I wrote a C++ program that prints all prime numbers lower than n, but the program keeps crashing while executing.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
bool premier(int x) {
int i = 2;
while (i < x) {
if (x % i == 0)
return false;
i++;
}
return true;
}
int main() {
int n;
int i = 0;
cout << "entrer un entier n : ";
cin >> n;
while (i < n) {
if (n % i == 0 && premier(i))
cout << i;
i++;
}
;
}
As Igor pointed out, i is zero the first time when n%i is done. Since you want only prime numbers and the smallest prime number is 2, I suggest you initialise i to 2 instead of 0.
You want to print all prime numbers less than n and has a function to check primality already.
Just
while (i < n){
if ( premier(i) == true )
cout<<i;
i++;
}
And while printing, add a some character to separate the numbers inorder to be able to distinguish them like
cout<<i<<endl;
P.S: I think you call this a C++ program. Not a script.
Edit: This might interest you.
Related
I am new to coding and just starting with the c++ language, here I am trying to find the number given as input if it is Armstrong or not.
An Armstrong number of three digits is an integer such that the sum of the cubes of its digits is equal to the number itself. For example, 153 is an Armstrong number since 1^3 + 5^3 + 3^3 = 153.
But even if I give not an armstrong number, it still prints that number is armstrong.
Below is my code.
#include <cmath>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
bool ifarmstrong(int n, int p) {
int sum = 0;
int num = n;
while(num>0){
num=num%10;
sum=sum+pow(num,p);
}
if(sum==n){
return true;
}else{
return false;
}
}
int main() {
int n;
cin >> n;
int i, p = 0;
for (i = 0; n > 0; i++) {
n = n / 10;
}
cout << i<<endl;
if (ifarmstrong(n, i)) {
cout << "Yes it is armstorng" << endl;
} else {
cout << "No it is not" << endl;
}
return 0;
}
A solution to my problem and explantation to what's wrong
This code
for (i = 0; n > 0; i++) {
n = n / 10;
}
will set n to zero after the loop has executed. But here
if (ifarmstrong(n, i)) {
you use n as if it still had the original value.
Additionally you have a error in your ifarmstrong function, this code
while(num>0){
num=num%10;
sum=sum+pow(num,p);
}
result in num being zero from the second iteration onwards. Presumably you meant to write this
while(num>0){
sum=sum+pow(num%10,p);
num=num/10;
}
Finally using pow on integers is unreliable. Because it's a floating point function and it (presumably) uses logarithms to do it's calculations, it may not return the exact integer result that you are expecting. It's better to use integers if you are doing exact integer calculations.
All these issues (and maybe more) will very quickly be discovered by using a debugger. much better than staring at code and scratching your head.
I'm trying to write a c++ program which gets an integer n (n>=1 && n<=100000) from the user and puts the sum of its digits into b. The output needed is the b-th prime number coming after n. I'm an absolute beginner in programming so I don't know what's wrong with the for loop or any other code that it doesn't show the correct output. For example the 3rd prime number after 12 (1+2=3) is 19 but the loop counts the prime numbers from 2 instead of 12, so it prints 7 as result.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
bool isPrime(int n)
{
if(n <= 1)
return false;
for(int i = 2; i <= (n/2); i++)
if(n % i == 0)
return false;
return true;
}
int main()
{
long int n;
int b = 0;
cin>>n;
while(n >= 1 && n <= 100000){
b += n % 10;
n /= 10;
}
for(int i = n, counter = b; counter <= 10; i++)
if(isPrime(i)){
counter++;
if(i > n)
cout<<counter<<"th prime number after n is : "<<i<<endl;
}
return 0;
}
So one of the possible solutions to my question, according to #Bob__ answer (and converting it to the code style I've used in the initial code) is as follows:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
bool isPrime(long int number)
{
if(number <= 1)
return false;
for(int i = 2; i <= (number / 2); i++)
if(number % i == 0)
return false;
return true;
}
int sumOfDigits(long int number)
{
int sum = 0;
while(number >= 1 && number <= 100000)
{
sum += number % 10;
number /= 10;
}
return sum;
}
long int bthPrimeAfter(int counter, long int number)
{
while(counter)
{
++number;
if(isPrime(number))
--counter;
}
return number;
}
int main()
{
long int number;
cin>>number;
int const counter = sumOfDigits(number);
cout<<bthPrimeAfter(counter, number)<<"\n";
return 0;
}
As dratenik said in their comment:
You have destroyed the value in n to produce b in the while loop. When the for loop comes around, n keeps being zero.
