I am VERY new to perl, and to programming in general.
I have been searching for the past couple of days on how to count the number of pattern matches; I have had a hard time understanding others solutions and applying them to the code I have already written.
Basically, I have a sequence and I need to find all the patterns that match [TC]C[CT]GGAAGC
I believe I have that part down. but I am stuck on counting the number of occurrences of each pattern match. Does anyone know how to edit the code I already have to do this? Any advice is welcomed. Thanks!
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use diagnostics;
# open fasta file for reading
unless( open( FASTA, "<", '/scratch/Drosophila/dmel-all-chromosome- r6.02.fasta' )) {
die "Can't open dmel-all-chromosome-r6.02.fasta for reading:", $!;
}
#split the fasta record
local $/ = ">";
#scan through fasta file
while (<FASTA>) {
chomp;
if ( $_ =~ /^(.*?)$(.*)$/ms) {
my $header = $1;
my $seq = $2;
$seq =~ s/\R//g; # \R removes line breaks
while ( $seq =~ /([TC]C[CT]GGAAGC)/g) {
print $1, "\n";
}
}
}
Update, I have added in
my #matches = $seq =~ /([TC]C[CT]GGAAGC)/g;
print scalar #matches;
In the code below. However, it seems to be outputting 0 in front of each pattern match, instead of outputting the total sum of all pattern matches.
while (<FASTA>) {
chomp;
if ( $_ =~ /^(.*?)$(.*)$/ms) {
my $header = $1;
my $seq = $2;
$seq =~ s/\R//g; # \R removes line breaks
while ( $seq =~ /([TC]C[CT]GGAAGC)/g) {
print $1, "\n";
my #matches = $seq =~ /([TC]C[CT]GGAAGC)/g;
print scalar #matches;
}
}
}
Edit: I need the output to list ever pattern match found. I also need it to find the total number of matches found. For example:
CCTGGAAGC
TCTGGAAGC
TCCGGAAGC
3 matches found
counting the number of occurrences of each pattern match
my #matches = $string =~ /pattern/g
#matches array will contain all the matched parts. You can then do below to get the count.
print scalar #matches
Or you could directly write
my $matches = () = $string =~ /pattern/
I would suggest you to use the former as you might need to check "what was matched" in future (perhaps for debugging?).
Example 1:
use strict;
use warnings;
my $string = 'John Doe John Done';
my $matches = () = $string =~ /John/g;
print $matches; #prints 2
Example 2:
use strict;
use warnings;
my $string = 'John Doe John Done';
my #matches = $string =~ /John/g;
print "#matches"; #prints John John
print scalar #matches; #prints 2
Edit:
while ( my #matches = $seq =~ /([TC]C[CT]GGAAGC)/g) {
print $1, "\n";
print "Count of matches:". scalar #matches;
}
As you have written the code, you have to count the matches yourself:
local $/ = ">";
my $count = 0;
#scan through fasta file
while (<FASTA>) {
chomp;
if ( $_ =~ /^(.*?)$(.*)$/ms) {
my $header = $1;
my $seq = $2;
$seq =~ s/\R//g; # \R removes line breaks
while ( $seq =~ /([TC]C[CT]GGAAGC)/g) {
print $1, "\n";
$count = $count +1;
}
}
}
print "Fount $count matches\n";
should do the job.
HTH Georg
my #count = ($seq =~ /([TC]C[CT]GGAAGC)/g);
print scalar #count ;
Related
I am parsing a tab delimited file line by line:
Root rootrank 1 Bacteria domain .72 Firmicutes phylum 1 Clostridia class 1 etc.
=
while (my $line = <$fh>) {
chomp($line);
}
On every line, I want to capture the 1st entry before and after a particular match. For example, for the match phylum, I want to capture the entries Firmicutes and 1. For the match domain, I want to capture the entries Bacteria and .72. How would I write the regex to do this?
Sidenote: I can't simply split the line by tab into an array and use the index because sometimes a category is missing or there are extra categories, and that causes the entries to be shifted by one or two indices. And I want to avoid writing blocks of if statements.
You can still split the input, then map the words to indices, and use than use the indices corresponding to the matches to extract the neighbouring cells:
#!/usr/bin/perl
use warnings;
use strict;
use feature qw{ say };
my #matches = qw( phylum domain );
while (<>) {
chomp;
my #cells = split /\t/;
my %indices;
#indices{ #cells } = 0 .. $#cells;
for my $match (#matches) {
if (defined( my $index = $indices{$match} )) {
say join "\t", #cells[ $index - 1 .. $index + 1 ];
}
}
}
What's missing:
You should handle the case when $index == 0 or $index == $#cells.
