conversion rank. For function which takes float as parameters the implicit conversion sequences for both parameters are of conversion rank.
So the function which takes int version scores better than the float version and is the best match and gets called.
How to resolve overloading ambiguity errors?
If you don't want the implicit conversion sequence mapping to throw you off, just provide functions and call them in such a way so that the parameters are a exact match. Since exact match scores over all others, You have a definite guarantee of your desired function getting called. In your case there are two ways to do this:
Solution 1:
Call the function so that parameters are exact match to the functions available.
function(1.2f,2.2f);
Since 1.2f and 2.2f are treated as float types they match exactly to the float function version.
Solution 2:
Provide a function overload which exactly matches the parameter type in called function.
function(double, double){}
Since 1.2 and 2.2 are treated as double the called function is exact match to this overload.
If you don't want to (as explained in the accepted answer):
use float literals, e.g. 1.2f
or change the existing float overload to double
You can add another overload that calls the float one:
void function(double y, double w)
{
function((float)y, (float)w);
}
Your code in main now will call the above function, which will call the float overload.
Function overloading in the above example has ambiguous calls because the return type are same and the 2nd argument in the call of function is double, which can be treated as int or float and hence the compiler confuses to which function to execute.
I hope this help
This code is self explaintary for all combination
You need to send two float to call a float function
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
using namespace std;
//when arguments are both int
void function(int y,int w) {
printf("int function\n");
}
//when arguments are both double
void function(double y, double w) {
printf("double function\n");
}
//when arguments are both float
void function(float y, float w) {
printf("float function\n");
}
//when arguments are int and float
void function(int y, float x) {
printf("int float function\n");
}
//when arguments are float and int
void function(float y,int w) {
printf("float int function\n");
}
//when arguments are int and double
void function(int y, double w) {
printf("int double function\n");
}
//when arguments are double and int
void function(double y, int x) {
printf("double int function\n");
}
//when arguments are double and float
void function(double y, float x) {
printf("double float function\n");
}
//when arguments are float and double
void function(float y, double x) {
printf("float double function\n");
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
function(1.2,2.2);
function(1.2f,2.2f);
function(1,2);
function(1.2,2.2f);
function(1.2f,2.2);
function(1,2.2);
function(1,2.2f);
function(1.2,2);
function(1.2f,2);
return 0;
}
When sending a primitive type to a function as argument, if the primitive type you are sending is not exactly the same as it requests, you should always cast it to the requested primitive type.
int main()
{
function(1.3f, 2.4f);
function(1.3f, static_cast<float>(2.4));
function(static_cast<float>(1.3), static_cast<float>(2.4));
function(static_cast<float>(1), static_cast<float>(2));
return 0;
}
By default decimal is considered as double. If you want decimal to be floats you suffix it with f.
In your example when you call function(1.2,2.2) the compiler considers the values you have passed it as double and hence you are getting mismatch in function signature.
function(1.2,1.2) ====> function(double,double)
If you want to retain the function signature you need to use floating point suffix while passing floating point literal.
function(1.2f,1.2f) ====> function(float,float).
If you are more interested in knowing about floating point literals you can refer
Why floating point value such as 3.14 are considered as double by default in MSVC?
Like others have said, you give doubles to your overloaded function which is designed for floats. The overloading itself doesn't have any errors.
Here's the correct use of the overloaded function (notice the 'f'´s right after the numbers):
function(1.0f, 2.0f);
function(1.2,2.2);
Those numbers aren't floats, they are doubles. So this code says:
double p1 = 1.2;
double p2 = 2.2;
void (*fn)(double /*decltype(p1)*/, double /*decltype(p2)*/) = function;
The compiler is now looking a "function" which takes two doubles. There is no exact match. So next it looks for a function which takes an argument that can be cast from doubles. There are two matches.
function(int, int);
function(float, float);
You have several options.
Add an exact match overload.
void function(double, double)
{
printf("double function\n");
}
Use casting.
function(static_cast(1.2), static_cast(2.2));
Call "function" with floats instead of doubles:
function(1.2f, 2.2f);
Try This
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void print(int i){
cout << i << endl;
}
void print(float i){
cout << i << endl;
}
int main(){
print(5);
print(5.5f);
return 0;
}
In function overloading when float can conflict with other data type in other same name functions then probably this is way to over come it. I tried it worked.
Just imagine how your arguments would be passed.
If it is passed as 1.2 and 2.2 to the (int,int) function then it would to truncated to 1 and 2.
If it is passed as 1.2 and 2.2 to the (float,float) it will be processed as is.
So here is where the ambiguity creeps in.
I have found two ways to solve this problem.
First is the use of literals:-
int main()
{
function(1.2F,2.2F);
return 0;
}
Secondly, and the way I like to do it, It always works (and can also be used for C++'s default conversion and promotion).
For int:-
int main()
{
int a=1.2, b=2.2;
function(a,b);
return 0;
}
For Float:-
int main()
{
float a=1.2, b=2.2;
function(a,b);
return 0;
}
So instead of using actual DIGITS. It is better to declare them as a type first, then overload!
See now, if you send it as (1.2,2) or (1,2.2) then compiler can simply send it to the int function and it would work.
However, to send it to the float function the compiler would have to promote 2 to float. Promotion only happens when no match is found.
Refer:-
Computer Science with C++
Sumita Arora
Chapter: Function Overloading
EDIT: thanks for all the speedy responses, I have a much better understanding of this concept now. Also, I'll try to make my error messages more clear next time.
EDIT: updated with my newest code. the error happens on line 18. Also, I'm beginning to wonder if my latest issue has to do with the original class itself?
I'm trying to teach myself classes and objects in C++. I did it once by just declaring a void function, outputting something on the screen, calling the object in main and everything worked fine.
Now, I wanted to expand upon this and make a simple addition thing. However, I get a couple errors on Code Blocks:
error: invalid use of non-static member function 'int Addition::add(int, int)'
error: no matching function for call to 'Addition::add()'
Here's my code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Addition {
public:
int add (int x, int y) {
int sum;
sum=x+y;
return sum;
}
};
int main()
{
int num1;
int num2;
int ans=addobj.add(num1,num2);
Addition addobj;
addobj.add(num1,num2);
cout<<"Enter the first number you want to add"<<endl;
cin>>num1;
cout<<"Enter the second number you want to add"<<endl;
cin>>num2;
cout<<"The sum is "<<ans<<endl;
}
One of the most important things, a developer should learn to do is to read compiler's messages. It's clear enough:
error: no matching function for call to 'Addition::add()'
Your function in your class is
int add (int x, int y)
it takes 2 arguments and you pass none:
addobj.add();
You have 2 options:
create and initialize x and y inside your main and pass them as arguments
make add without parameters, create x and y inside add's body, as their values are taken from user input.
In this case, as the function's name is add, I'd chose the first option:
declare int x, y; inside your main
read the user input inside the main (the part, where you use cin and cout)
pass the x and y as arguments to add like this: addobj.add( x, y );
store the result (if needed), like this: int result = addobj.add( x, y );
You declared a method add(int, int) that takes two integers as arguments; you have to supply those arguments when you call it. It would be nice to print the returned value, as well:
Addition addobj;
std::cout << addobj.add(1, 2) << std::endl;
Your add function takes two arguments, yet you call it with none, so no matching function could be found. You must call the function as it was declared, i.e.,
addobj.add(1, 2);
Your function takes two arguments and yet you call it without providing them. You need to provide the two integer arguments that your function requires. To be useful you should store the result too. Something like this
int a = 1;
int b = 2;
int result = addjobs.add(a,b);