That's a key point to understand, sometimes we need to make a copy of a variable. One way to do that is passing it to a function by value. The function argument will be a local copy which can be changed without affecting the original one.
As an example, the main function could be written like the following:
#include <iostream>
bool is_prime(long int number);
// ^^^^^^^^ So is `n` in the OP's `main`
int sum_of_digits(long int number);
// ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ This is a local copy.
long int nth_prime_after(int counter, long int number);
int main()
{
long int number;
// The input validation (check if it's a number and if it's in the valid range,
// deal with errors) is left to the reader as an exercise.
std::cin >> number;
int const counter = sum_of_digits(number);
std::cout << nth_prime_after(counter, number) << '\n';
return 0;
}
The definition of sum_of_digits is straightforward.
int sum_of_digits(long int number)
{
int sum = 0;
while ( number ) // Stops when number is zero. The condition n <= 100000
{ // belongs to input validation, like n >= 0.
sum += number % 10;
number /= 10; // <- This changes only the local copy.
}
return sum;
}
About the last part (finding the nth prime after the chosen number), I'm not sure to understand what the asker is trying to do, but even if n had the correct value, for(int i = n, counter = b; counter <= 10; i++) would be just wrong. For starters, there's no reason for the condition count <= 10 or at least none that I can think of.
I'd write something like this:
long int nth_prime_after(int counter, long int number)
{
while ( counter )
{
++number;
if ( is_prime(number) )
{
--counter; // The primes aren't printed here, not even the nth.
}
}
return number; // Just return it, the printing is another function's
} // responsabilty.
A lot more could be said about the is_prime function and the overall (lack of) efficiency of this algorithm, but IMHO, it's beyond the scope of this answer.
I have a program like this: given a sequence of integers, find the biggest prime and its positon.
Example:
input:
9 // how many numbers
19 7 81 33 17 4 19 21 13
output:
19 // the biggest prime
1 7 // and its positon
So first I get the input, store it in an array, make a copy of that array and sort it (because I use a varible to keep track of the higest prime, and insane thing will happen if that was unsorted) work with every number of that array to check if it is prime, loop through it again to have the positon and print the result.
But the time is too slow, can I improve it?
My code:
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n;
cin >> n;
int numbersNotSorted[n];
int maxNum{0};
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
cin >> numbersNotSorted[i];
}
int numbersSorted[n];
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
numbersSorted[i] = numbersNotSorted[i];
}
sort(numbersSorted, numbersSorted + n);
for (int number = 0; number < n; number++)
{
int countNum{0};
for (int i = 2; i <= sqrt(numbersSorted[number]); i++)
{
if (numbersSorted[number] % i == 0)
countNum++;
}
if (countNum == 0)
{
maxNum = numbersSorted[number];
}
}
cout << maxNum << '\n';
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
if (numbersNotSorted[i] == maxNum)
cout << i + 1 << ' ';
}
}
If you need the biggest prime, sorting the array brings you no benefit, you'll need to check all the values stored in the array anyway.
Even if you implemented a fast sorting algorithm, the best averages you can hope for are O(N + k), so just sorting the array is actually more costly than looking for the largest prime in an unsorted array.
The process is pretty straight forward, check if the next value is larger than the current largest prime, and if so check if it's also prime, store the positions and/or value if it is, if not, check the next value, repeat until the end of the array.
θ(N) time compexity will be the best optimization possible given the conditions.
Start with a basic "for each number entered" loop:
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int n;
int newNumber;
cin >> n;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
cin >> newNumber;
}
}
If the new number is smaller than the current largest prime, then it can be ignored.
int main() {
int n;
int newNumber;
int highestPrime;
cin >> n;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
cin >> newNumber;
if(newNumber >= highestPrime) {
}
}
}
If the new number is equal to the highest prime, then you just need to store its position somewhere. I'm lazy, so:
int main() {
int n;
int newNumber;
int highestPrime;
int maxPositions = 1234;
int positionList[maxPositions];
int nextPosition;
int currentPosition = 0;
cin >> n;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
cin >> newNumber;
currentPosition++;
if(newNumber >= highestPrime) {
if(newNumber == highestPrime) {
if(nextPosition+1 >= maxPositions) {
// List of positions is too small (should've used malloc/realloc instead of being lazy)!
} else {
positionList[nextPosition++] = currentPosition;
}
}
}
}
}
If the new number is larger than the current largest prime, then you need to figure out if it is a prime number, and if it is you need to reset the list and store its position, etc:
int main() {
int n;
int newNumber;
int highestPrime = 0;
int maxPositions = 1234;
int positionList[maxPositions];
int nextPosition;
int currentPosition = 0;
cin >> n;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
cin >> newNumber;
currentPosition++;
if(newNumber >= highestPrime) {
if(newNumber == highestPrime) {
if(nextPosition+1 >= maxPositions) {
// List of positions is too small (should've used malloc/realloc instead of being lazy)!