You should handle the case where some words are repeated in one line.
my $file = "file2.txt";
open my $fh, '<', $file or die "Unable to Open the file $file for reading: $!\n";
while (my $line = <$fh>) {
chomp $line;
while ($line =~ /(\w+)\s+(\w+)\s+(\.?\d+)/g) {
my ($before, $match, $after) = ($1, $2, $3);
print "Before: $before Match: $match After: $after\n";
}
}
You can just simply use the following regex to capture the words before and after of a matched word:
(?<LSH>[\w.]+)[\s\t](?<MATCH>.*?)[\s\t](?<RHS>[\w.]+)
see demo / explanation
You could do:
#!/usr/bin/perl
use Modern::Perl;
my #words = qw(phylum domain);
while(<DATA>) {
chomp;
for my $word (#words) {
my ($before, $after) = $_ =~ /(\S+)(?:\t\Q$word\E\t)(\S+)/i;
say "word: $word\tbefore: $before\tafter: $after";
}
}
__DATA__
Root rootrank 1 Bacteria domain .72 Firmicutes phylum 1 Clostridia class 1 etc.
Output:
word: phylum before: Firmicutes after: 1
word: domain before: Bacteria after: .72
I have a problem I cannot understand. I have this string:
gene_id "siRNA_Z27kG1_20543"transcript_id "siRNA_Z27kG1_20543_X_1";tss_id "TSS124620"
And I want to change the gene_id. So, I have the following code:
if ($line =~ /;transcript_id "([A-Za-z0-9:\-._]*)(_[oxOX][_.][0-9]*)";/) {
$num = $2;
$line =~ s/gene_id "([A-Za-z0-9:\-._]*)";/gene_id "$1$num";/g;
print $new $line."\n";
}
The aim of my code is to change siRNA_Z27kG1_20543 for siRNA_Z27kG1_20543_X_1. However, my code does not produce that output. Why? I can't understand that.
My regex needs to be as it is because I match other strings (this time with success).
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
my $string = q{gene_id "siRNA_Z27kG1_20543"transcript_id "siRNA_Z27kG1_20543_X_1";tss_id "TSS124620"};
if($string =~ m|transcript_id "([A-Za-z0-9:\-._]*)(_[oxOX][_.][0-9]*)"|){
my $replace_with = qq{gene_id "$1$2"};
$string =~ s/gene_id (\"\w+\")/$replace_with/g;
}
print "$string";
Output: gene_id "siRNA_Z27kG1_20543_X_1"transcript_id "siRNA_Z27kG1_20543_X_1";tss_id "TSS124620"
Demo
Remove the semicolon at the start of the pattern as it is not present in the string :-
if ($line =~ /transcript_id "([A-Za-z0-9:\-._]*)(_[oxOX][_.][0-9]*)";/) {
$num = $2;
$line =~ s/gene_id "([A-Za-z0-9:\-._]*)";/gene_id "$1$num";/g;
print $new $line."\n";
}
I have a string in which i need to replace the starting set of characters with mod1.
Its like xyz_gf_111_yz to mod1_111_yz.
bcd_df_222_xx to mod2_222_xx and so on.
can anybody suggest sol, as the starting string is not fixed and im beginner in perl
thanks!
my #strings = qw(xyz_gf_111_yz bcd_df_222_xx asd_cv_333_dd);
my $i = 1;
for my $str (#strings)
{
my $after = $str;
$after =~ s/^\w{3}[_]\w{2}/mod$i/;
$i++;
print "$str -> $after\n";
}
Something like the following could get you started:
my #strings = qw(xyz_gf_111_yz bcd_df_222_xx);
my $i = 0;
for my $str (#strings) {
my $after = $str;
$i++;
$after =~ s/[^_]+/mod$i/;
print "$str -> $after\n";
}
#Miller,
I suggest a different solution, assuming that you want to replace the starting substring (all chars to the left the first digit) and the associated digit to the "mod" string is given by the first digit of the number substring the following could be a way.
my #strings = qw(xyz_gf_111_yz bcd_df_222_xx asd_cv_333_dd);
for my $str (#strings) {
print "bfr:".$str."\n";
$str =~ s/^([^\d]+?)_(\d)/mod$2_$2/;
print "aft:".$str."\n";
}
Here's another option:
use strict;
use warnings;
my $i;
my #strings = ( 'xyz_gf_111_yz', 'bcd_df_222_xx' );
for (#strings) {
print $_, "\n" if s/.+?_[^_]+/'mod'.++$i/e;
}
Output:
mod1_111_yz
mod2_222_xx
The problem:
Find pieces of text in a file enclosed by # and replace the inside
Input:
#abc# abc #ABC#
cba #cba CBA#
Deisred output:
абц abc АБЦ
cba цба ЦБА
I have the following:
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use Encode;
my $output;
open FILE,"<", 'test.txt';
while (<FILE>) {
chomp(my #chars = split(//, $_));
for (#chars) {
my #char;
$_ =~ s/a/chr(0x430)/eg;
$_ =~ s/b/chr(0x431)/eg;
$_ =~ s/c/chr(0x446)/eg;
$_ =~ s/d/chr(0x434)/eg;
$_ =~ s/e/chr(0x435)/eg;
$_ =~ s/A/chr(0x410)/eg;
$_ =~ s/B/chr(0x411)/eg;
$_ =~ s/C/chr(0x426)/eg;
push #char, $_;
$output = join "", #char;
print encode("utf-8",$output);}
print "\n";
}
close FILE;
But I'm stuck on how to process further
Thanks for help in advance!
Kluther
Here my solution. (you will fixed it, yes. It is prototype)
for (my $data = <DATA>){
$data=~s/[#]([\s\w]+)[#]/func($1)/ge;
print $data;
# while($data=~m/[#]([\s\w]+)[#]/g){
# print "marked: ",$1,"\n";
# print "position:", pos();
# }
# print "not marked: ";
}
sub func{
#do your magic here ;)
return "<< #_ >>";
}
__DATA__
#abc# abc #ABC# cba #cba CBA#
What happens here?
First, I read data. You can do it yourself.
for (my $data = <DATA>){...}
Next, I need to search your pattern and replace it.
What should I do?
Use substition operator: s/pattern/replace/
But in interesting form:
s/pattern/func($1)/ge
Key g mean Global Search
Key e mean Evaluate
So, I think, that you need to write your own func function ;)
Maybe better to use transliteration operator: tr/listOfSymbolsToBeReplaced/listOfSymbolsThatBePlacedInstead/
With minimal changes to your algorithm you need to keep track of whether you are inside the #marks or not. so add something like this
my $bConvert = 0;
chomp(my #chars = split(//, $_));
for (#chars) {
my $char = $_;
if (/#/) {
$bConvert = ($bConvert + 1) % 2;
next;
}
elsif ($bConvert) {
$char =~ s/a/chr(0x430)/eg;
$char =~ s/b/chr(0x431)/eg;
$char =~ s/c/chr(0x446)/eg;
$char =~ s/d/chr(0x434)/eg;
$char =~ s/e/chr(0x435)/eg;
$char =~ s/A/chr(0x410)/eg;
$char =~ s/B/chr(0x411)/eg;
$char =~ s/C/chr(0x426)/eg;
}
print encode("utf-8",$char);
}
Try this after $output is processed.
$output =~ s/\#//g;
my #split_output = split(//, $output);
$output = "";
my $len = scalar(#split_output) ;
while ($len--) {
$output .= shift(#split_output);
}
print $output;
It can be done with a single regex and no splitting of the string:
use strict;
use warnings;
use Encode;
my %chars = (
a => chr(0x430),
b => chr(0x431),
c => chr(0x446),
d => chr(0x434),
e => chr(0x435),
A => chr(0x410),
B => chr(0x411),
C => chr(0x426),
);
my $regex = '(' . join ('|', keys %chars) . ')';
while (<DATA>) {
1 while ($_ =~ s|\#(?!\s)[^#]*?\K$regex(?=[^#]*(?!\s)\#)|$chars{$1}|eg);
print encode("utf-8",$_);
}
It does require repeated runs of the regex due to the overlapping nature of the matches.
I am splitting sentences at individual space characters, and then matching these terms against keys of hashes. I am getting matches only if the terms are 100% similar, and I am struggling to find a perfect regex that could match several occurrences of the same word. Eg. Let us consider I have a term 'antagon' now it perfectly matches with the term 'antagon' but fails to match with antagonists, antagonistic or pre-antagonistic, hydro-antagonist etc. Also I need a regex to match occurrences of words like MCF-7 with MCF7 or MC-F7 silencing the effect of special characters and so on.