} else {
positionList[nextPosition++] = currentPosition;
}
} else { // newNumber > highestPrime
if(isPrime(newNumber)) {
nextPosition = 0; // Reset the list
highestPrime = newNumber;
positionList[nextPosition++] = currentPosition;
}
}
}
}
}
You'll also want something to display the results:
if(highestPrime > 0) {
for(nextPosition= 0; nextPosition < currentPosition; nextPosition++) {
cout << positionList[nextPosition];
}
}
Now; the only thing you're missing is an isPrime(int n) function. The fastest way to do that is to pre-calculate a "is/isn't prime" bitfield. It might look something like:
bool isPrime(int n) {
if(n & 1 != 0) {
n >>= 1;
if( primeNumberBitfield[n / 32] & (1 << (n % 32)) != 0) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
The problem here is that (for positive values in a 32-bit signed integer) you'll need 1 billion bits (or 128 MiB).
To avoid that you can use a much smaller bitfield for numbers up to sqrt(1 << 31) (which is only about 4 KiB); then if the number is too large for the bitfield you can use the bitfield to find prime numbers and check (with modulo) if they divide the original number evenly.
Note that Sieve of Eratosthenes ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes ) is an efficient way to generate that smaller bitfield (but is not efficient to use for a sparse population of larger numbers).
If you do it right, you'll probably create the illusion that it's instantaneous because almost all of the work will be done while a human is slowly typing the numbers in (and not left until after all of the numbers have been entered). For a very fast typist you'll have ~2 milliseconds between numbers, and (after the last number is entered) humans can't notice delays smaller than about 10 milliseconds.
But the time is too slow, can I improve it?
Below loop suffers from:
Why check smallest values first? Makes more sense to check largest values first to find the largest prime. Exit the for (... number..) loop early once a prime is found. This takes advantage of the work done by sort().
Once a candidate value is not a prime, quit testing for prime-ness.
.
// (1) Start for other end rather than as below
for (int number = 0; number < n; number++) {
int countNum {0};
for (int i = 2; i <= sqrt(numbersSorted[number]); i++) {
if (numbersSorted[number] % i == 0)
// (2) No point in continuing prime testing, Value is composite.
countNum++;
}
if (countNum == 0) {
maxNum = numbersSorted[number];
}
}
Corrections left for OP to implement.
Advanced: Prime testing is a deep subject and many optimizations (trivial and complex) exist that are better than OP's approach. Yet I suspect the above 2 improvement will suffice for OP.
Brittleness: Code does not well handle the case of no primes in the list or n <= 0.
i <= sqrt(numbersSorted[number]) is prone to FP issues leading to an incorrect results. Recommend i <= numbersSorted[number]/i).
Sorting is O(n * log n). Prime testing, as done here, is O(n * sqrt(n[i])). Sorting does not increase O() of the overall code when the square root of the max value is less than log of n. Sorting is worth doing if the result of the sort is used well.
Code fails if the largest value was 1 as prime test incorrectly identifies 1 as a prime.
Code fails if numbersSorted[number] < 0 due to sqrt().
Simply full-range int prime test:
bool isprime(int num) {
if (num % 2 == 0) return num == 2;
for (int divisor = 3; divisor <= num / divisor; divisor += 2) {
if (num % divisor == 0) return false;
}
return num > 1;
}
If you want to find the prime, don't go for sorting. You'll have to check for all the numbers present in the array then.
You can try this approach to do the same thing, but all within a lesser amount of time:
Step-1: Create a global function for detecting a prime number. Here's how you can approach this-
bool prime(int n)
{
int i, p=1;
for(i=2;i<=sqrt(n);i++) //note that I've iterated till the square root of n, to cut down on the computational time
{
if(n%i==0)
{
p=0;
break;
}
}
if(p==0)
return false;
else
return true;
}
Step-2: Now your main function starts. You take input from the user:
int main()
{
int n, i, MAX;
cout<<"Enter the number of elements: ";
cin>>n;
int arr[n];
cout<<"Enter the array elements: ";
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
cin>>arr[i];
Step-3: Note that I've declared a counter variable MAX. I initialize this variable as the first element of the array: MAX=arr[0];
Step-4: Now the loop for iterating the array. What I did was, I iterated through the array and at each element, I checked if the value is greater than or equal to the previous MAX. This will ensure, that the program does not check the values which are less than MAX, thus eliminating a part of the array and cutting down the time. I then nested another if statement, to check if the value is a prime or not. If both of these are satisfied, I set the value of MAX to the current value of the array:
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(arr[i]>=MAX) //this will check if the number is greater than the previous MAX number or not
{
if(prime(arr[i])) //if the previous condition satisfies, then only this block of code will run and check if it's a prime or not
MAX=arr[i];
}
}
What happens is this- The value of MAX changes to the max prime number of the array after every single loop.