This is the code that I have till now; thr commented part is where I am struggling.
(Note: Terms in the hash are stemmed to root form of a word).
use warnings;
use strict;
use Drug;
use Stop;
open IN, "sample.txt" or die "cannot find sample";
open OUT, ">sample1.txt" or die "cannot find sample";
while (<IN>) {
chomp $_;
my $flag = 0;
my $line = lc $_;
my #full = ();
if ( $line =~ /<Sentence.*>(.*)<\/Sentence>/i ) {
my $string = $1;
chomp $string;
$string =~ s/,/ , /g;
$string =~ s/\./ \. /g;
$string =~ s/;/ ; /g;
$string =~ s/\(/ ( /g;
$string =~ s/\)/ )/g;
$string =~ s/\:/ : /g;
$string =~ s/\::/ :: )/g;
my #array = split / /, $string;
foreach my $word (#array) {
chomp $word;
if ( $word =~ /\,|\;|\.|\(|\)/g ) {
push( #full, $word );
}
if ( $Stop_words{$word} ) {
push( #full, $word );
}
if ( $Values{$word} ) {
my $term = "<Drug>$word<\/Drug>";
push( #full, $term );
}
else {
push( #full, $word );
}
# if($word=~/.*\Q$Values{$word}\E/i)#Changed this
# {
# $term="<Drug>$word</$Drug>";
# print $term,"\n";
# push(#full,$term);
# }
}
}
my $mod_str = join( " ", #full );
print OUT $mod_str, "\n";
}
I need a regex to match occurances of words like MCF-7 with MCF7 or
MC-F7
The most straightforward approach is just to strip out the hyphenss i.e.
my $ignore_these = "[-_']"
$word =~ s{$ignore_these}{}g;
I am not sure what is stored in your Value hash, so its hard to tell what you expect to happen
if($word=~/.*\Q$Values{$word}\E/i)
However, the kind of thing I imagin you want is (simplified your code somewhat)
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use utf8;
use 5.10.0;
use Data::Dumper;
while (<>) {
chomp $_;
my $flag = 0;
my $line = lc $_;
my #full = ();
if ( $line =~ /<Sentence.*>(.*)<\/Sentence>/i ) {
my $string = $1;
chomp $string;
$string =~ s/([,\.;\(\)\:])/ $1 /g; # squished these together
$string =~ s/\:\:/ :: )/g; # typo in original
my #array = split /\s+/, $string; # split on one /or more/ spaces
foreach my $word (#array) {
chomp $word;
my $term=$word;
my $word_chars = "[\\w\\-_']";
my $word_part = "antagon";
if ($word =~ m{$word_chars*?$word_part$word_chars+}) {
$term="<Drug>$word</Drug>";
}
push(#full,$term); # push
}
}
my $mod_str = join( " ", #full );
say "<Sentence>$mod_str</Sentence>";
}
This gives me the following output, which is my best guess at what you expect:
$ cat tmp.txt
<Sentence>This in antagonizing the antagonist's antagonism pre-antagonistically.</Sentence>
$ cat tmp.txt | perl x.pl
<Sentence>this in <Drug>antagonizing</Drug> the <Drug>antagonist's</Drug> <Drug>antagonism</Drug> <Drug>pre-antagonistically</Drug> .</Sentence>
$
perl -ne '$things{$1}++while s/([^ ;.,!?]*?antagon[^ ;.,!?]++)//;END{print "$_\n" for sort keys %things}' FILENAME
If the file contains the following:
he was an antagonist
antagonize is a verb
why are you antagonizing her?
this is an alpha-antagonist
This will return:
alpha-antagonist
antagonist
antagonize
antagonizing
Below is the a regular (not one-liner) version:
#!/usr/bin/perl
use warnings;
use strict;
open my $in, "<", "sample.txt" or die "could not open sample.txt for reading!";
open my $out, ">", "sample1.txt" or die "could not open sample1.txt for writing!";
my %things;
while (<$in>){
$things{$1}++ while s/([^ ;.,!?]*?antagon[^ ;.,!?]++)//
}
print $out "$_\n" for sort keys %things;
You may want to take another look at your assumptions on your approach. What it sounds like to me is that you are looking for words which are within a certain distance of a list of words. Take a look at the Levenshtein distance formula to see if this is something you want. Be aware, however, that computing this might take exponential time.