Step-5: Then, after finally traversing the array, when the program finally comes out of the loop, MAX will have the largest prime number of the array stored in it. Print this value of MAX. Now for getting the positions where MAX happens, just iterate over the whole loop and check for the values that match MAX and print their positions:
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(arr[i]==MAX)
cout<<i+1<<" ";
}
I ran this code in Dev C++ 5.11 and the compilation time was 0.72s.
I am new to c++ and I have been tasked to write a code which finds the smallest prime factor of a number using recursion. If N is less than 2 the code should return 1. If N is a prime number itself the code should return N. Otherwise the code should return the smallest prime factor of N. I have attempted the question but I have used a for loop to check for the lowest prime factor and I am unsure if this method in the context of my answer is iterative or recursive. To call the function for main the user should enter lowestPrimeFactor(x);, where x is the number they want to find the lowest prime factor for. I am stuck with trying to change the iterative section to recursive, where the code checks for the lowest prime factor. I would appreciate any feedback.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <math.h>
long lowestPrimeFactor(long N, long i=2) {
if(N<2){ //if N is less than 2, return 1
std::cout << 1; //print to screen to check
return 1;
}
bool isPrime =true; //Check if number is prime
for(i=2;i<=N/2; ++i){
if(N%i==0){
isPrime=false;
break;
}
}
if (isPrime){
std::cout<<N;
return N;
}
for (int i = 3; i* i <= N; i+=2){ //This is where I am unsure how to translate to recursive as it is based of an iterative solution
if(N%i == 0)
std::cout<<i;
return i;
}
//Driver code to check functionality
int main(){
lowestPrimeFactor(19);
}
EDIT
I think I have modified the code correctly to be recursive for the prime factor check
//Recursive
if(i*i<=N){
N%i==0; lowestPrimeFactor(i);
}
else return i;
Just need to try and adjust the bool part to be recursive too
Try this:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
long lowestPrimeFactor(long N, long i = 2) {
if (N % i == 0) // Test for factor
return i;
else if (i < N * N)
return lowestPrimeFactor(N, i + 1); // Test next factor
else
return N;
}
void test(long N){
// Format results
cout << N << " gives " << lowestPrimeFactor(N) << endl;
}
int main() {
for (long N = 2; N < 30; ++N) // Generate some test cases
test(N);
}
This has the inefficiency that it tests for non-prime factors too (which I think the original solution also does) so really rather than recursing with i + 1 (the next integer after i) we should be calculating and passing in the next prime after i.
The required code, if you want to use recursion for checking out the lowest prime factor instead of the last for loop would be as follows:
#include <iostream>
long lowestPrimeFactor(long N,long pr = 3)
{
bool isPrime =true;
if(N<2)
{ //if N is less than 2, return 1
std::cout << N << std::endl;//print to screen to check
return 1;
}
else
{
for(long i=2;i<=N/2; ++i)
{
if(N%i==0)
{
isPrime=false;
break;
}
}
}
if(isPrime)
{
std::cout << N << std::endl;
return N;
}
else
{
if(N%2==0){
std::cout << 2 << std::endl;
return 2;
}
else
{
if(N%pr == 0)
{
std::cout << pr << std::endl;
return pr;
}
else
{
return lowestPrimeFactor(N,pr+2);
}
}
}
}
//Driver code to check functionality
int main()
{
lowestPrimeFactor(19);
lowestPrimeFactor(20);
lowestPrimeFactor(7);
lowestPrimeFactor(1);
lowestPrimeFactor(15);
}
This isn't fully recursive but it checks for only prime numbers till 7 after which it checks for 9 and so on i.e odd numbers which even the original code had.
Note: Prime factors it checks properly: 2,3,5,7 and prime numbers
I am not sure whether I should ask here or programmers but I have been trying to work out why this program wont work and although I have found some bugs, it still returns "x is not a prime number", even when it is.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
bool primetest(int a) {
int i;
//Halve the user input to find where to stop dividing to (it will remove decimal point as it is an integer)
int b = a / 2;
//Loop through, for each division to test if it has a factor (it starts at 2, as 1 will always divide)
for (i = 2; i < b; i++) {
//If the user input has no remainder then it cannot be a prime and the loop can stop (break)
if (a % i == 0) {
return(0);
break;
}
//Other wise if the user input does have a remainder and is the last of the loop, return true (it is a prime)
else if ((a % i != 0) && (i == a -1)) {
return (1);
break;
}
}
}
int main(void) {
int user;
cout << "Enter a number to test if it is a prime or not: ";
cin >> user;
if (primetest(user)) {
cout << user << " is a prime number.";
}
else {
cout << user<< " is not a prime number.";
}
cout << "\n\nPress enter to exit...";
getchar();
getchar();
return 0;
}
Sorry if this is too localised (in which case could you suggest where I should ask such specific questions?)
I should add that I am VERY new to C++ (and programming in general)
This was simply intended to be a test of functions and controls.
i can never be equal to a - 1 - you're only going up to b - 1. b being a/2, that's never going to cause a match.
That means your loop ending condition that would return 1 is never true.
In the case of a prime number, you run off the end of the loop. That causes undefined behaviour, since you don't have a return statement there. Clang gave a warning, without any special flags:
example.cpp:22:1: warning: control may reach end of non-void function
[-Wreturn-type]
}
^
1 warning generated.
If your compiler didn't warn you, you need to turn on some more warning flags. For example, adding -Wall gives a warning when using GCC:
example.cpp: In function ‘bool primetest(int)’:
example.cpp:22: warning: control reaches end of non-void function
Overall, your prime-checking loop is much more complicated than it needs to be. Assuming you only care about values of a greater than or equal to 2:
bool primetest(int a)
{
int b = sqrt(a); // only need to test up to the square root of the input
for (int i = 2; i <= b; i++)
{
if (a % i == 0)
return false;
}
// if the loop completed, a is prime
return true;
}
If you want to handle all int values, you can just add an if (a < 2) return false; at the beginning.
Your logic is incorrect. You are using this expression (i == a -1)) which can never be true as Carl said.
For example:-
If a = 11
b = a/2 = 5 (Fractional part truncated)
So you are running loop till i<5. So i can never be equal to a-1 as max value of i in this case will be 4 and value of a-1 will be 10
You can do this by just checking till square root. But below is some modification to your code to make it work.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
bool primetest(int a) {
int i;
//Halve the user input to find where to stop dividing to (it will remove decimal point as it is an integer)
int b = a / 2;
//Loop through, for each division to test if it has a factor (it starts at 2, as 1 will always divide)
for (i = 2; i <= b; i++) {
//If the user input has no remainder then it cannot be a prime and the loop can stop (break)
if (a % i == 0) {
return(0);
}
}
//this return invokes only when it doesn't has factor
return 1;
}
int main(void) {
int user;
cout << "Enter a number to test if it is a prime or not: ";
cin >> user;
if (primetest(user)) {
cout << user << " is a prime number.";
}
else {
cout << user<< " is not a prime number.";
}
return 0;
}
check this out:
//Prime Numbers generation in C++
//Using for loops and conditional structures
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a = 2; //start from 2
long long int b = 1000; //ends at 1000
for (int i = a; i <= b; i++)
{
for (int j = 2; j <= i; j++)
{
if (!(i%j)&&(i!=j)) //Condition for not prime
{
break;
}
if (j==i) //condition for Prime Numbers
{
cout << i << endl;
}
}
}
}
main()
{
int i,j,x,box;
for (i=10;i<=99;i++)
{
box=0;
x=i/2;
for (j=2;j<=x;j++)
if (i%j==0) box++;
if (box==0) cout<<i<<" is a prime number";
else cout<<i<<" is a composite number";
cout<<"\n";
getch();
}
}
Here is the complete solution for the Finding Prime numbers till any user entered number.
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
using namespace std;
main()
{
int num, i, countFactors;
int a;
cout << "Enter number " << endl;
cin >> a;
for (num = 1; num <= a; num++)
{
countFactors = 0;
for (i = 2; i <= num; i++)
{
//if a factor exists from 2 up to the number, count Factors
if (num % i == 0)
{
countFactors++;
}
}
//a prime number has only itself as a factor
if (countFactors == 1)
{
cout << num << ", ";
}
}
getch();
}
One way is to use a Sieving algorithm, such as the sieve of Eratosthenes. This is a very fast method that works exceptionally well.
bool isPrime(int number){
if(number == 2 || number == 3 | number == 5 || number == 7) return true;
return ((number % 2) && (number % 3) && (number % 5) && (number % 7));
}